Peter Thonning's map of Danish Guinea and its use in colonial administration and atlantic diplomacy, 1801-1890

Cartographica

Volumn 35, Issue 3-4, 1998, Pages 99-122

  Hopkins, Daniel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI KANSAS CITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK; COLONIALISM; DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS; HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY; MAPPING; NINETEENTH CENTURY; POLITICAL HISTORY;

GHANA;

EID: 0032287106     PISSN: 03177173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3138/U0N5-3N49-R07J-1606     Document Type: Article

References (191)

1. The map is reproduced in Lægen Paul Iserts Breve fra Dansk Guinea 1783-87, trans. Ingeborg Raunkiær (Copenhagen: Udvalget for Folkeoplysnings Fremme, i Kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1917); Kay Larsen, De Danske i Guinea (Copenhagen: Nordiske Forfatteres Forlag, 1918); and Guvernør Edward Carstensens indberetninger fra Guinea 1842-1850, ed. Georg Nørregård (Copenhagen: Selskabet for Udgivelse af Kilder til Dansk Historie, i kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1964); details of it are reproduced in Georg Nørregaard, Guldkysten, Vol. 8 of Vore gamble trope-kolonier, ed. Johannes Brøndsted, 2nd. ed. (Copenhagen: Fremad, 1966), pp. 163, 238. C. D. Adams drew attention to it in "Activities of Danish Botanists in Guinea 1783-1850," Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 3/1, 1957, pp. 30-46, on pp. 38-39; it is referred to without comment in Selena Winsnes's translation of Isert's letters: Letters on West Africa and the Slave Trade. Paul Erdmann Isert's Journey to Guinea and the Caribbean Islands in Columbia (1788), Fontes Historiae Africanae Series Varia VII, trans. Selena Axelrod Winsnes (Oxford: British Academy, Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 75, note 12; and in F. N. Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning (Kew: Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanical Gardens, 1976), p. 171.
2. The map is reproduced in Lægen Paul Iserts Breve fra Dansk Guinea 1783-87, trans. Ingeborg Raunkiær (Copenhagen: Udvalget for Folkeoplysnings Fremme, i Kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1917); Kay Larsen, De Danske i Guinea (Copenhagen: Nordiske Forfatteres Forlag, 1918); and Guvernør Edward Carstensens indberetninger fra Guinea 1842-1850, ed. Georg Nørregård (Copenhagen: Selskabet for Udgivelse af Kilder til Dansk Historie, i kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1964); details of it are reproduced in Georg Nørregaard, Guldkysten, Vol. 8 of Vore gamble trope-kolonier, ed. Johannes Brøndsted, 2nd. ed. (Copenhagen: Fremad, 1966), pp. 163, 238. C. D. Adams drew attention to it in "Activities of Danish Botanists in Guinea 1783-1850," Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 3/1, 1957, pp. 30-46, on pp. 38-39; it is referred to without comment in Selena Winsnes's translation of Isert's letters: Letters on West Africa and the Slave Trade. Paul Erdmann Isert's Journey to Guinea and the Caribbean Islands in Columbia (1788), Fontes Historiae Africanae Series Varia VII, trans. Selena Axelrod Winsnes (Oxford: British Academy, Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 75, note 12; and in F. N. Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning (Kew: Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanical Gardens, 1976), p. 171.
3. The map is reproduced in Lægen Paul Iserts Breve fra Dansk Guinea 1783-87, trans. Ingeborg Raunkiær (Copenhagen: Udvalget for Folkeoplysnings Fremme, i Kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1917); Kay Larsen, De Danske i Guinea (Copenhagen: Nordiske Forfatteres Forlag, 1918); and Guvernør Edward Carstensens indberetninger fra Guinea 1842-1850, ed. Georg Nørregård (Copenhagen: Selskabet for Udgivelse af Kilder til Dansk Historie, i kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1964); details of it are reproduced in Georg Nørregaard, Guldkysten, Vol. 8 of Vore gamble trope-kolonier, ed. Johannes Brøndsted, 2nd. ed. (Copenhagen: Fremad, 1966), pp. 163, 238. C. D. Adams drew attention to it in "Activities of Danish Botanists in Guinea 1783-1850," Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 3/1, 1957, pp. 30-46, on pp. 38-39; it is referred to without comment in Selena Winsnes's translation of Isert's letters: Letters on West Africa and the Slave Trade. Paul Erdmann Isert's Journey to Guinea and the Caribbean Islands in Columbia (1788), Fontes Historiae Africanae Series Varia VII, trans. Selena Axelrod Winsnes (Oxford: British Academy, Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 75, note 12; and in F. N. Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning (Kew: Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanical Gardens, 1976), p. 171.
4. The map is reproduced in Lægen Paul Iserts Breve fra Dansk Guinea 1783-87, trans. Ingeborg Raunkiær (Copenhagen: Udvalget for Folkeoplysnings Fremme, i Kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1917); Kay Larsen, De Danske i Guinea (Copenhagen: Nordiske Forfatteres Forlag, 1918); and Guvernør Edward Carstensens indberetninger fra Guinea 1842-1850, ed. Georg Nørregård (Copenhagen: Selskabet for Udgivelse af Kilder til Dansk Historie, i kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1964); details of it are reproduced in Georg Nørregaard, Guldkysten, Vol. 8 of Vore gamble trope-kolonier, ed. Johannes Brøndsted, 2nd. ed. (Copenhagen: Fremad, 1966), pp. 163, 238. C. D. Adams drew attention to it in "Activities of Danish Botanists in Guinea 1783-1850," Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 3/1, 1957, pp. 30-46, on pp. 38-39; it is referred to without comment in Selena Winsnes's translation of Isert's letters: Letters on West Africa and the Slave Trade. Paul Erdmann Isert's Journey to Guinea and the Caribbean Islands in Columbia (1788), Fontes Historiae Africanae Series Varia VII, trans. Selena Axelrod Winsnes (Oxford: British Academy, Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 75, note 12; and in F. N. Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning (Kew: Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanical Gardens, 1976), p. 171.
5. The map is reproduced in Lægen Paul Iserts Breve fra Dansk Guinea 1783-87, trans. Ingeborg Raunkiær (Copenhagen: Udvalget for Folkeoplysnings Fremme, i Kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1917); Kay Larsen, De Danske i Guinea (Copenhagen: Nordiske Forfatteres Forlag, 1918); and Guvernør Edward Carstensens indberetninger fra Guinea 1842-1850, ed. Georg Nørregård (Copenhagen: Selskabet for Udgivelse af Kilder til Dansk Historie, i kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1964); details of it are reproduced in Georg Nørregaard, Guldkysten, Vol. 8 of Vore gamble trope-kolonier, ed. Johannes Brøndsted, 2nd. ed. (Copenhagen: Fremad, 1966), pp. 163, 238. C. D. Adams drew attention to it in "Activities of Danish Botanists in Guinea 1783-1850," Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 3/1, 1957, pp. 30-46, on pp. 38-39; it is referred to without comment in Selena Winsnes's translation of Isert's letters: Letters on West Africa and the Slave Trade. Paul Erdmann Isert's Journey to Guinea and the Caribbean Islands in Columbia (1788), Fontes Historiae Africanae Series Varia VII, trans. Selena Axelrod Winsnes (Oxford: British Academy, Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 75, note 12; and in F. N. Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning (Kew: Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanical Gardens, 1976), p. 171.
