Tilting the frame: Considerations on collective action framing from a discursive turn

Theory and Society

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 845-872

  Steinberg, Marc W ^a  

^a SMITH COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032283383     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1006975321345     Document Type: Article

References (215)

1. David Snow and Robert Benford, "Master Frames and Cycles of Protest," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 137.
2. Snow and Benford, "Master Frames," 136, Robert Benford, "'You Could Be The Hundreth Monkey': Collective Action Frames and Vocabularies of Motive Within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement," Sociological Quarterly 34 (1993): 200; Jürgen Gerhards and Dieter Rucht, "Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1992): 578-584; Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, "The Cultural Analysis of Social Movements," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 10; Bert Klandermans, The Social Psychology of Protest (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997): 37-63; Sidney Tarrow, "Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meanings Through Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 177.
3. Snow and Benford, "Master Frames," 136, Robert Benford, "'You Could Be The Hundreth Monkey': Collective Action Frames and Vocabularies of Motive Within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement," Sociological Quarterly 34 (1993): 200; Jürgen Gerhards and Dieter Rucht, "Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1992): 578-584; Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, "The Cultural Analysis of Social Movements," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 10; Bert Klandermans, The Social Psychology of Protest (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997): 37-63; Sidney Tarrow, "Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meanings Through Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 177.
4. Snow and Benford, "Master Frames," 136, Robert Benford, "'You Could Be The Hundreth Monkey': Collective Action Frames and Vocabularies of Motive Within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement," Sociological Quarterly 34 (1993): 200; Jürgen Gerhards and Dieter Rucht, "Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1992): 578-584; Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, "The Cultural Analysis of Social Movements," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 10; Bert Klandermans, The Social Psychology of Protest (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997): 37-63; Sidney Tarrow, "Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meanings Through Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 177.
5. Snow and Benford, "Master Frames," 136, Robert Benford, "'You Could Be The Hundreth Monkey': Collective Action Frames and Vocabularies of Motive Within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement," Sociological Quarterly 34 (1993): 200; Jürgen Gerhards and Dieter Rucht, "Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1992): 578-584; Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, "The Cultural Analysis of Social Movements," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 10; Bert Klandermans, The Social Psychology of Protest (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997): 37-63; Sidney Tarrow, "Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meanings Through Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 177.
6. Snow and Benford, "Master Frames," 136, Robert Benford, "'You Could Be The Hundreth Monkey': Collective Action Frames and Vocabularies of Motive Within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement," Sociological Quarterly 34 (1993): 200; Jürgen Gerhards and Dieter Rucht, "Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1992): 578-584; Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, "The Cultural Analysis of Social Movements," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 10; Bert Klandermans, The Social Psychology of Protest (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997): 37-63; Sidney Tarrow, "Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meanings Through Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 177.
7. Snow and Benford, "Master Frames," 136, Robert Benford, "'You Could Be The Hundreth Monkey': Collective Action Frames and Vocabularies of Motive Within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement," Sociological Quarterly 34 (1993): 200; Jürgen Gerhards and Dieter Rucht, "Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1992): 578-584; Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, "The Cultural Analysis of Social Movements," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 10; Bert Klandermans, The Social Psychology of Protest (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997): 37-63; Sidney Tarrow, "Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meanings Through Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 177.
8. William Gamson, "The Social Psychology of Collective Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 68; William A. Gamson, Bruce Fireman, and Steven Rytina, Encounters With Unjust Authority (Homewood: Dorsey Press, 1982), 14-16, 122-123; Scott A. Hunt, Robert D. Benford, and David A. Snow, "Identity Fields: Framing Processes and the Social Construction of Movement Identities," in Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield, editors, New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 190-191; Snow and Benford, "Master Frames," 137, David A. Snow and Robert D. Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988): 199.
9. William Gamson, "The Social Psychology of Collective Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 68; William A. Gamson, Bruce Fireman, and Steven Rytina, Encounters With Unjust Authority (Homewood: Dorsey Press, 1982), 14-16, 122-123; Scott A. Hunt, Robert D. Benford, and David A. Snow, "Identity Fields: Framing Processes and the Social Construction of Movement Identities," in Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield, editors, New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 190-191; Snow and Benford, "Master Frames," 137, David A. Snow and Robert D. Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988): 199.
10. William Gamson, "The Social Psychology of Collective Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 68; William A. Gamson, Bruce Fireman, and Steven Rytina, Encounters With Unjust Authority (Homewood: Dorsey Press, 1982), 14-16, 122-123; Scott A. Hunt, Robert D. Benford, and David A. Snow, "Identity Fields: Framing Processes and the Social Construction of Movement Identities," in Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield, editors, New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 190-191; Snow and Benford, "Master Frames," 137, David A. Snow and Robert D. Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988): 199.
11. William Gamson, "The Social Psychology of Collective Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 68; William A. Gamson, Bruce Fireman, and Steven Rytina, Encounters With Unjust Authority (Homewood: Dorsey Press, 1982), 14-16, 122-123; Scott A. Hunt, Robert D. Benford, and David A. Snow, "Identity Fields: Framing Processes and the Social Construction of Movement Identities," in Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield, editors, New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 190-191; Snow and Benford, "Master Frames," 137, David A. Snow and Robert D. Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988): 199.
12. William Gamson, "The Social Psychology of Collective Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 68; William A. Gamson, Bruce Fireman, and Steven Rytina, Encounters With Unjust Authority (Homewood: Dorsey Press, 1982), 14-16, 122-123; Scott A. Hunt, Robert D. Benford, and David A. Snow, "Identity Fields: Framing Processes and the Social Construction of Movement Identities," in Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield, editors, New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 190-191; Snow and Benford, "Master Frames," 137, David A. Snow and Robert D. Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988): 199.
13. Paolo R. Donati, "Political Discourse Analysis," in Mario Diani and Ron Eyerman, editors, Studying Collective Action (London: Sage, 1992), 139; William Gamson, "Political Discourse and Collective Action," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988), 221-222, Gamson, "The Social Psychology," 135-136; Doug McAdam, "Culture and Social Movements," in Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield. editors, New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 37-38; Bert Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest and Multiorganizational Fields," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 87-89; Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 122-123.
14. Paolo R. Donati, "Political Discourse Analysis," in Mario Diani and Ron Eyerman, editors, Studying Collective Action (London: Sage, 1992), 139; William Gamson, "Political Discourse and Collective Action," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988), 221-222, Gamson, "The Social Psychology," 135-136; Doug McAdam, "Culture and Social Movements," in Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield. editors, New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 37-38; Bert Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest and Multiorganizational Fields," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 87-89; Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 122-123.
15. Paolo R. Donati, "Political Discourse Analysis," in Mario Diani and Ron Eyerman, editors, Studying Collective Action (London: Sage, 1992), 139; William Gamson, "Political Discourse and Collective Action," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988), 221-222, Gamson, "The Social Psychology," 135-136; Doug McAdam, "Culture and Social Movements," in Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield. editors, New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 37-38; Bert Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest and Multiorganizational Fields," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 87-89; Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 122-123.
16. Paolo R. Donati, "Political Discourse Analysis," in Mario Diani and Ron Eyerman, editors, Studying Collective Action (London: Sage, 1992), 139; William Gamson, "Political Discourse and Collective Action," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988), 221-222, Gamson, "The Social Psychology," 135-136; Doug McAdam, "Culture and Social Movements," in Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield. editors, New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 37-38; Bert Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest and Multiorganizational Fields," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 87-89; Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 122-123.
17. Paolo R. Donati, "Political Discourse Analysis," in Mario Diani and Ron Eyerman, editors, Studying Collective Action (London: Sage, 1992), 139; William Gamson, "Political Discourse and Collective Action," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988), 221-222, Gamson, "The Social Psychology," 135-136; Doug McAdam, "Culture and Social Movements," in Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield. editors, New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 37-38; Bert Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest and Multiorganizational Fields," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 87-89; Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 122-123.