6. The map is reproduced in Lægen Paul Iserts Breve fra Dansk Guinea 1783-87, trans. Ingeborg Raunkiær (Copenhagen: Udvalget for Folkeoplysnings Fremme, i Kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1917); Kay Larsen, De Danske i Guinea (Copenhagen: Nordiske Forfatteres Forlag, 1918); and Guvernør Edward Carstensens indberetninger fra Guinea 1842-1850, ed. Georg Nørregård (Copenhagen: Selskabet for Udgivelse af Kilder til Dansk Historie, i kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1964); details of it are reproduced in Georg Nørregaard, Guldkysten, Vol. 8 of Vore gamble trope-kolonier, ed. Johannes Brøndsted, 2nd. ed. (Copenhagen: Fremad, 1966), pp. 163, 238. C. D. Adams drew attention to it in "Activities of Danish Botanists in Guinea 1783-1850," Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 3/1, 1957, pp. 30-46, on pp. 38-39; it is referred to without comment in Selena Winsnes's translation of Isert's letters: Letters on West Africa and the Slave Trade. Paul Erdmann Isert's Journey to Guinea and the Caribbean Islands in Columbia (1788), Fontes Historiae Africanae Series Varia VII, trans. Selena Axelrod Winsnes (Oxford: British Academy, Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 75, note 12; and in F. N. Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning (Kew: Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanical Gardens, 1976), p. 171.
7. The map is reproduced in Lægen Paul Iserts Breve fra Dansk Guinea 1783-87, trans. Ingeborg Raunkiær (Copenhagen: Udvalget for Folkeoplysnings Fremme, i Kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1917); Kay Larsen, De Danske i Guinea (Copenhagen: Nordiske Forfatteres Forlag, 1918); and Guvernør Edward Carstensens indberetninger fra Guinea 1842-1850, ed. Georg Nørregård (Copenhagen: Selskabet for Udgivelse af Kilder til Dansk Historie, i kommission hos G. E. C. Gad, 1964); details of it are reproduced in Georg Nørregaard, Guldkysten, Vol. 8 of Vore gamble trope-kolonier, ed. Johannes Brøndsted, 2nd. ed. (Copenhagen: Fremad, 1966), pp. 163, 238. C. D. Adams drew attention to it in "Activities of Danish Botanists in Guinea 1783-1850," Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 3/1, 1957, pp. 30-46, on pp. 38-39; it is referred to without comment in Selena Winsnes's translation of Isert's letters: Letters on West Africa and the Slave Trade. Paul Erdmann Isert's Journey to Guinea and the Caribbean Islands in Columbia (1788), Fontes Historiae Africanae Series Varia VII, trans. Selena Axelrod Winsnes (Oxford: British Academy, Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 75, note 12; and in F. N. Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning (Kew: Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanical Gardens, 1976), p. 171.
8. See, for example, Monarchs, Ministers, and Maps; The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe, ed. David Buisseret (Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 1992).
9. For the general background, the most important source is Georg Nørregaard, Guldkysten, published in English (and with the author's name spelled "Nørregård") as Danish Settlements in West Africa 1658-1850, trans. Sigurd Mammen (Boston: Boston University Press, 1966). A more recent general review is Ole Justesen, "Kolonierne i Afrika,' in Ole Feldbæk and Ole Justesen, Kolonierne i Asien og Afrika (Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag, 1980). Scandinavians in Africa; Guide to Materials Relating to Ghana in the Danish National Archives, comp. J. Reindorf (Oslo: Universitetsforlag, 1980) is an extremely valuable tool.
10. For the general background, the most important source is Georg Nørregaard, Guldkysten, published in English (and with the author's name spelled "Nørregård") as Danish Settlements in West Africa 1658-1850, trans. Sigurd Mammen (Boston: Boston University Press, 1966). A more recent general review is Ole Justesen, "Kolonierne i Afrika,' in Ole Feldbæk and Ole Justesen, Kolonierne i Asien og Afrika (Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag, 1980). Scandinavians in Africa; Guide to Materials Relating to Ghana in the Danish National Archives, comp. J. Reindorf (Oslo: Universitetsforlag, 1980) is an extremely valuable tool.
11. For the general background, the most important source is Georg Nørregaard, Guldkysten, published in English (and with the author's name spelled "Nørregård") as Danish Settlements in West Africa 1658-1850, trans. Sigurd Mammen (Boston: Boston University Press, 1966). A more recent general review is Ole Justesen, "Kolonierne i Afrika,' in Ole Feldbæk and Ole Justesen, Kolonierne i Asien og Afrika (Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag, 1980). Scandinavians in Africa; Guide to Materials Relating to Ghana in the Danish National Archives, comp. J. Reindorf (Oslo: Universitetsforlag, 1980) is an extremely valuable tool.
12. For the general background, the most important source is Georg Nørregaard, Guldkysten, published in English (and with the author's name spelled "Nørregård") as Danish Settlements in West Africa 1658-1850, trans. Sigurd Mammen (Boston: Boston University Press, 1966). A more recent general review is Ole Justesen, "Kolonierne i Afrika,' in Ole Feldbæk and Ole Justesen, Kolonierne i Asien og Afrika (Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag, 1980). Scandinavians in Africa; Guide to Materials Relating to Ghana in the Danish National Archives, comp. J. Reindorf (Oslo: Universitetsforlag, 1980) is an extremely valuable tool.
13. Generaltoldkammer (General Chamber of Customs), Vestindiske og Guineiske Sager, (hereafter cited as GTK), Guineisk Kopibog (Guin. Kopibog), Dec. 5, 1837, pp. 203-250, to Departementet for udenlandske Anliggender (Department of Foreign Affairs) (DfuA), on p. 226: the tribes time and again "have turned to the Danish Government as their forum"; see Per Hernæs, Slaves, Danes, and African Coast Society (Trondheim: Department of History, University of Trondheim, 1995), pp. 99-128. All archival material cited here, unless it is otherwise noted, is held at the Rigsarkiv, the Danish National Archives. All translations from Danish or French are by the author of this article; punctuation and capitalization have been modernized in places.
14. Nørregård, Danish Settlements, pp. 173-85.
15. H. G. Lind, "Undersøgelser, foretagne op ad Floden Volta i 1827 og 1828," Archiv far Søvæsenet, Vol. 6, 1834, pp. 1-16, on p. 12; GTK, Guineiske Kommision (hereafter Guin. Komm.), Box II, Balthasar Christensen, "Bemærkninger om de danske Besiddelser i Guinea,1831, pp. 120, 123; the Generaltoldkammer's Guineisk Journal (hereafter GJ; the actual files of the journalled correspondence, or journalsager, are abbreviated GJS) 264/1829, Undersøgelseskommission [Findt and Hein, Christiansborg], April 14, 1828; Philip D. Curtin, The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action 1780-1850 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), p. 18.
16. H. G. Lind, "Undersøgelser, foretagne op ad Floden Volta i 1827 og 1828," Archiv far Søvæsenet, Vol. 6, 1834, pp. 1-16, on p. 12; GTK, Guineiske Kommision (hereafter Guin. Komm.), Box II, Balthasar Christensen, "Bemærkninger om de danske Besiddelser i Guinea,1831, pp. 120, 123; the Generaltoldkammer's Guineisk Journal (hereafter GJ; the actual files of the journalled correspondence, or journalsager, are abbreviated GJS) 264/1829, Undersøgelseskommission [Findt and Hein, Christiansborg], April 14, 1828; Philip D. Curtin, The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action 1780-1850 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), p. 18.
17. H. G. Lind, "Undersøgelser, foretagne op ad Floden Volta i 1827 og 1828," Archiv far Søvæsenet, Vol. 6, 1834, pp. 1-16, on p. 12; GTK, Guineiske Kommision (hereafter Guin. Komm.), Box II, Balthasar Christensen, "Bemærkninger om de danske Besiddelser i Guinea,1831, pp. 120, 123; the Generaltoldkammer's Guineisk Journal (hereafter GJ; the actual files of the journalled correspondence, or journalsager, are abbreviated GJS) 264/1829, Undersøgelseskommission [Findt and Hein, Christiansborg], April 14, 1828; Philip D. Curtin, The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action 1780-1850 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), p. 18.
18. Philip D. Curtin prefers this term to the more "theory-laden" system; Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. x, note 1.
19. DfuA, Gruppeordnedesager, Guinea, 1775-1847 (hereafter GG), Box 870, Bielagerne til Aarestrups Erklæring over General Nationernes Svar af July Maaned 1781 angaaende Guinea, a map annotated: "Delivered July 17, 1782, to Privy Councillor Rosencrone." There is another such drawing, undated, among other papers from the early 1780s. In Box 871 of this same archival group, there is a similar map down one side of the front page of an undated and unsigned forty-four-page document, "Extract af stridighederne imellem de Danske og Hollandske Etablissemens paa Kysten af Guinea i Aaret 1775 & Seque ... ."
20. The Danish Miil was 24,000 Danish feet. The foot, also no longer used, was about 2.97 per cent longer than the English foot. See Daniel Hopkins, "The Eighteenth-Century Invention of a Measure in the Caribbean: The Danish Acre of St. Croix," Journal of Historical Geography 18/2, 1992, pp. 158-73, on p. 171, note 12.
21. See as an example the reproduction on p. 28 of René Baesjou, "The Historical Evidence in Old Maps and Charts of Africa with Special Reference to West Africa," History in Africa 15, 1988, pp. 1-83. See also the reading of early seventeenth-century maps in M. A. Kwamena-Poh, Government and Politics in the Aquapem State 1730-1850 (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973), pp. 13, 14-15. There is a marvellous manuscript example of the genre in the Pictures Collections, Guinea Folios, Royal Library, Copenhagen.
22. See as an example the reproduction on p. 28 of René Baesjou, "The Historical Evidence in Old Maps and Charts of Africa with Special Reference to West Africa," History in Africa 15, 1988, pp. 1-83. See also the reading of early seventeenth-century maps in M. A. Kwamena-Poh, Government and Politics in the Aquapem State 1730-1850 (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973), pp. 13, 14-15. There is a marvellous manuscript example of the genre in the Pictures Collections, Guinea Folios, Royal Library, Copenhagen.
23. GTK, Indiske Forestillinger og Resolutioner, 1832, November 3, 1832, "Angaaende Capitain Lieutenant Linds Forslag til Colonie-Anlæg i Guinea"; Nørregård, Danish Settlements, pp. 172-76.
24. Isert's Letters on West Africa, pp. 227-47; Nørregård, Danish Settlements, pp. 173-75.
25. Isert's Letters on West Africa, pp. 227-47; Nørregård, Danish Settlements, pp. 173-75.
26. Julius Philip Benjamin von Rohr, Anmerkungen über den Cattun Bau (Altona: P. G. Hensler, 1791-93); GTK, Vestindiske Forestillinger og Resolutioner 1791-92, resolution, April 13, 1791, and rescript, October 28, 1791, to Governor Biørn on the Coast of Guinea, associated with resolution of November 7, 1792 (No. 15); Nørregard, Danish Settlements, p. 178.
27. Julius Philip Benjamin von Rohr, Anmerkungen über den Cattun Bau (Altona: P. G. Hensler, 1791-93); GTK, Vestindiske Forestillinger og Resolutioner 1791-92, resolution, April 13, 1791, and rescript, October 28, 1791, to Governor Biørn on the Coast of Guinea, associated with resolution of November 7, 1792 (No. 15); Nørregard, Danish Settlements, p. 178.
28. GTK, Schimmelmanske Papirer vedk. Kommissionerne betræffende Guinea og Negerhandelen ... 1778-1809, Joseph Banks, from New York Soho Square, July 1, 1794, to von Rohr at Christiansborg; von Rohr had written to Banks from New York on August 10, 1793. The Banks Letters, ed. Warren R. Dawson (London: Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum, 1958, p. 709.
29. "v. Rohr, Julius Philip Benjamin," Dansk biografisk lexikon, ed. C. F. Bricka (Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag, 1887-1905).
30. Guin. Kopibog, November 30, 1796, to the Council on the Coast.
31. "Thonning, Peter," Dansk biografisk leksikon, 3rd. ed., ed. Sv. Cedergreen Bech (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1979-84); Peter Thonning's arkiv, No. 2060, Peter Thonning, résumé, December 20, 1809 (photocopy).
32. GTK, Vestindiske Forestillinger og Resolutioner, resolution, October 2, 1799 (No. 34 a. and b.); Guin. Kopibog, July 2, 1799, to Tonning [sic]. Curtin, in The Image of Africa, pp. 11-16, discusses this sort of "scholarly field work" (quoted words on p. 14). One of the most extraordinary records of such an expedition is Adam Afzelius, Sierra Leone Journal 1795-1796, ed. Alexander Peter Kup (Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia XXVII, Uppsala: printed by Almqvist & Wiksells, 1967). Afzelius kept his journal in English.
33. GTK, Vestindiske Forestillinger og Resolutioner, resolution, October 2, 1799 (No. 34 a. and b.); Guin. Kopibog, July 2, 1799, to Tonning [sic]. Curtin, in The Image of Africa, pp. 11-16, discusses this sort of "scholarly field work" (quoted words on p. 14). One of the most extraordinary records of such an expedition is Adam Afzelius, Sierra Leone Journal 1795-1796, ed. Alexander Peter Kup (Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia XXVII, Uppsala: printed by Almqvist & Wiksells, 1967). Afzelius kept his journal in English.
34. GTK, Vestindiske Forestillinger og Resolutioner, resolution, October 2, 1799 (No. 34b); Guin. Kopibog, Thonning's instrux, July 16, 1799.
35. GJ 31/1800, Thonning, [Christiansborg], February 7, 1800.
36. GJS 98/1801, Thonning, Christiansborg, May 10, 1800; GJ 114/1800, Thonning, [Christiansborg], June 26, 1800; GJS 266/1802, Thonning, [Christiansborg], September 8, 1800, duplicate. There are fragments or extracts of Thonning's diaries in Guin. Komm., Box III, Geografiske Noticer, Kasserede Udkast til Kort over Danske Guinea, Adskilligt ang. Reisetourer i Guinea.
37. GJ 270 and 271/1802, Thonning, [Christiansborg], April 24, 1801, two letters of this date; GJS ad 271/1802, "Udkast til en Historiske og geographiske Beskrivelse over de Allierede Provindser ved de danske Besiddelser paa Kysten af Guinea."
38. Thonning's notes on his plants were published in F. C. Schumacher, Beskrivelse af guineiske planter som er fundne af danske botanikere, især af Etatsraad Thonning (Copenhagen, printed at Hartv. Frid. Popps Bogtrykkerie, 1827) and translated in Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning. Schumacher's Beskrivelse was reviewed by J. W. Hornemann in Maanedsskriftfor Litteratur, Vol. 1, Copenhagen, 1829, pp. 315-22, and by an anonymous reviewer in Revue encyclopédique, Paris, Vol. 44, October-December, 1829, pp. 137-38 (Bulletin Bibliographique, Livres Étrangers, item 14).