18. Paolo R. Donati, "Political Discourse Analysis," in Mario Diani and Ron Eyerman, editors, Studying Collective Action (London: Sage, 1992), 139; William Gamson, "Political Discourse and Collective Action," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988), 221-222, Gamson, "The Social Psychology," 135-136; Doug McAdam, "Culture and Social Movements," in Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield. editors, New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 37-38; Bert Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest and Multiorganizational Fields," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 87-89; Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 122-123.
19. Snow and Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance," 205, 211.
20. Snow and Benford, "Master Frames," 138.
21. Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields," 191-192; Klandermans, The Social Psychology, 48-52, "The Social Construction of Protest," 82, 99; David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford, Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review 51 (1986): 464-481; William J. Swart, "The League of Nations and the Irish Question: Master Frames, Cycles of Protest and Master Frame Alignment," The Sociological Quarterly 36 (1996): 465-481; Sidney Tarrow, "Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meanings Through Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 190-191.
22. Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields," 191-192; Klandermans, The Social Psychology, 48-52, "The Social Construction of Protest," 82, 99; David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford, Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review 51 (1986): 464-481; William J. Swart, "The League of Nations and the Irish Question: Master Frames, Cycles of Protest and Master Frame Alignment," The Sociological Quarterly 36 (1996): 465-481; Sidney Tarrow, "Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meanings Through Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 190-191.
23. Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields," 191-192; Klandermans, The Social Psychology, 48-52, "The Social Construction of Protest," 82, 99; David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford, Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review 51 (1986): 464-481; William J. Swart, "The League of Nations and the Irish Question: Master Frames, Cycles of Protest and Master Frame Alignment," The Sociological Quarterly 36 (1996): 465-481; Sidney Tarrow, "Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meanings Through Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 190-191.
24. Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields," 191-192; Klandermans, The Social Psychology, 48-52, "The Social Construction of Protest," 82, 99; David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford, Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review 51 (1986): 464-481; William J. Swart, "The League of Nations and the Irish Question: Master Frames, Cycles of Protest and Master Frame Alignment," The Sociological Quarterly 36 (1996): 465-481; Sidney Tarrow, "Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meanings Through Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 190-191.
25. Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields," 191-192; Klandermans, The Social Psychology, 48-52, "The Social Construction of Protest," 82, 99; David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford, Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review 51 (1986): 464-481; William J. Swart, "The League of Nations and the Irish Question: Master Frames, Cycles of Protest and Master Frame Alignment," The Sociological Quarterly 36 (1996): 465-481; Sidney Tarrow, "Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meanings Through Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 190-191.
26. Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields," 191-192; Klandermans, The Social Psychology, 48-52, "The Social Construction of Protest," 82, 99; David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford, Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review 51 (1986): 464-481; William J. Swart, "The League of Nations and the Irish Question: Master Frames, Cycles of Protest and Master Frame Alignment," The Sociological Quarterly 36 (1996): 465-481; Sidney Tarrow, "Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meanings Through Action," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 190-191.
27. "Culture, Ideology and Strategic Framing," Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, editors, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Frames (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 261. This conception is articulated by Doug McAdam who notes that, "By framing, then, Snow and Benford have in mind the conscious, strategic efforts of movement groups to fashion meaningful accounts of themselves and the issues at hand in order to motivate and legitimate their efforts," "The Framing Function of Social Movement Tactics: Strategic Dramaturgy in the American Civil Rights Movement." Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, editors, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Frames (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 339.
28. "Culture, Ideology and Strategic Framing," Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, editors, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Frames (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 261. This conception is articulated by Doug McAdam who notes that, "By framing, then, Snow and Benford have in mind the conscious, strategic efforts of movement groups to fashion meaningful accounts of themselves and the issues at hand in order to motivate and legitimate their efforts," "The Framing Function of Social Movement Tactics: Strategic Dramaturgy in the American Civil Rights Movement." Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, editors, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Frames (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 339.
29. Gary Alan Fine, "Public Narration and Group Culture: Discerning Discourse in Social Movements," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 127-143; Hank Johnston, "A Methodology for Frame Analysis: From Discourse to Cognitive Schemata," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 217-246; C. Wright Mills "Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive," in Irving Horowitz, editor, Power, Politics and People (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), 439-452; Marvin B. Scott and Stanford M. Lyman, "Accounts," American Sociological Review 33 (1968), 46-62.
30. Gary Alan Fine, "Public Narration and Group Culture: Discerning Discourse in Social Movements," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 127-143; Hank Johnston, "A Methodology for Frame Analysis: From Discourse to Cognitive Schemata," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 217-246; C. Wright Mills "Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive," in Irving Horowitz, editor, Power, Politics and People (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), 439-452; Marvin B. Scott and Stanford M. Lyman, "Accounts," American Sociological Review 33 (1968), 46-62.
31. Gary Alan Fine, "Public Narration and Group Culture: Discerning Discourse in Social Movements," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 127-143; Hank Johnston, "A Methodology for Frame Analysis: From Discourse to Cognitive Schemata," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 217-246; C. Wright Mills "Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive," in Irving Horowitz, editor, Power, Politics and People (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), 439-452; Marvin B. Scott and Stanford M. Lyman, "Accounts," American Sociological Review 33 (1968), 46-62.
32. Gary Alan Fine, "Public Narration and Group Culture: Discerning Discourse in Social Movements," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 127-143; Hank Johnston, "A Methodology for Frame Analysis: From Discourse to Cognitive Schemata," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 217-246; C. Wright Mills "Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive," in Irving Horowitz, editor, Power, Politics and People (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), 439-452; Marvin B. Scott and Stanford M. Lyman, "Accounts," American Sociological Review 33 (1968), 46-62.
33. Patricia Ewick and Susan Silbey, "Subversive Stories and Hegemonic Tales: Toward a Sociology of Narrative," Law & Society Review 29 (1995): 197-226; Margaret R. Somers, "Narrativity, Narrative Identity, and Social Action: Rethinking English Working-Class Formation," Social Science History 16 (1992) 591-630; Margaret R. Somers and Gloria Gibson, "Reclaiming the Epistemological 'Other': Narrative and the Social Construction of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994).
34. Patricia Ewick and Susan Silbey, "Subversive Stories and Hegemonic Tales: Toward a Sociology of Narrative," Law & Society Review 29 (1995): 197-226; Margaret R. Somers, "Narrativity, Narrative Identity, and Social Action: Rethinking English Working-Class Formation," Social Science History 16 (1992) 591-630; Margaret R. Somers and Gloria Gibson, "Reclaiming the Epistemological 'Other': Narrative and the Social Construction of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994).
35. Patricia Ewick and Susan Silbey, "Subversive Stories and Hegemonic Tales: Toward a Sociology of Narrative," Law & Society Review 29 (1995): 197-226; Margaret R. Somers, "Narrativity, Narrative Identity, and Social Action: Rethinking English Working-Class Formation," Social Science History 16 (1992) 591-630; Margaret R. Somers and Gloria Gibson, "Reclaiming the Epistemological 'Other': Narrative and the Social Construction of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994).
36. This inattentiveness is a feature of Goffman's discussion of frame analysis, which is referenced by many of the key contributors to the literature as foundational for work on social movement framing. In Frame Analysis, for example, Goffman focuses on the ambiguity of framing largely in terms of the performative aspects of face-to-face communication. Ambiguity can be created by misreadings of the definition of a situation, conscious actions by an actor such as fabrication, or because of what Goffman describes as the loose connection between talk and the other performative aspects of social interaction, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), 502. In terms of political communication in particular the closest Goffman comes to conceptualizing what I term here the "multivocality of discourse" is the "controlled, systematic use of multiple meanings of words and phrases in order to conceal speech behind speech, thereby effecting collusive communication between the very persons who are excluded," Frame Analysis, 515. Goffman provides the example of how political speeches can contain second meanings for a select group not discernible to the wider audience. However, in general he does not recognize the general multivocality of discourse. While William Gamson argues that Goffman's frame theory can be articulated with Gramsci's concept of hegemony, Goffman's referential understanding of language and his embedding of framing in experiential "strips" of focused interaction seem to make this link questionable, "Goffman's Legacy to Political Sociology," Theory and Society 14/5 (1985): 614-615.