39. Thonning's notes on his plants were published in F. C. Schumacher, Beskrivelse af guineiske planter som er fundne af danske botanikere, især af Etatsraad Thonning (Copenhagen, printed at Hartv. Frid. Popps Bogtrykkerie, 1827) and translated in Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning. Schumacher's Beskrivelse was reviewed by J. W. Hornemann in Maanedsskriftfor Litteratur, Vol. 1, Copenhagen, 1829, pp. 315-22, and by an anonymous reviewer in Revue encyclopédique, Paris, Vol. 44, October-December, 1829, pp. 137-38 (Bulletin Bibliographique, Livres Étrangers, item 14).
40. Thonning's notes on his plants were published in F. C. Schumacher, Beskrivelse af guineiske planter som er fundne af danske botanikere, især af Etatsraad Thonning (Copenhagen, printed at Hartv. Frid. Popps Bogtrykkerie, 1827) and translated in Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning. Schumacher's Beskrivelse was reviewed by J. W. Hornemann in Maanedsskriftfor Litteratur, Vol. 1, Copenhagen, 1829, pp. 315-22, and by an anonymous reviewer in Revue encyclopédique, Paris, Vol. 44, October-December, 1829, pp. 137-38 (Bulletin Bibliographique, Livres Étrangers, item 14).
41. Thonning's notes on his plants were published in F. C. Schumacher, Beskrivelse af guineiske planter som er fundne af danske botanikere, især af Etatsraad Thonning (Copenhagen, printed at Hartv. Frid. Popps Bogtrykkerie, 1827) and translated in Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning. Schumacher's Beskrivelse was reviewed by J. W. Hornemann in Maanedsskriftfor Litteratur, Vol. 1, Copenhagen, 1829, pp. 315-22, and by an anonymous reviewer in Revue encyclopédique, Paris, Vol. 44, October-December, 1829, pp. 137-38 (Bulletin Bibliographique, Livres Étrangers, item 14).
42. Thonning's notes on his plants were published in F. C. Schumacher, Beskrivelse af guineiske planter som er fundne af danske botanikere, især af Etatsraad Thonning (Copenhagen, printed at Hartv. Frid. Popps Bogtrykkerie, 1827) and translated in Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning. Schumacher's Beskrivelse was reviewed by J. W. Hornemann in Maanedsskriftfor Litteratur, Vol. 1, Copenhagen, 1829, pp. 315-22, and by an anonymous reviewer in Revue encyclopédique, Paris, Vol. 44, October-December, 1829, pp. 137-38 (Bulletin Bibliographique, Livres Étrangers, item 14).
43. GJ ad 271/1802, "Udkast til en Historiske og geographiske Beskrivelse over de Allierede Provindser ved de danske Besiddelser paa Kysten of Guinea."
44. Guin. Komm., Box II, "Udkast til beskrivelse udarbeidet i Guinea"; L. F. Roømer, Tilforladelig efterretning om negotien paa Kysten Guinea ... (Copenhagen: Trykt og bekostet af Rudolph Henrich Lillie, J. P. Anchersen, imprimatur, 1756)
45. and Tilforladelig efterretning om Kysten Guinea (Copenhagen: Trykt hos Rudolf Henrik Lillies Enke, 1760).
46. GJS 271/1802, Thonning, [Christiansborg], April 24, 1801.
47. GJ 270/1802, Thonning, [Christiansborg], April 24, 1801. The map, like most of the others, is not in its original place in the correspondence files. The various versions of Thonning's maps have been moved about so often that it does not appear possible to say with certainty which of the surviving manuscripts was this first map sent in from Africa.
48. GJ 392/1803, Thonning, [Copenhagen], August 6, 1803; his arrival was given a very short notice in Dagen, No. 126, August 6, 1803: "Naturforskeren Hr. Tonning er kommen hjem fra Kysten Guinea."
49. GJ 434/1803, Thonning, [Copenhagen], December, 1803 (received December 10), "Indberetning om det danske Territorium i Guinea fornemmelig med hensyn til nærværende Kultur af indiske Kolonial Produkter eller Beqvemhed for samme." A modern annotation in the Guinea Journal reads: "Maps and report now lie in Department of Foreign Affairs, General Correspondance G. Guinea" (DfuA, GG, now in three boxes). The report is still there in Box 872. Two copies of Thonning's map, both bearing annotations linking them to this report, and the four fort plans were removed from this location to the Rigsarkiv's Kort-og-Tegningssamling (hereafter RAKTS), where they are classified as DfuA U-samling Nos. 1-6.
50. GJ 434/1803, Thonning, [Copenhagen], December 1803, report and drawings, according to the GTK's annotation, sent to "the Negro Trade Commission," January 28, 1804.
51. Nørregård, Danish Settlements, pp. 173, 175; Isert's Letters on West Africa, pp. 227ff.
52. Nørregård, Danish Settlements, pp. 173, 175; Isert's Letters on West Africa, pp. 227ff.
53. GJ 726/1806, Thonning, Copenhagen, December 12, 1805; Ludv. J. F. Moltke, "Bidrag til Geheimraad Frederik Moltkes Levnetsbeskrivelse," Historisk Tidsskrift, 4th Series, Vol. 2, 1870-72, pp. 1-128, on pp. 45-48, and particularly note 44 for the archival disposition of Thonning's proposal among private Moltke family papers.
54. Peter Thonning's archive, No. 2060, résumé, December 20, 1809; Kongehusets Arkiv, Christian VIII, Breve fra Forskellige, No. 159, Peter Thonning, several letters in 1806 and 1807.
55. Rigsarkiv Reading Room, Slips Catalog, Embedsnævnelser, Generaltoldkammeret, 1760-1816, Generaltoldkammeret & Commercekollegiet 1816-1848.
56. Justesen, "Kolonierne i Afrika," p. 442, caption.
57. Peter Thonning's archive, No. 2060, résumé, December 20, 1809.
58. Carl Christensen, Den danske botaniks historie (Copenhagen: H. Hagerups Forlag, 1924-26), Vol. 1, p. 224; Adams, "Activities of Danish botanists in Guinea"; Schumacher, Beskrivelse of guineiske planter; Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning.
59. Carl Christensen, Den danske botaniks historie (Copenhagen: H. Hagerups Forlag, 1924-26), Vol. 1, p. 224; Adams, "Activities of Danish botanists in Guinea"; Schumacher, Beskrivelse of guineiske planter; Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning.
60. Carl Christensen, Den danske botaniks historie (Copenhagen: H. Hagerups Forlag, 1924-26), Vol. 1, p. 224; Adams, "Activities of Danish botanists in Guinea"; Schumacher, Beskrivelse of guineiske planter; Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning.
61. Carl Christensen, Den danske botaniks historie (Copenhagen: H. Hagerups Forlag, 1924-26), Vol. 1, p. 224; Adams, "Activities of Danish botanists in Guinea"; Schumacher, Beskrivelse of guineiske planter; Hepper, The West African Herbaria of Isert and Thonning.
62. The stroke through "on the spot," sic. Hendrik Gerhard Lind, a naval officer attached to the government of the establishments, sailed the Laurine Mathilde, with a crew of fifteen, up the Volta from its mouth, penetrating perhaps forty miles up the river, the last several miles by canoe. GJ 141/1828, Lind, [Christiansborg,] April, 1828, and GJ 142/1828, Hein, [Christiansborg,] Aug. 9, 1828. Lind's account of the expedition and his map of the river were published a few years later, after his death: Lind, "Undersøgelser, foretagne op ad Floden Volta i 1827 og 1828." The map, which limits itself strictly to the river itself, was printed at the royal Lithographic Works.
63. In 1836 or 1837, one Grønberg, originally hired as a mill technician, executed a fairly large-scale plane-table survey of the area between the fort and the foothills. The map submitted to the Chamber of Customs was drawn or redrawn by Herbst, one of the junior civil officers in the fort. The drawing depicts an area twelve or fifteen miles on a side. RAKTS, Rentekammeret 337, 27; GJ 447/1837, Government on Coast, March 31, 1837.
64. In 1838, Captain Vidal, in the British corvette Aetna, equipped with twelve chronometers, established the latitude and longitude of the Danish forts Christiansborg and Prinsenssteen. GJ 728/1838, Mørch, Christiansborg, August 11, 1838.
65. Governor Carstensen's report of his tour inland to Akyem and back down the Volta in 1845 provided Thonning with a number of new place-names and information about distances; Carstensen's journey took place in 1845, but his report arrived in Copenhagen in 1846. GJ 187/1846, Carstensen, Christiansborg, September 19, 1845; Carstensens indberetninger, pp. 151ff.
66. GJ 459/1848, Wedel, [Copenhagen], on behalf of the Guinea Commission, April 7, 1848, with enclosures.
67. Hendes Majestæt Dronningen's Håndbibliotek, GK M No. 16, "copied at larger scale by P.J. Hjorth in April 1818." Hjorth's invoice for copying just such a map, dated May 26, 1818, is preserved at GJ 1646/1818.
68. Kongehusets Arkiv, Christian VIII, No. 247, Sager vedr. kolonierne, 1803-1834. This version, copied by C. Müller, dates to after 1838. Christian ascended the throne in 1839.
69. The cartographic interests of some of the Danish royal family have been briefly documented in H. G. Kiær, "The 'Juliane Marie Atlas' in Copenhagen," Imago Mundi 20, 1966, pp. 82-84; see also Daniel Hopkins, "Peter Lotharius Oxholm and Late Eighteenth-Century Danish West Indian Cartography," in The Danish Presence and Legacy in the Virgin Islands, ed. Svend E. Holsoe and John H. McCollum (Frederiksted, St. Croix: St. Croix Landmarks Society, 1993), pp. 29-56, on p. 37.
70. The cartographic interests of some of the Danish royal family have been briefly documented in H. G. Kiær, "The 'Juliane Marie Atlas' in Copenhagen," Imago Mundi 20, 1966, pp. 82-84; see also Daniel Hopkins, "Peter Lotharius Oxholm and Late Eighteenth-Century Danish West Indian Cartography," in The Danish Presence and Legacy in the Virgin Islands, ed. Svend E. Holsoe and John H. McCollum (Frederiksted, St. Croix: St. Croix Landmarks Society, 1993), pp. 29-56, on p. 37.
71. H. O. Ravn, Det Kongelige Danske Søkortarkiv 1784-22. October-1934 (Copenhagen: Søkortarkivet, 1934).
72. Asger Lomholt, Landmaaling og fremstilling af kort, Vol. 4 of Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 1742-1942, samlinger til selskabets historie (Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1961).
73. P. L. Oxholm, Charte over den Danske Øe St. Croix i America (Copenhagen: engraved by G. N. Angelo, 1799); Peter Lotharius Oxholm, De danske vestindiske öers tilstand i henseende til population, cultur og finansforfatning ... . (Copenhagen: Johan Frederik Schultz, 1797); Hopkins, "Peter Lotharius Oxholm."
74. P. L. Oxholm, Charte over den Danske Øe St. Croix i America (Copenhagen: engraved by G. N. Angelo, 1799); Peter Lotharius Oxholm, De danske vestindiske öers tilstand i henseende til population, cultur og finansforfatning ... . (Copenhagen: Johan Frederik Schultz, 1797); Hopkins, "Peter Lotharius Oxholm."
75. The maps were removed from Guin. Komm., Box III, to RAKTS and filed as GTK U-Samling Nos. 21, 22, and 23. The archival marker does not so indicate, but the maps presumably lay originally in the file marked "Kasserede Udkast til Kort over Danske Guinea" (Cashiered drafts of maps of Danish Guinea).
76. The last of Thonning's maps and a draftsman's bill for making it were sent to the Chamber of Customs by Nicoline Thonning in February, 1848, with a couple of bundles of "official documents, found among my deceased husband's papers." GJ 459/1848, Wedel, [Copenhagen], on behalf of the Guinea Commission, April 7, 1848, forwarding the widow Thonning's communication, with enclosures.
77. Guin. Komm., Box II, "Udkast til Beskrivelse udarbeidet i Guinea," p. 13.
78. GJS 726/1806, Thonning, Copenhagen, December 12, 1805. In §7 of his 1803 report, "Indberetning om det danske Territorium i Guinea," DfuA, GG, Box 872 [GJ ad 434/ 1803], Thonning notes that some charts mislabel some of the mountains in the Danish stretch of the coast: the ranges he mentions, the Mountains of Great Acara and the Mountains of Ningo Grande, appear on "A Chart of the Gold Coast in Guinea from the River St. John to the River Volta," in The English Pilot, Part V, Africa, 6th ed. (London: Printed for W. and J. Mount, T. Page and Son, on Tower Hill, 1761); see also The English Pilot, the Fifth Book, facsimile ed. (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Ltd., 1973 [London, J. C. Seller and C. Price, 1701]). In 1802, the Chamber of Customs purchased an unspecified English book of charts of the coast of Africa from Jo. G. Blankensteiner, a Copenhagen map dealer: GJS 187/1802, March 4, 1802.
79. GJS 726/1806, Thonning, Copenhagen, December 12, 1805. In §7 of his 1803 report, "Indberetning om det danske Territorium i Guinea," DfuA, GG, Box 872 [GJ ad 434/ 1803], Thonning notes that some charts mislabel some of the mountains in the Danish stretch of the coast: the ranges he mentions, the Mountains of Great Acara and the Mountains of Ningo Grande, appear on "A Chart of the Gold Coast in Guinea from the River St. John to the River Volta," in The English Pilot, Part V, Africa, 6th ed. (London: Printed for W. and J. Mount, T. Page and Son, on Tower Hill, 1761); see also The English Pilot, the Fifth Book, facsimile ed. (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Ltd., 1973 [London, J. C. Seller and C. Price, 1701]). In 1802, the Chamber of Customs purchased an unspecified English book of charts of the coast of Africa from Jo. G. Blankensteiner, a Copenhagen map dealer: GJS 187/1802, March 4, 1802.
80. RAKTS, Rentekammeret 337, 26, and a rough sketch of uncertain date associated with papers in GJS 447/1837, filed forward at GJS 702/1849.
81. Thonning discusses this matter at some length in a fragment of his journal in Guin. Komm., Box III, Geografiske Noticer, Kasserede Udkast til Kort over Danske Guinea, an account of a trip to the Akuapem hills in late August, 1800.
82. GJS 726/1806, Thonning, Copenhagen, December 12, 1805.
83. Guin. Komm., Box III, Geografiske Noticer, Kasserede Udkast til Kort over Danske Guinea, account of trip to Akuapem hills, late August 1800.
84. DfuA, GG, Box 872, Thonning, "Indberetning om det danske Territorium i Guinea" [GJ ad 434/1803), § 3, "Beliggenheden af de danske Etablissementer og de omliggende Nationer."