37. This inattentiveness is a feature of Goffman's discussion of frame analysis, which is referenced by many of the key contributors to the literature as foundational for work on social movement framing. In Frame Analysis, for example, Goffman focuses on the ambiguity of framing largely in terms of the performative aspects of face-to-face communication. Ambiguity can be created by misreadings of the definition of a situation, conscious actions by an actor such as fabrication, or because of what Goffman describes as the loose connection between talk and the other performative aspects of social interaction, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), 502. In terms of political communication in particular the closest Goffman comes to conceptualizing what I term here the "multivocality of discourse" is the "controlled, systematic use of multiple meanings of words and phrases in order to conceal speech behind speech, thereby effecting collusive communication between the very persons who are excluded," Frame Analysis, 515. Goffman provides the example of how political speeches can contain second meanings for a select group not discernible to the wider audience. However, in general he does not recognize the general multivocality of discourse. While William Gamson argues that Goffman's frame theory can be articulated with Gramsci's concept of hegemony, Goffman's referential understanding of language and his embedding of framing in experiential "strips" of focused interaction seem to make this link questionable, "Goffman's Legacy to Political Sociology," Theory and Society 14/5 (1985): 614-615.
38. This inattentiveness is a feature of Goffman's discussion of frame analysis, which is referenced by many of the key contributors to the literature as foundational for work on social movement framing. In Frame Analysis, for example, Goffman focuses on the ambiguity of framing largely in terms of the performative aspects of face-to-face communication. Ambiguity can be created by misreadings of the definition of a situation, conscious actions by an actor such as fabrication, or because of what Goffman describes as the loose connection between talk and the other performative aspects of social interaction, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), 502. In terms of political communication in particular the closest Goffman comes to conceptualizing what I term here the "multivocality of discourse" is the "controlled, systematic use of multiple meanings of words and phrases in order to conceal speech behind speech, thereby effecting collusive communication between the very persons who are excluded," Frame Analysis, 515. Goffman provides the example of how political speeches can contain second meanings for a select group not discernible to the wider audience. However, in general he does not recognize the general multivocality of discourse. While William Gamson argues that Goffman's frame theory can be articulated with Gramsci's concept of hegemony, Goffman's referential understanding of language and his embedding of framing in experiential "strips" of focused interaction seem to make this link questionable, "Goffman's Legacy to Political Sociology," Theory and Society 14/5 (1985): 614-615.
39. This inattentiveness is a feature of Goffman's discussion of frame analysis, which is referenced by many of the key contributors to the literature as foundational for work on social movement framing. In Frame Analysis, for example, Goffman focuses on the ambiguity of framing largely in terms of the performative aspects of face-to-face communication. Ambiguity can be created by misreadings of the definition of a situation, conscious actions by an actor such as fabrication, or because of what Goffman describes as the loose connection between talk and the other performative aspects of social interaction, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), 502. In terms of political communication in particular the closest Goffman comes to conceptualizing what I term here the "multivocality of discourse" is the "controlled, systematic use of multiple meanings of words and phrases in order to conceal speech behind speech, thereby effecting collusive communication between the very persons who are excluded," Frame Analysis, 515. Goffman provides the example of how political speeches can contain second meanings for a select group not discernible to the wider audience. However, in general he does not recognize the general multivocality of discourse. While William Gamson argues that Goffman's frame theory can be articulated with Gramsci's concept of hegemony, Goffman's referential understanding of language and his embedding of framing in experiential "strips" of focused interaction seem to make this link questionable, "Goffman's Legacy to Political Sociology," Theory and Society 14/5 (1985): 614-615.
40. Snow and Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance," 197, 205; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields," 191. Relatedly, in one of the most well-specified investigations of collective action framing, Gerhards and Rucht define a frame in similarly general terms as "the belief systems of collective actors" as well as seeing the frames they analyze as synonymous with "ideology" ("Mesomobilization," 575).
41. Snow and Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance," 197, 205; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields," 191. Relatedly, in one of the most well-specified investigations of collective action framing, Gerhards and Rucht define a frame in similarly general terms as "the belief systems of collective actors" as well as seeing the frames they analyze as synonymous with "ideology" ("Mesomobilization," 575).
42. Snow and Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance," 197, 205; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields," 191. Relatedly, in one of the most well-specified investigations of collective action framing, Gerhards and Rucht define a frame in similarly general terms as "the belief systems of collective actors" as well as seeing the frames they analyze as synonymous with "ideology" ("Mesomobilization," 575).
43. Tarrow, "Mentalities," Power in Movement; Johnston and Klandermans, "The Cultural Analysis"; Klandermans, "The Social Construction"; William A. Gamson, "Political Discourse and Collective Action," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988), 219-244; Talking Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), "The Social Psychology."
44. Tarrow, "Mentalities," Power in Movement; Johnston and Klandermans, "The Cultural Analysis"; Klandermans, "The Social Construction"; William A. Gamson, "Political Discourse and Collective Action," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988), 219-244; Talking Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), "The Social Psychology."
45. Tarrow, "Mentalities," Power in Movement; Johnston and Klandermans, "The Cultural Analysis"; Klandermans, "The Social Construction"; William A. Gamson, "Political Discourse and Collective Action," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988), 219-244; Talking Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), "The Social Psychology."
46. Tarrow, "Mentalities," Power in Movement; Johnston and Klandermans, "The Cultural Analysis"; Klandermans, "The Social Construction"; William A. Gamson, "Political Discourse and Collective Action," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988), 219-244; Talking Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), "The Social Psychology."
47. Tarrow, "Mentalities," Power in Movement; Johnston and Klandermans, "The Cultural Analysis"; Klandermans, "The Social Construction"; William A. Gamson, "Political Discourse and Collective Action," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988), 219-244; Talking Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), "The Social Psychology."
48. "Mesomobilization," 576-579.
49. "Mesomobilization," 573; Valerie Jenness and Kendal Broad, "Antiviolence Activism and the (In)visibility of Gender in the Gay/Lesbian and Women's Movements," Gender and Society 8 (1994): 402-423; Valerie Jenness. "Social Movement Growth, Domain Expansion, and Framing Processes: The Gay/Lesbian Movement and Violence Against Gays and Lesbians as Social Problems," Social Problems 42 (1995): 145-170; Robert Benford, "'You Could Be' ... Frame Disputes Within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement," Social Forces 71 (1993): 677-701; Stella M. Capek, "The 'Environmental Justice' Frame: A Conceptual Discussion and an Application," Social Problems 40 (1993), 5-24; McAdam, "The Framing Function of Movement Tactics."
50. "Mesomobilization," 573; Valerie Jenness and Kendal Broad, "Antiviolence Activism and the (In)visibility of Gender in the Gay/Lesbian and Women's Movements," Gender and Society 8 (1994): 402-423; Valerie Jenness. "Social Movement Growth, Domain Expansion, and Framing Processes: The Gay/Lesbian Movement and Violence Against Gays and Lesbians as Social Problems," Social Problems 42 (1995): 145-170; Robert Benford, "'You Could Be' ... Frame Disputes Within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement," Social Forces 71 (1993): 677-701; Stella M. Capek, "The 'Environmental Justice' Frame: A Conceptual Discussion and an Application," Social Problems 40 (1993), 5-24; McAdam, "The Framing Function of Movement Tactics."