85. GJ 264/1829, Undersøgelseskommission [Findt and Hein, Christiansborg], April 14, 1828.
86. Guin. Komm., Box III, Geografiske Noticer, Kasserede Udkast til Kort over Danske Guinea, account of trip to the Akuapem Hills in late August 1800.
87. Guin. Komm., Box III, Geografiske Noticer, Kasserede Udkast til Kort over Danske Guinea, Adskilligt ang. Reisetourer i Guinea, entry in a fragmentary journal, October 10, [1801]. Most of Thonning's maps bear this inscription: "The River Volta rises out of its bed in September and floods all adjacent areas."
88. RAKTS, GTK U-Samling No. 22
89. Guin. Komm., Box III, Geografiske Noticer, de guin. Etablissementers Geographie vedkommende, Geographiske Notitser ang. Guinea, notes on GJ 1569/1817, Flindt, October 30, 1816.
90. RAKTS, Rentekammeret 337, 26.
91. Guin. Komm., Box III, Geographiske Notitser, Kasserede Udkast til Kort over Danske Guinea, notes on Carstensen's tour in 1845; Carstensens indberetninger, p. 158. See [James] Rennell's "Construction of the Map of Africa" in Proceedings of the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa (London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1791), Chapter 12, on pp. 319ff.
92. G. Malcolm Lewis stressed the difficulty of this sort of compilation in a conversation at the 15th International Conference on the History of Cartography in Chicago in June, 1993.
93. Guin. Komm., Box III, Diverse, Materialier undated sheets of Thonning's notes. Thonning is not known to have made reference to any native map. On the authority of Ivor Wilks, the Asante, one of the most important and best known West African peoples, "lacked cartographic skills" and had to rely on mental maps: "On Mentally Mapping Greater Asante: a Study of Time and Motion," Journal of African History 33, 1992, pp. 175-90, on p. 175. See Denis Wood, "The Fine Line between Mapping and Mapmaking," Cartographica 30/4, 1993, pp. 50-60, on p. 55.
94. Guin. Komm., Box III, Diverse, Materialier undated sheets of Thonning's notes. Thonning is not known to have made reference to any native map. On the authority of Ivor Wilks, the Asante, one of the most important and best known West African peoples, "lacked cartographic skills" and had to rely on mental maps: "On Mentally Mapping Greater Asante: a Study of Time and Motion," Journal of African History 33, 1992, pp. 175-90, on p. 175. See Denis Wood, "The Fine Line between Mapping and Mapmaking," Cartographica 30/4, 1993, pp. 50-60, on p. 55.
95. Guin. Komm., Box III, Diverse, "Observationer ved Karten over Guinea, der skal tjene til derefter at tegne en Original."
96. RAKTS, Rentekammeret 337, 27.
97. E. Gigas, "En theologisk professors diplomatiske mission," Historisk Tidsskrift, 8th series, Vol. I, pp. 185-253, on pp. 189ff.; Nørregård, Danish Settlements, p. 172; Isert's Letters on West Africa, pp. 194-95; Daniel Hopkins, "Tossede kort og planer," Siden Saxo 10/2, 1993, pp. 21-27.
98. E. Gigas, "En theologisk professors diplomatiske mission," Historisk Tidsskrift, 8th series, Vol. I, pp. 185-253, on pp. 189ff.; Nørregård, Danish Settlements, p. 172; Isert's Letters on West Africa, pp. 194-95; Daniel Hopkins, "Tossede kort og planer," Siden Saxo 10/2, 1993, pp. 21-27.
99. E. Gigas, "En theologisk professors diplomatiske mission," Historisk Tidsskrift, 8th series, Vol. I, pp. 185-253, on pp. 189ff.; Nørregård, Danish Settlements, p. 172; Isert's Letters on West Africa, pp. 194-95; Daniel Hopkins, "Tossede kort og planer," Siden Saxo 10/2, 1993, pp. 21-27.
100. E. Gigas, "En theologisk professors diplomatiske mission," Historisk Tidsskrift, 8th series, Vol. I, pp. 185-253, on pp. 189ff.; Nørregård, Danish Settlements, p. 172; Isert's Letters on West Africa, pp. 194-95; Daniel Hopkins, "Tossede kort og planer," Siden Saxo 10/2, 1993, pp. 21-27.
101. DfuA, GG, Box No. 872, Frederik R., Copenhagen, May 5, 1816, to Geheim Statsminister Rosencrantz.
102. Curtin, Image of Africa, p. 317.
103. DfuA, GG, Box 872, May 27, 1817, draft, to dal Borgo.
104. DfuA, GG, Box 872, undated memo regarding letter to GTK of May 17, 1817.
105. Guin. Kopibog, July 19, 1817, to DfuA.
106. DfuA, GG, Box 872, July 26, 1817, draft, to dal Borgo. Dal Borgo acknowledged receipt of the material in a letter to Rosencrantz from Altona, August 15, 1817. Niels Rosencrantz's archive, No. 6218, Private Breve, dal Borgo.
107. Governor Johan Wrisberg had raised the idea as early at 1805. GJ 728/1806, Wrisberg, on the Guinea Coast, August 5, 1805; Georg Nørregaard, "Englands køb af de danske besiddelser i Ostindien of Afrika 1845 og 1850," Historisk Tidsskrift, 10th Series, Vol. 3, 1934-36, pp. 335-412, on pp. 397-98.
108. Governor Johan Wrisberg had raised the idea as early at 1805. GJ 728/1806, Wrisberg, on the Guinea Coast, August 5, 1805; Georg Nørregaard, "Englands køb af de danske besiddelser i Ostindien of Afrika 1845 og 1850," Historisk Tidsskrift, 10th Series, Vol. 3, 1934-36, pp. 335-412, on pp. 397-98.
109. Nørregaard, "Englands køb," p. 399.
110. DfuA, GG, Box 872, Philip Wrisberg, March 18, 1820, report on "Den Portogisiske Øe Princess" and a cover letter of the same date; Frederik VI, Copenhagen, May 31, 1820.
111. DfuA, GG, Box 872, June 7, 1820, draft, to His Majesty the King.
112. DfuA, GG, Box 872, June 6, 1820, draft, to dal Borgo.
113. DfuA, GG, Box 872, dal Borgo, Copenhagen, August 31, 1823 (in French).
114. Wrisberg's proposal, [Copenhagen], November 29, 1825, is journalled and abstracted in GJ 630/1826.
115. See Georg Nørregård, Efterkrigsår i dansk udenrigspolitik 1815-24 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1960), p. 12, on Frederik's accessibility.
116. GTK, Guineisk resolutions protokol, 1816-1850, April 3, 1827; GJ 264/1829, Undersøgelseskommission [Findt and Hein], Christiansborg, April 14, 1828; GJ 325/1829, kongelig resolution, June 9, 1829.
117. Hendes Majestæt Dronningens Håndbibliotek, GK M8 No. 17, Philip W. Wrisberg, "Kaart over de kongelige danske Besiddelser i Guinea." The fort views are dated 1817; the map was produced in Copenhagen in 1825.
118. Ole Justesen, "Danish Settlements on the Gold Coast in the Nineteenth Century," Scandinavian Journal of History 4, 1979, pp. 3-33, on pp. 28-32.
119. Guin. Kopibog, December 5, 1837, DfuA.
120. Nørregård, Danish Settlements, p. 174.
121. Guin. Kopibog, December 5, 1837, to DfuA, attachment C9, Maclean, British Gold Coast, to Mørch at Christiansborg, March 4, 1836, a copy.
122. Ole Justesen, "Danish Settlements on the Gold Coast in the Nineteenth Century," pp. 28-32;
123. Nørregård, Danish Settlements, pp. 200-202.
124. Guin. Kopibog, Dec. 5, 1837, to DfuA; the map was attachment 'J'. This might be one of the two versions of Thonning's map that were filed in the DfuA's Guinea Correspondence file, but neither map is marked with a 'J'. DfuA, GG, Box 872.
125. "Abrahamson, Joseph Nicolai Benjamin," Dansk biografisk lexikon, ed. Bricka; Joseph Lancaster, Improvements in Education as it Respects the Industrious Classes of the Community, 3rd ed. (Clifton, NJ: Augustus M. Kelley, 1972 [1805]; Henry Bryan Binns, A Century of Education, Being the Centenary History of the British and Foreign School Society 1808-1908 (London: J. M. Dent & Co., 1908).
126. "Abrahamson, Joseph Nicolai Benjamin," Dansk biografisk lexikon, ed. Bricka; Joseph Lancaster, Improvements in Education as it Respects the Industrious Classes of the Community, 3rd ed. (Clifton, NJ: Augustus M. Kelley, 1972 [1805]; Henry Bryan Binns, A Century of Education, Being the Centenary History of the British and Foreign School Society 1808-1908 (London: J. M. Dent & Co., 1908).
127. "Abrahamson, Joseph Nicolai Benjamin," Dansk biografisk lexikon, ed. Bricka; Joseph Lancaster, Improvements in Education as it Respects the Industrious Classes of the Community, 3rd ed. (Clifton, NJ: Augustus M. Kelley, 1972 [1805]; Henry Bryan Binns, A Century of Education, Being the Centenary History of the British and Foreign School Society 1808-1908 (London: J. M. Dent & Co., 1908).
128. Frederik R., Frederiksberg Slot, July 9, 1820; "Lithografi," Salmonsens konversations leksikon, 2nd ed., ed. Chr. Blangstrup (Copenhagen: J. H. Schultz Forlagsboghandel, 1915-1928).
129. Det kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen, Kortsamling, 1909 Nr. 691, Indbyrdes Underviisning, Geographitabel No. 31, De danske besiddelser i Ostindien, Vestindien, og paa Kysten Guinea. (This plate was prepared by Jacob Henrik Mansa, the well-known Danish topographic cartographer.)
130. Finans Deputationen, Expeditions, Assignations, & Bogholderkontor, Journalsager, No. 3504 J1823 FD., Frederik R., November 4, 1823.
131. "Mønster, Peter Hans," Dansk biografisk lexikon, ed. Bricka.
132. Danske Kancelli, 1st Departement, Kongelige resolutioner og expeditioner, Danske Kancellis Forestillinger for 1st Departement, Forestilling af April 1, 1820, resolution August 21, 1822.
133. GJ 422/1832, September 27, 1832, and GJ 429/1832, September 30, 1832, royal rescripts, communicating sections of Lind's proposal to the GTK.
134. "Lind, Hendrik Gerhard," in T. A. Topsøe-Jensen and Emil Marquard, Officerer i den dansk-norske Søetat 1660-1814 og den danske Søetat 1814-1932 (Copenhagen: H. Hagerup, 1935). 100. Dagen, No. 278, November 21, 1833.
135. GTK, Indiske Forestillinger og Resolutioner, No. 99, November 3, 1832.
136. Guin. Komm., Box I, Frederik VI, January 9, 1833.
137. Poul Erik Olsen's "Supplement" in Reindorf, Scandinavians in Africa, pp. 116-20.
138. Guin. Komm., Box I, Kommissionens korrespondance 1833-1848. The first mention of the two maps is in an unsigned and undated list, in Thonning's hand, of items for discussion at the Commission's first meeting.
139. RAKTS, GTK U-samling, No. 24, C. F. Weiland, Senegambien Sudan und Ober-Guinea (Weimar: Im Verlage des Geograph: Instituts, 1830), removed from Guin. Komm., Box III.
140. Guin. Komm., "Allerunderdanigst Betænkning," pp. 5-6.
141. Jeffrey C. Stone, "Imperialism, Colonialism and Cartography," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, N.S., 13, 1988, pp. 57-64, on pp. 59-61. Graham Greene found himself in a Liberian Consulate somewhere on the African Coast one day between the wars, applying for a visa. "I studied the usual blank map upon the wall, a few towns along the coast, a few villages along the border. 'Have you been here?' I said. 'No, no,' the large man said. 'We let them come to us'"; Greene, Journey Without Maps (New York: Viking Press, 1961 [1936]), p. 5.
142. Jeffrey C. Stone, "Imperialism, Colonialism and Cartography," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, N.S., 13, 1988, pp. 57-64, on pp. 59-61. Graham Greene found himself in a Liberian Consulate somewhere on the African Coast one day between the wars, applying for a visa. "I studied the usual blank map upon the wall, a few towns along the coast, a few villages along the border. 'Have you been here?' I said. 'No, no,' the large man said. 'We let them come to us'"; Greene, Journey Without Maps (New York: Viking Press, 1961 [1936]), p. 5.
143. David Henige, Perceiving Africa: Books, Maps and Manuscripts from Wisconsin Collections (Madison: Memorial Library, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1993), pp. 6-7.
144. Peter Daniel Bruun's archive, No. 5227, Box 3, papers of J. F. G. Schønheyder, "hans Liv og Levnet fortalt af hans Søn til hans Børnebørn osv. osv.," p. 27; Justesen, "Kolonierne i Afrika," p. 441.
145. Peter Daniel Bruun's archive, No. 5227, Box 3, papers of J. F. G. Schønheyder, "hans Liv og Levnet fortalt af hans Søn til hans Børnebørn osv. osv.," p. 27; Justesen, "Kolonierne i Afrika," p. 441.
146. GJ 536/1848, Wedel, June 27, 1848.
147. GJS ad 645/1844, Carstensen, Copenhagen, July 25, 1844; GJS 645/1844, Mossin, [Copenhagen], July 25, 1844; Guin. Kopibog, August 3, 1844, to Mossin.
148. GJ 187/1846, Carstensen, Christiansborg, September 19, 1845; Carstensens indberetninger, p. 153.
149. Guin. Komm., Box III, Geografiske Noticer, Akim Reisen, Carstensen, [Christiansborg], September 19, 1845, duplicate (GJ 226/1846). Mossin, who made Carstensen's map, had presumably copied from Angelo's copy, but Angelo's name has not been found on any of the maps surviving in Copenhagen.
150. Carstensens indberetninger, p. 160.
151. GJ 1040/1840, kongelig resolution, November 2, 1840; Nørregaard, "Englands køb," p. 399.
152. Justesen, "Kolonien i Afrika," p. 448.
153. Guin. Kopibog, February 2, 1843, to DfuA; Nørregaard, "Englands køb," pp. 393, 406.
154. Nørregaard, "England's køb," p. 406.
155. The suppression of the trade was a matter of international concern, and there was once again an exchange between the Chamber of Customs and the Department of Foreign Affairs. A modern archival note suggests that a copy of Thonning's map originally lay among the papers of the Department of Foreign Affairs with a communication from the Chamber of Customs regarding the reopening of the two forts, but there is no indication in the documents themselves that a map was passed between the agencies in either 1843 or 1846. Guin. Kopibog, February 2, 1843, to DfuA; Guin. Komm., Box I, Kommissionens korrespondance, GTK, October 23, 1845, to the members of the Guinea Commission; Guin. Kopibog, May 26, 1846, to DfuA; DfuA, GG, Box 872, archivist's marker, March 14, 1980, regarding the removal of the map now classified as RAKTS, DfuA U-samling No. 6.