51. "Mesomobilization," 573; Valerie Jenness and Kendal Broad, "Antiviolence Activism and the (In)visibility of Gender in the Gay/Lesbian and Women's Movements," Gender and Society 8 (1994): 402-423; Valerie Jenness. "Social Movement Growth, Domain Expansion, and Framing Processes: The Gay/Lesbian Movement and Violence Against Gays and Lesbians as Social Problems," Social Problems 42 (1995): 145-170; Robert Benford, "'You Could Be' ... Frame Disputes Within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement," Social Forces 71 (1993): 677-701; Stella M. Capek, "The 'Environmental Justice' Frame: A Conceptual Discussion and an Application," Social Problems 40 (1993), 5-24; McAdam, "The Framing Function of Movement Tactics."
52. "Mesomobilization," 573; Valerie Jenness and Kendal Broad, "Antiviolence Activism and the (In)visibility of Gender in the Gay/Lesbian and Women's Movements," Gender and Society 8 (1994): 402-423; Valerie Jenness. "Social Movement Growth, Domain Expansion, and Framing Processes: The Gay/Lesbian Movement and Violence Against Gays and Lesbians as Social Problems," Social Problems 42 (1995): 145-170; Robert Benford, "'You Could Be' ... Frame Disputes Within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement," Social Forces 71 (1993): 677-701; Stella M. Capek, "The 'Environmental Justice' Frame: A Conceptual Discussion and an Application," Social Problems 40 (1993), 5-24; McAdam, "The Framing Function of Movement Tactics."
53. "Mesomobilization," 573; Valerie Jenness and Kendal Broad, "Antiviolence Activism and the (In)visibility of Gender in the Gay/Lesbian and Women's Movements," Gender and Society 8 (1994): 402-423; Valerie Jenness. "Social Movement Growth, Domain Expansion, and Framing Processes: The Gay/Lesbian Movement and Violence Against Gays and Lesbians as Social Problems," Social Problems 42 (1995): 145-170; Robert Benford, "'You Could Be' ... Frame Disputes Within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement," Social Forces 71 (1993): 677-701; Stella M. Capek, "The 'Environmental Justice' Frame: A Conceptual Discussion and an Application," Social Problems 40 (1993), 5-24; McAdam, "The Framing Function of Movement Tactics."
54. "Mesomobilization," 573; Valerie Jenness and Kendal Broad, "Antiviolence Activism and the (In)visibility of Gender in the Gay/Lesbian and Women's Movements," Gender and Society 8 (1994): 402-423; Valerie Jenness. "Social Movement Growth, Domain Expansion, and Framing Processes: The Gay/Lesbian Movement and Violence Against Gays and Lesbians as Social Problems," Social Problems 42 (1995): 145-170; Robert Benford, "'You Could Be' ... Frame Disputes Within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement," Social Forces 71 (1993): 677-701; Stella M. Capek, "The 'Environmental Justice' Frame: A Conceptual Discussion and an Application," Social Problems 40 (1993), 5-24; McAdam, "The Framing Function of Movement Tactics."
55. Snow and Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance," 205; Gerhards and Rucht "Mesomobilization," 579.
56. Snow and Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance," 205; Gerhards and Rucht "Mesomobilization," 579.
57. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, "Social Movements," in Neil J. Smelser, editor, Handbook of Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1988) 709; Gerhards and Rucht, "Mesomobilization; Klandermans. The Social Psychology of Protest, 48-52; Fine "Public Narration," 134.
58. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, "Social Movements," in Neil J. Smelser, editor, Handbook of Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1988) 709; Gerhards and Rucht, "Mesomobilization; Klandermans. The Social Psychology of Protest, 48-52; Fine "Public Narration," 134.
59. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, "Social Movements," in Neil J. Smelser, editor, Handbook of Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1988) 709; Gerhards and Rucht, "Mesomobilization; Klandermans. The Social Psychology of Protest, 48-52; Fine "Public Narration," 134.
60. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, "Social Movements," in Neil J. Smelser, editor, Handbook of Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1988) 709; Gerhards and Rucht, "Mesomobilization; Klandermans. The Social Psychology of Protest, 48-52; Fine "Public Narration," 134.
61. Gamson, Talking Politics.
62. "A Methodology for Frame Analysis," 218; see also the comments of Gamson, "The Social Psychology of Collective Action." 65-67; Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest," 89.
63. "A Methodology for Frame Analysis," 218; see also the comments of Gamson, "The Social Psychology of Collective Action." 65-67; Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest," 89.
64. "A Methodology for Frame Analysis," 218; see also the comments of Gamson, "The Social Psychology of Collective Action." 65-67; Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest," 89.
65. Snow et al.. "Frame Alignment Processes"; Snow and Benford "Ideology, Frame Resonance."
66. Snow et al.. "Frame Alignment Processes"; Snow and Benford "Ideology, Frame Resonance."
67. Although recently Klandermans has suggested a model whereby individuals sort through the persuasive discourse of frames and appropriate and use those elements that fit with their existing "cognitive bins" that contain ordered representations of the social world, The Social Psychology of Protest, 57-58.
68. Benford, "'You Could Be,'" 211; Snow and Benford,"Master Frames," 149; Gamson "Political Discourse," "The Social Psychology," Talking Politics; William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (1989): 1-37; William A. Gamson and Gadi Wolfsfeld, "Movements and Media as Interacting Systems," Annals 528 (1993): 114-125; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media In the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
69. Benford, "'You Could Be,'" 211; Snow and Benford,"Master Frames," 149; Gamson "Political Discourse," "The Social Psychology," Talking Politics; William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (1989): 1-37; William A. Gamson and Gadi Wolfsfeld, "Movements and Media as Interacting Systems," Annals 528 (1993): 114-125; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media In the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
70. Benford, "'You Could Be,'" 211; Snow and Benford,"Master Frames," 149; Gamson "Political Discourse," "The Social Psychology," Talking Politics; William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (1989): 1-37; William A. Gamson and Gadi Wolfsfeld, "Movements and Media as Interacting Systems," Annals 528 (1993): 114-125; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media In the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
71. Benford, "'You Could Be,'" 211; Snow and Benford,"Master Frames," 149; Gamson "Political Discourse," "The Social Psychology," Talking Politics; William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (1989): 1-37; William A. Gamson and Gadi Wolfsfeld, "Movements and Media as Interacting Systems," Annals 528 (1993): 114-125; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media In the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
72. Benford, "'You Could Be,'" 211; Snow and Benford,"Master Frames," 149; Gamson "Political Discourse," "The Social Psychology," Talking Politics; William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (1989): 1-37; William A. Gamson and Gadi Wolfsfeld, "Movements and Media as Interacting Systems," Annals 528 (1993): 114-125; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media In the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
73. Benford, "'You Could Be,'" 211; Snow and Benford,"Master Frames," 149; Gamson "Political Discourse," "The Social Psychology," Talking Politics; William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (1989): 1-37; William A. Gamson and Gadi Wolfsfeld, "Movements and Media as Interacting Systems," Annals 528 (1993): 114-125; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media In the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
74. Gary S. Morson and Caryl Emerson, Mikhail Bakhtin: Creation of a Prosaics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), 128; James Wertsch, Voices of the Mind: A Socio-Cultural Approach to Mediated Action (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), 71-72.
75. Gary S. Morson and Caryl Emerson, Mikhail Bakhtin: Creation of a Prosaics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), 128; James Wertsch, Voices of the Mind: A Socio-Cultural Approach to Mediated Action (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), 71-72.
76. Sam Marullo Ron Pagnucco and Jackie Smith, "Frame Changes and Social Movement Contraction: U.S. Peace Movement Framing After the Cold War," Sociological Inquiry 66 (1996): 2-3; Donati, "Political Discourse Analysis," 142; Louis A. Zurcher and David A. Snow, "Collective Behavior: Social Movements," in Morris Rosenberg and Ralph H. Turner, editors, Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 470-472.
77. Sam Marullo Ron Pagnucco and Jackie Smith, "Frame Changes and Social Movement Contraction: U.S. Peace Movement Framing After the Cold War," Sociological Inquiry 66 (1996): 2-3; Donati, "Political Discourse Analysis," 142; Louis A. Zurcher and David A. Snow, "Collective Behavior: Social Movements," in Morris Rosenberg and Ralph H. Turner, editors, Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 470-472.
78. Sam Marullo Ron Pagnucco and Jackie Smith, "Frame Changes and Social Movement Contraction: U.S. Peace Movement Framing After the Cold War," Sociological Inquiry 66 (1996): 2-3; Donati, "Political Discourse Analysis," 142; Louis A. Zurcher and David A. Snow, "Collective Behavior: Social Movements," in Morris Rosenberg and Ralph H. Turner, editors, Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 470-472.
79. Fine, "Public Narration," 130: Rhys H. Williams "Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources," Social Problems 42 (1995): 126.
80. Fine, "Public Narration," 130: Rhys H. Williams "Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources," Social Problems 42 (1995): 126.
81. Gamson, Fireman, and Rytina, Encounters, 23, 83, 86-87.
82. Williams, "Constructing the Public Good," 127.
83. Wertsch, Voices, 52; Iris Zavala, "Bakhtin and the Third: Communications as Response," Critical Studies I (1989): 50. There is a sense in which Goffman himself recognizes the fundamentally dialogic quality of language, as in his analysis of "self talk" when partly borrowing from Vygotsky (a Russian psychologist and contemporary of Bakhtin) he notes that it is a form of "inner speech," "Response Cries," Language 54 (1978): 788.
84. Wertsch, Voices, 52; Iris Zavala, "Bakhtin and the Third: Communications as Response," Critical Studies I (1989): 50. There is a sense in which Goffman himself recognizes the fundamentally dialogic quality of language, as in his analysis of "self talk" when partly borrowing from Vygotsky (a Russian psychologist and contemporary of Bakhtin) he notes that it is a form of "inner speech," "Response Cries," Language 54 (1978): 788.
85. Wertsch, Voices, 52; Iris Zavala, "Bakhtin and the Third: Communications as Response," Critical Studies I (1989): 50. There is a sense in which Goffman himself recognizes the fundamentally dialogic quality of language, as in his analysis of "self talk" when partly borrowing from Vygotsky (a Russian psychologist and contemporary of Bakhtin) he notes that it is a form of "inner speech," "Response Cries," Language 54 (1978): 788.
86. Mikhail M. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, edited and translated by Caryl Emerson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 183. See also Mikhail M. Makhtin, Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, tr. Vern W. McGee, edited by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986), 87-88, 121; Morson and Emerson, Mikhail Bakhtin, 140, 144. To emphasize the double-voiced nature of the word, Bakhtin termed the process by which speakers produce meaning through discourse as "ventriloquization," Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 59. Through this metaphorical characterization he sought to emphasize that when we speak we are always inflecting other people's words with our own meanings, a process initiated as we interpret the words of speakers when they address us.
87. Mikhail M. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, edited and translated by Caryl Emerson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 183. See also Mikhail M. Makhtin, Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, tr. Vern W. McGee, edited by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986), 87-88, 121; Morson and Emerson, Mikhail Bakhtin, 140, 144. To emphasize the double-voiced nature of the word, Bakhtin termed the process by which speakers produce meaning through discourse as "ventriloquization," Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 59. Through this metaphorical characterization he sought to emphasize that when we speak we are always inflecting other people's words with our own meanings, a process initiated as we interpret the words of speakers when they address us.
88. Mikhail M. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, edited and translated by Caryl Emerson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 183. See also Mikhail M. Makhtin, Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, tr. Vern W. McGee, edited by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986), 87-88, 121; Morson and Emerson, Mikhail Bakhtin, 140, 144. To emphasize the double-voiced nature of the word, Bakhtin termed the process by which speakers produce meaning through discourse as "ventriloquization," Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 59. Through this metaphorical characterization he sought to emphasize that when we speak we are always inflecting other people's words with our own meanings, a process initiated as we interpret the words of speakers when they address us.
89. Mikhail M. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, edited and translated by Caryl Emerson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 183. See also Mikhail M. Makhtin, Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, tr. Vern W. McGee, edited by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986), 87-88, 121; Morson and Emerson, Mikhail Bakhtin, 140, 144. To emphasize the double-voiced nature of the word, Bakhtin termed the process by which speakers produce meaning through discourse as "ventriloquization," Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 59. Through this metaphorical characterization he sought to emphasize that when we speak we are always inflecting other people's words with our own meanings, a process initiated as we interpret the words of speakers when they address us.
90. Donati captures some of this essentially contested nature in his
91. Michael Billig, Susan Condon, Derek Edwards, Mike Gane, David Middleton, and Alan Radley, Ideological Dilemmas: A Social Psychology of Everyday Thinking (London: Sage, 1988), 16. As David Middleton and Derek Edwards emphasize, the production of meaning within conversation is a contested process, "As any conversation proceeds, it does so on the basis of a continuously updated but contentious understanding of what was said so far, what is understood, what is yet to be resolved," "Conversational Remembering: A Social Psychological Approach" in David Middleton and Derek Edwards, editors, Collective Remembering (London: Sage, 1990), 26. See also John Shotter, "Bakhtin and Billig: Monological Versus Dialogical Practices," American Behavioral Scientist 36 (1992): 8; Gamson, "Political Discourse"; Gamson, Talking Politics.
92. Michael Billig, Susan Condon, Derek Edwards, Mike Gane, David Middleton, and Alan Radley, Ideological Dilemmas: A Social Psychology of Everyday Thinking (London: Sage, 1988), 16. As David Middleton and Derek Edwards emphasize, the production of meaning within conversation is a contested process, "As any conversation proceeds, it does so on the basis of a continuously updated but contentious understanding of what was said so far, what is understood, what is yet to be resolved," "Conversational Remembering: A Social Psychological Approach" in David Middleton and Derek Edwards, editors, Collective Remembering (London: Sage, 1990), 26. See also John Shotter, "Bakhtin and Billig: Monological Versus Dialogical Practices," American Behavioral Scientist 36 (1992): 8; Gamson, "Political Discourse"; Gamson, Talking Politics.
93. Michael Billig, Susan Condon, Derek Edwards, Mike Gane, David Middleton, and Alan Radley, Ideological Dilemmas: A Social Psychology of Everyday Thinking (London: Sage, 1988), 16. As David Middleton and Derek Edwards emphasize, the production of meaning within conversation is a contested process, "As any conversation proceeds, it does so on the basis of a continuously updated but contentious understanding of what was said so far, what is understood, what is yet to be resolved," "Conversational Remembering: A Social Psychological Approach" in David Middleton and Derek Edwards, editors, Collective Remembering (London: Sage, 1990), 26. See also John Shelter, "Bakhtin and Billig: Monological Versus Dialogical Practices," American Behavioral Scientist 36 (1992): 8; Gamson, "Political Discourse"; Gamson, Talking Politics.
94. Michael Billig, Susan Condon, Derek Edwards, Mike Gane, David Middleton, and Alan Radley, Ideological Dilemmas: A Social Psychology of Everyday Thinking (London: Sage, 1988), 16. As David Middleton and Derek Edwards emphasize, the production of meaning within conversation is a contested process, "As any conversation proceeds, it does so on the basis of a continuously updated but contentious understanding of what was said so far, what is understood, what is yet to be resolved," "Conversational Remembering: A Social Psychological Approach" in David Middleton and Derek Edwards, editors, Collective Remembering (London: Sage, 1990), 26. See also John Shelter, "Bakhtin and Billig: Monological Versus Dialogical Practices," American Behavioral Scientist 36 (1992): 8; Gamson, "Political Discourse"; Gamson, Talking Politics.