156. Guin. Kopibog, February 23, 1849, to Udenrigsministeriet.
157. Carstensens indberetninger, pp. 378ff.; Justesen, "Kolonien i Afrika," p. 459.
158. Carstensens indberetninger, pp. 378ff.; Justesen, "Kolonien i Afrika," p. 459.
159. Nørregård, "Englands køb," p. 410.
160. Carstensen's journal of the proceedings of the transfer of the establishments, February 21 to April 17, 1850; Carstensens indberetninger, pp. 378ff.
161. See Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, The African Slave Trade and its Remedy (London: John Murray, 1840).
162. Armitage, of the British Library's Map Library, very kindly provided a photocopy of this map. Item no. 83 in Africa, Vol. 3 of Maps and Plans in the Public Record Office, ed. P. A. Penfold (London; Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1982) is presumably a print of the same map; it is described as having been removed from parliamentary papers dated March 30, 1850.
163. John D. Hargreaves, The Loaded Pause 1885-1889, Vol. 1 of West Africa Partitioned (London: Macmillan, 1974).
164. Udenrigsministeriet, Sager til Journal No. A3191, MacDowell, Copenhagen, August 27, 1889, to Rosenørn Lehn.
165. Finants Ministeriet, Kolonial Kontor, Guineiske Journalsager, VJS 787/1889 (filed forward at GJS 311/1891), Udenrigsministeriet, August 28, 1889.
166. RAKTS, Rentekammeret 337,701, "Oversigt over Guineiske Kort."
167. Kgl. Dansk Hof-og Statskalendar, 1890 (Copenhagen: S. Hennings, Bianco Lunos Kgl. Hof-Bogtrykkeri, 1890).
168. VJS ad 787/1889 (GJS 311/1891), annotated draft of a letter to Udenrigsministeriet, September 4, 1889. Bang's numbers can still be made out on some of the maps.
169. Udenrigsministeriet, Sager til Journal No. A3191, MacDowell, Copenhagen, September 10, 1889, acknowledging receipt of maps.
170. Udenrigsministeriet, Sager til Journal No. A3191, MacDowell, Copenhagen, September 27, 1889.
171. VJS 892/1889 (GJS 311/1891), Udenrigsministeriet, September 30, 1889.
172. VJS ad 949/1889 (GJS 311/1891), memorandum from Bang to Caroc with draft of a letter to Udenrigsministeriet, January 24, 1890.
173. VJS ad 892/1889 (GJS 311/1891), draft of letter to Carstensen, October 21, 1889.
174. VJS 949/1889 (GJS 311/1891), Carstensen, [Copenhagen], October 22, 1889.
175. VJS ad 949/1889 (GJS 311/1891), draft of letter to Udenrigsministeriet, January 24, 1890.
176. Udenrigsministeriet, Sager til Journal No. A3191, draft of letter to MacDowell, January 30, 1890.
177. GJS 311/1891, Udenrigsministeriet, February 12, 1891.
178. Thornton Wilder, The Ides of March (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1948), p. 191.
179. Wood, "Fine line," pp. 55-56; Roger J. P. Kain and Elizabeth Baigent, The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 335-36; Daniel Hopkins, "An Early Map and the Cadastral Survey of St. Croix, Danish West Indies 1734-41/A Cartographic Cul-de-Sac," Cartographica 29/3-4, 1992, pp. 1-19, on pp. 1-2, 15, and Hopkins, "Peter Lotharius Oxholm," p. 54.
180. Wood, "Fine line," pp. 55-56; Roger J. P. Kain and Elizabeth Baigent, The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 335-36; Daniel Hopkins, "An Early Map and the Cadastral Survey of St. Croix, Danish West Indies 1734-41/A Cartographic Cul-de-Sac," Cartographica 29/3-4, 1992, pp. 1-19, on pp. 1-2, 15, and Hopkins, "Peter Lotharius Oxholm," p. 54.
181. Wood, "Fine line," pp. 55-56; Roger J. P. Kain and Elizabeth Baigent, The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 335-36; Daniel Hopkins, "An Early Map and the Cadastral Survey of St. Croix, Danish West Indies 1734-41/A Cartographic Cul-de-Sac," Cartographica 29/3-4, 1992, pp. 1-19, on pp. 1-2, 15, and Hopkins, "Peter Lotharius Oxholm," p. 54.
182. Wood, "Fine line," pp. 55-56; Roger J. P. Kain and Elizabeth Baigent, The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 335-36; Daniel Hopkins, "An Early Map and the Cadastral Survey of St. Croix, Danish West Indies 1734-41/A Cartographic
183. DfuA, GG, Box 872, Thonning, "Indberetning om det danske Territorium i Guinea" [GJ ad 434/1803], at end of § 3.
184. See especially J. B. Harley, Maps and the Columbian Encounter (Milwaukee: The Golda Meir Library, University of Wisconsin, 1990).
185. Axel Linvald, KronprinsFrederik og hans Regering 1797-1807 (Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gads Forlag, 1923), pp. 324ff.; Johannes Brøndsted, from the forward to the first edition, in Dansk Veitindien indtil 1755, Vol. 1 of Vore garnie tropekolonier, 2nd ed., ed. Johannes Brøndsted (Copenhagen: Fremad: 1966), [p. 5]; Ole Feldbæk, Den lange fred, Vol. 9 of Danmarkshistorie, Olaf Olsen, ed. (Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel and Politikens Forlag, 1990), pp. 175-78.
186. Axel Linvald, KronprinsFrederik og hans Regering 1797-1807 (Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gads Forlag, 1923), pp. 324ff.; Johannes Brøndsted, from the forward to the first edition, in Dansk Veitindien indtil 1755, Vol. 1 of Vore garnie tropekolonier, 2nd ed., ed. Johannes Brøndsted (Copenhagen: Fremad: 1966), [p. 5]; Ole Feldbæk, Den lange fred, Vol. 9 of Danmarkshistorie, Olaf Olsen, ed. (Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel and Politikens Forlag, 1990), pp. 175-78.
187. Axel Linvald, KronprinsFrederik og hans Regering 1797-1807 (Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gads Forlag, 1923), pp. 324ff.; Johannes Brøndsted, from the forward to the first edition, in Dansk Veitindien indtil 1755, Vol. 1 of Vore garnie tropekolonier, 2nd ed., ed. Johannes Brøndsted (Copenhagen: Fremad: 1966), [p. 5]; Ole Feldbæk, Den lange fred, Vol. 9 of Danmarkshistorie, Olaf Olsen, ed. (Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel and Politikens Forlag, 1990), pp. 175-78.
188. Daniel Hopkins, "Jens Michelsen Beck's Map of a Danish West Indian Sugar-Plantation Island: Eighteenth-Century Colonial Cartography, Administration, Land Speculation, and Fraud," Terrae Incognitae 25, 1993, pp. 99-114;
189. Hopkins, "A cartographic cul-de-sac";
190. Hopkins, "Peter Lotharius Oxholm";
191. Hopkins, "An extraordinary eighteenth-century map of the Danish sugar-plantation island St. Croix," Imago Mundi 41, 1989, pp. 44-58.