95. Michael Billig, Susan Condon, Derek Edwards, Mike Gane, David Middleton, and Alan Radley, Ideological Dilemmas: A Social Psychology of Everyday Thinking (London: Sage, 1988), 16. As David Middleton and Derek Edwards emphasize, the production of meaning within conversation is a contested process, "As any conversation proceeds, it does so on the basis of a continuously updated but contentious understanding of what was said so far, what is understood, what is yet to be resolved," "Conversational Remembering: A Social Psychological Approach" in David Middleton and Derek Edwards, editors, Collective Remembering (London: Sage, 1990), 26. See also John Shelter, "Bakhtin and Billig: Monological Versus Dialogical Practices," American Behavioral Scientist 36 (1992): 8; Gamson, "Political Discourse"; Gamson, Talking Politics.
96. P. N. Medvedev and M. M. Bakhtin, The Formal Method in Literary Scholarship: A Critical Introduction to Sociological Poetics, tr. Albert J. Wehrle (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 8.
97. Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 88, 122-123, 125-127; David Bakhurst, "Social Memory in Soviet Thought," in David Middleton and Derek Edwards, editors, Collective Remembering (London: Sage, 1990), 218; Katrina Clark and Michael Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 218; Michael Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique: M. M. Bakhtin and the Theory of Ideology (London: Routledge, 1992), 12-15; Michael Holquist, Dialogism: Bakhtin and His World (London: Routledge, 1990), 60-63; Tzvetan Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogic Principle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 41-54; V. N. Volosinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, tr. by Ladislav Matejka and I. R. Titunik, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 86, 115, 51-54; Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 106.
98. Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 88, 122-123, 125-127; David Bakhurst, "Social Memory in Soviet Thought," in David Middleton and Derek Edwards, editors, Collective Remembering (London: Sage, 1990), 218; Katrina Clark and Michael Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 218; Michael Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique: M. M. Bakhtin and the Theory of Ideology (London: Routledge, 1992), 12-15; Michael Holquist, Dialogism: Bakhtin and His World (London: Routledge, 1990), 60-63; Tzvetan Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogic Principle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 41-54; V. N. Volosinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, tr. by Ladislav Matejka and I. R. Titunik, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 86, 115, 51-54; Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 106.
99. Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 88, 122-123, 125-127; David Bakhurst, "Social Memory in Soviet Thought," in David Middleton and Derek Edwards, editors, Collective Remembering (London: Sage, 1990), 218; Katrina Clark and Michael Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 218; Michael Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique: M. M. Bakhtin and the Theory of Ideology (London: Routledge, 1992), 12-15; Michael Holquist, Dialogism: Bakhtin and His World (London: Routledge, 1990), 60-63; Tzvetan Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogic Principle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 41-54; V. N. Volosinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, tr. by Ladislav Matejka and I. R. Titunik, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 86, 115, 51-54; Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 106.
100. Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 88, 122-123, 125-127; David Bakhurst, "Social Memory in Soviet Thought," in David Middleton and Derek Edwards, editors, Collective Remembering (London: Sage, 1990), 218; Katrina Clark and Michael Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 218; Michael Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique: M. M. Bakhtin and the Theory of Ideology (London: Routledge, 1992), 12-15; Michael Holquist, Dialogism: Bakhtin and His World (London: Routledge, 1990), 60-63; Tzvetan Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogic Principle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 41-54; V. N. Volosinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, tr. by Ladislav Matejka and I. R. Titunik, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 86, 115, 51-54; Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 106.
101. Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 88, 122-123, 125-127; David Bakhurst, "Social Memory in Soviet Thought," in David Middleton and Derek Edwards, editors, Collective Remembering (London: Sage, 1990), 218; Katrina Clark and Michael Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 218; Michael Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique: M. M. Bakhtin and the Theory of Ideology (London: Routledge, 1992), 12-15; Michael Holquist, Dialogism: Bakhtin and His World (London: Routledge, 1990), 60-63; Tzvetan Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogic Principle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 41-54; V. N. Volosinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, tr. by Ladislav Matejka and I. R. Titunik, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 86, 115, 51-54; Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 106.
102. Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 88, 122-123, 125-127; David Bakhurst, "Social Memory in Soviet Thought," in David Middleton and Derek Edwards, editors, Collective Remembering (London: Sage, 1990), 218; Katrina Clark and Michael Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 218; Michael Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique: M. M. Bakhtin and the Theory of Ideology (London: Routledge, 1992), 12-15; Michael Holquist, Dialogism: Bakhtin and His World (London: Routledge, 1990), 60-63; Tzvetan Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogic Principle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 41-54; V. N. Volosinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, tr. by Ladislav Matejka and I. R. Titunik, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 86, 115, 51-54; Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 106.
103. Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 88, 122-123, 125-127; David Bakhurst, "Social Memory in Soviet Thought," in David Middleton and Derek Edwards, editors, Collective Remembering (London: Sage, 1990), 218; Katrina Clark and Michael Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 218; Michael Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique: M. M. Bakhtin and the Theory of Ideology (London: Routledge, 1992), 12-15; Michael Holquist, Dialogism: Bakhtin and His World (London: Routledge, 1990), 60-63; Tzvetan Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogic Principle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 41-54; V. N. Volosinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, tr. by Ladislav Matejka and I. R. Titunik, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 86, 115, 51-54; Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 106.
104. Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 88, 122-123, 125-127; David Bakhurst, "Social Memory in Soviet Thought," in David Middleton and Derek Edwards, editors, Collective Remembering (London: Sage, 1990), 218; Katrina Clark and Michael Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 218; Michael Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique: M. M. Bakhtin and the Theory of Ideology (London: Routledge, 1992), 12-15; Michael Holquist, Dialogism: Bakhtin and His World (London: Routledge, 1990), 60-63; Tzvetan Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogic Principle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 41-54; V. N. Volosinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, tr. by Ladislav Matejka and I. R. Titunik, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 86, 115, 51-54; Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 106.
105. Margaret Wetherell and Jonathan Potter, Mapping the Language of Racism: Discourse and the Legitimation of Exploitation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 78.
106. Michael Cole, "A Conception of Culture for a Communication Theory of Mind," in Donna R. Vocate, editor, Interpersonal Communication: Different Voices, Different Minds (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 82; Jonathan Potter, Derek Edwards, and Margaret Wetherell, "A Model of Discourse in Action," American Behavioral Scientist 36 (1993): 385, 390; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell, Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behavior (London: Sage, 1987), 98, 157; Edward Sampson, Celebrating the Self: A Dialogic Account of Human Nature (Boulder: Westview, 1993), 128-130. Students of Bakhtin have also noted connections with Mead. See Bakhtin's principal translator and interpreter Michael Holquist, Dialogism 56, and the comments of sociologist Fred Davis, "Bakhtin the 'Outsider,'" The New York Review of Books 40 (1993): 60. I thank Mayer Zald for pointing out Davis's observations to me.
107. Michael Cole, "A Conception of Culture for a Communication Theory of Mind," in Donna R. Vocate, editor, Interpersonal Communication: Different Voices, Different Minds (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 82; Jonathan Potter, Derek Edwards, and Margaret Wetherell, "A Model of Discourse in Action," American Behavioral Scientist 36 (1993): 385, 390; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell, Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behavior (London: Sage, 1987), 98, 157; Edward Sampson, Celebrating the Self: A Dialogic Account of Human Nature (Boulder: Westview, 1993), 128-130. Students of Bakhtin have also noted connections with Mead. See Bakhtin's principal translator and interpreter Michael Holquist, Dialogism 56, and the comments of sociologist Fred Davis, "Bakhtin the 'Outsider,'" The New York Review of Books 40 (1993): 60. I thank Mayer Zald for pointing out Davis's observations to me.
108. Michael Cole, "A Conception of Culture for a Communication Theory of Mind," in Donna R. Vocate, editor, Interpersonal Communication: Different Voices, Different Minds (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 82; Jonathan Potter, Derek Edwards, and Margaret Wetherell, "A Model of Discourse in Action," American Behavioral Scientist 36 (1993): 385, 390; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell, Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behavior (London: Sage, 1987), 98, 157; Edward Sampson, Celebrating the Self: A Dialogic Account of Human Nature (Boulder: Westview, 1993), 128-130. Students of Bakhtin have also noted connections with Mead. See Bakhtin's principal translator and interpreter Michael Holquist, Dialogism 56, and the comments of sociologist Fred Davis, "Bakhtin the 'Outsider,'" The New York Review of Books 40 (1993): 60. I thank Mayer Zald for pointing out Davis's observations to me.
109. Michael Cole, "A Conception of Culture for a Communication Theory of Mind," in Donna R. Vocate, editor, Interpersonal Communication: Different Voices, Different Minds (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 82; Jonathan Potter, Derek Edwards, and Margaret Wetherell, "A Model of Discourse in Action," American Behavioral Scientist 36 (1993): 385, 390; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell, Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behavior (London: Sage, 1987), 98, 157; Edward Sampson, Celebrating the Self: A Dialogic Account of Human Nature (Boulder: Westview, 1993), 128-130. Students of Bakhtin have also noted connections with Mead. See Bakhtin's principal translator and interpreter Michael Holquist, Dialogism 56, and the comments of sociologist Fred Davis, "Bakhtin the 'Outsider,'" The New York Review of Books 40 (1993): 60. I thank Mayer Zald for pointing out Davis's observations to me.
110. Michael Cole, "A Conception of Culture for a Communication Theory of Mind," in Donna R. Vocate, editor, Interpersonal Communication: Different Voices, Different Minds (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 82; Jonathan Potter, Derek Edwards, and Margaret Wetherell, "A Model of Discourse in Action," American Behavioral Scientist 36 (1993): 385, 390; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell, Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behavior (London: Sage, 1987), 98, 157; Edward Sampson, Celebrating the Self: A Dialogic Account of Human Nature (Boulder: Westview, 1993), 128-130. Students of Bakhtin have also noted connections with Mead. See Bakhtin's principal translator and interpreter Michael Holquist, Dialogism 56, and the comments of sociologist Fred Davis, "Bakhtin the 'Outsider,'" The New York Review of Books 40 (1993): 60. I thank Mayer Zald for pointing out Davis's observations to me.
111. Michael Cole, "A Conception of Culture for a Communication Theory of Mind," in Donna R. Vocate, editor, Interpersonal Communication: Different Voices, Different Minds (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 82; Jonathan Potter, Derek Edwards, and Margaret Wetherell, "A Model of Discourse in Action," American Behavioral Scientist 36 (1993): 385, 390; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell, Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behavior (London: Sage, 1987), 98, 157; Edward Sampson, Celebrating the Self: A Dialogic Account of Human Nature (Boulder: Westview, 1993), 128-130. Students of Bakhtin have also noted connections with Mead. See Bakhtin's principal translator and interpreter Michael Holquist, Dialogism 56, and the comments of sociologist Fred Davis, "Bakhtin the 'Outsider,'" The New York Review of Books 40 (1993): 60. I thank Mayer Zald for pointing out Davis's observations to me.
112. James V. Wertsch, Pablo del Rio, and Amelia Alvarez, "Sociocultural Studies: History, Action and Mediation," in James V. Wertsch, Pablo del Rio, and Amelia Alvarez, editors, Sociocultural Studies of Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). 22-23.
113. Volosinov, Marxism, 70. See also Medvedev and Bakhtin, The Formal Method, 8; Robert Stam, "Mikhail Bakhtin and Left Cultural Critique," in E. Ann Kaplan, editor, Postmodernism and Its Discontents (London: Verso, 1988), 123; Allon White, Hysteria and Writing: Collected Essays and Autobiography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 137.
114. Volosinov, Marxism, 70. See also Medvedev and Bakhtin, The Formal Method, 8; Robert Stam, "Mikhail Bakhtin and Left Cultural Critique," in E. Ann Kaplan, editor, Postmodernism and Its Discontents (London: Verso, 1988), 123; Allon White, Hysteria and Writing: Collected Essays and Autobiography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 137.
115. Volosinov, Marxism, 70. See also Medvedev and Bakhtin, The Formal Method, 8; Robert Stam, "Mikhail Bakhtin and Left Cultural Critique," in E. Ann Kaplan, editor, Postmodernism and Its Discontents (London: Verso, 1988), 123; Allon White, Hysteria and Writing: Collected Essays and Autobiography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 137.
116. Volosinov, Marxism, 70. See also Medvedev and Bakhtin, The Formal Method, 8; Robert Stam, "Mikhail Bakhtin and Left Cultural Critique," in E. Ann Kaplan, editor, Postmodernism and Its Discontents (London: Verso, 1988), 123; Allon White, Hysteria and Writing: Collected Essays and Autobiography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 137.
117. Michael Billig, Ideology and Opinions: Studies in Rhetorical Psychology (London: Sage, 1991), 17; Billig et al., Ideological Dilemmas, 40. Both perspectives insist that we not reduce discourse to ideology and vice versa. As Ian Parker argues, this collapsing of categories makes the two redundant and creates an epistemological relativism that either evacuates the politics of meaning or reduces it to individual moral choice. Ian Parker, Discourse Dynamics: Critical Analysis For Social and Individual Psychology (London: Routledge, 1992), 19. Similarly, Trevor Purvis and Alan Hunt maintain that we must show "what makes some discourses ideological is their connection with systems of domination. Ideological discourses contain forms of signification that are incorporated into lived experience where the basic mechanism of incorporation is one whereby sectional or specific interests are represented as universal interests." "Discourse, ideology, discourse, ideology, discourse, ideology..." British Journal of Sociology 44 (1993): 497.
118. Michael Billig, Ideology and Opinions: Studies in Rhetorical Psychology (London: Sage, 1991), 17; Billig et al., Ideological Dilemmas, 40. Both perspectives insist that we not reduce discourse to ideology and vice versa. As Ian Parker argues, this collapsing of categories makes the two redundant and creates an epistemological relativism that either evacuates the politics of meaning or reduces it to individual moral choice. Ian Parker, Discourse Dynamics: Critical Analysis For Social and Individual Psychology (London: Routledge, 1992), 19. Similarly, Trevor Purvis and Alan Hunt maintain that we must show "what makes some discourses ideological is their connection with systems of domination. Ideological discourses contain forms of signification that are incorporated into lived experience where the basic mechanism of incorporation is one whereby sectional or specific interests are represented as universal interests." "Discourse, ideology, discourse, ideology, discourse, ideology..." British Journal of Sociology 44 (1993): 497.
119. Michael Billig, Ideology and Opinions: Studies in Rhetorical Psychology (London: Sage, 1991), 17; Billig et al., Ideological Dilemmas, 40. Both perspectives insist that we not reduce discourse to ideology and vice versa. As Ian Parker argues, this collapsing of categories makes the two redundant and creates an epistemological relativism that either evacuates the politics of meaning or reduces it to individual moral choice. Ian Parker, Discourse Dynamics: Critical Analysis For Social and Individual Psychology (London: Routledge, 1992), 19. Similarly, Trevor Purvis and Alan Hunt maintain that we must show "what makes some discourses ideological is their connection with systems of domination. Ideological discourses contain forms of signification that are incorporated into lived experience where the basic mechanism of incorporation is one whereby sectional or specific interests are represented as universal interests." "Discourse, ideology, discourse, ideology, discourse, ideology..." British Journal of Sociology 44 (1993): 497.
120. Michael Billig, Ideology and Opinions: Studies in Rhetorical Psychology (London: Sage, 1991), 17; Billig et al., Ideological Dilemmas, 40. Both perspectives insist that we not reduce discourse to ideology and vice versa. As Ian Parker argues, this collapsing of categories makes the two redundant and creates an epistemological relativism that either evacuates the politics of meaning or reduces it to individual moral choice. Ian Parker, Discourse Dynamics: Critical Analysis For Social and Individual Psychology (London: Routledge, 1992), 19. Similarly, Trevor Purvis and Alan Hunt maintain that we must show "what makes some discourses ideological is their connection with systems of domination. Ideological discourses contain forms of signification that are incorporated into lived experience where the basic mechanism of incorporation is one whereby sectional or specific interests are represented as universal interests." "Discourse, ideology, discourse, ideology, discourse, ideology..." British Journal of Sociology 44 (1993): 497.
121. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, tr. Michael Holquist, edited by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 293; Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 143; Michael F. Bernard-Donals, Mikhail Bakhtin: Between Phenomenology and Marxism (Cambride: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 118; Clark and Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin, 226-227. An extensive literature in linguistic anthropology parallels this dialogic conception of struggles for power within discourse. This is exemplified in Richard Baumann and Charles Briggs's discussion of the processes of decontextualization and recontextualization of texts as acts of ideological power: "Performance is a mode of social production: specific products include texts, decentered discourse. To decontextualize and recontextualize a text is thus an act of control, and in regard to the differential exercise of such control the issue of social power arises. More specifically, we must recognize differential access to texts, differential legitimacy in claims to and use of texts, differential competence in the use of texts, and differential values attaching to various types of texts. All of these elements, let us emphasize, are culturally constructed, socially constituted, and sustained by ideologies," "Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life." Annual Review of Anthropology 19 (1990): 76. See also Charles L. Briggs. "Linguistic Ideologies and the Naturalization of Power in Warao Discourse," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 387-404, and Michael Silverstein, "The Uses and Utility of Ideology: Some Reflections," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 311-324.
122. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, tr. Michael Holquist, edited by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 293; Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 143; Michael F. Bernard-Donals, Mikhail Bakhtin: Between Phenomenology and Marxism (Cambride: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 118; Clark and Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin, 226-227. An extensive literature in linguistic anthropology parallels this dialogic conception of struggles for power within discourse. This is exemplified in Richard Baumann and Charles Briggs's discussion of the processes of decontextualization and recontextualization of texts as acts of ideological power: "Performance is a mode of social production: specific products include texts, decentered discourse. To decontextualize and recontextualize a text is thus an act of control, and in regard to the differential exercise of such control the issue of social power arises. More specifically, we must recognize differential access to texts, differential legitimacy in claims to and use of texts, differential competence in the use of texts, and differential values attaching to various types of texts. All of these elements, let us emphasize, are culturally constructed, socially constituted, and sustained by ideologies," "Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life." Annual Review of Anthropology 19 (1990): 76. See also Charles L. Briggs. "Linguistic Ideologies and the Naturalization of Power in Warao Discourse," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 387-404, and Michael Silverstein, "The Uses and Utility of Ideology: Some Reflections," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 311-324.
123. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, tr. Michael Holquist, edited by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 293; Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 143; Michael F. Bernard-Donals, Mikhail Bakhtin: Between Phenomenology and Marxism (Cambride: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 118; Clark and Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin, 226-227. An extensive literature in linguistic anthropology parallels this dialogic conception of struggles for power within discourse. This is exemplified in Richard Baumann and Charles Briggs's discussion of the processes of decontextualization and recontextualization of texts as acts of ideological power: "Performance is a mode of social production: specific products include texts, decentered discourse. To decontextualize and recontextualize a text is thus an act of control, and in regard to the differential exercise of such control the issue of social power arises. More specifically, we must recognize differential access to texts, differential legitimacy in claims to and use of texts, differential competence in the use of texts, and differential values attaching to various types of texts. All of these elements, let us emphasize, are culturally constructed, socially constituted, and sustained by ideologies," "Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life." Annual Review of Anthropology 19 (1990): 76. See also Charles L. Briggs. "Linguistic Ideologies and the Naturalization of Power in Warao Discourse," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 387-404, and Michael Silverstein, "The Uses and Utility of Ideology: Some Reflections," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 311-324.
124. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, tr. Michael Holquist, edited by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 293; Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 143; Michael F. Bernard-Donals, Mikhail Bakhtin: Between Phenomenology and Marxism (Cambride: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 118; Clark and Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin, 226-227. An extensive literature in linguistic anthropology parallels this dialogic conception of struggles for power within discourse. This is exemplified in Richard Baumann and Charles Briggs's discussion of the processes of decontextualization and recontextualization of texts as acts of ideological power: "Performance is a mode of social production: specific products include texts, decentered discourse. To decontextualize and recontextualize a text is thus an act of control, and in regard to the differential exercise of such control the issue of social power arises. More specifically, we must recognize differential access to texts, differential legitimacy in claims to and use of texts, differential competence in the use of texts, and differential values attaching to various types of texts. All of these elements, let us emphasize, are culturally constructed, socially constituted, and sustained by ideologies," "Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life." Annual Review of Anthropology 19 (1990): 76. See also Charles L. Briggs. "Linguistic Ideologies and the Naturalization of Power in Warao Discourse," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 387-404, and Michael Silverstein, "The Uses and Utility of Ideology: Some Reflections," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 311-324.
125. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, tr. Michael Holquist, edited by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 293; Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 143; Michael F. Bernard-Donals, Mikhail Bakhtin: Between Phenomenology and Marxism (Cambride: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 118; Clark and Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin, 226-227. An extensive literature in linguistic anthropology parallels this dialogic conception of struggles for power within discourse. This is exemplified in Richard Baumann and Charles Briggs's discussion of the processes of decontextualization and recontextualization of texts as acts of ideological power: "Performance is a mode of social production: specific products include texts, decentered discourse. To decontextualize and recontextualize a text is thus an act of control, and in regard to the differential exercise of such control the issue of social power arises. More specifically, we must recognize differential access to texts, differential legitimacy in claims to and use of texts, differential competence in the use of texts, and differential values attaching to various types of texts. All of these elements, let us emphasize, are culturally constructed, socially constituted, and sustained by ideologies," "Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life." Annual Review of Anthropology 19 (1990): 76. See also Charles L. Briggs. "Linguistic Ideologies and the Naturalization of Power in Warao Discourse," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 387-404, and Michael Silverstein, "The Uses and Utility of Ideology: Some Reflections," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 311-324.
126. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, tr. Michael Holquist, edited by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 293; Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 143; Michael F. Bernard-Donals, Mikhail Bakhtin: Between Phenomenology and Marxism (Cambride: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 118; Clark and Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin, 226-227. An extensive literature in linguistic anthropology parallels this dialogic conception of struggles for power within discourse. This is exemplified in Richard Baumann and Charles Briggs's discussion of the processes of decontextualization and recontextualization of texts as acts of ideological power: "Performance is a mode of social production: specific products include texts, decentered discourse. To decontextualize and recontextualize a text is thus an act of control, and in regard to the differential exercise of such control the issue of social power arises. More specifically, we must recognize differential access to texts, differential legitimacy in claims to and use of texts, differential competence in the use of texts, and differential values attaching to various types of texts. All of these elements, let us emphasize, are culturally constructed, socially constituted, and sustained by ideologies," "Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life." Annual Review of Anthropology 19 (1990): 76. See also Charles L. Briggs. "Linguistic Ideologies and the Naturalization of Power in Warao Discourse," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 387-404, and Michael Silverstein, "The Uses and Utility of Ideology: Some Reflections," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 311-324.
127. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, tr. Michael Holquist, edited by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 293; Bakhtin, Speech Genres, 143; Michael F. Bernard-Donals, Mikhail Bakhtin: Between Phenomenology and Marxism (Cambride: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 118; Clark and Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin, 226-227. An extensive literature in linguistic anthropology parallels this dialogic conception of struggles for power within discourse. This is exemplified in Richard Baumann and Charles Briggs's discussion of the processes of decontextualization and recontextualization of texts as acts of ideological power: "Performance is a mode of social production: specific products include texts, decentered discourse. To decontextualize and recontextualize a text is thus an act of control, and in regard to the differential exercise of such control the issue of social power arises. More specifically, we must recognize differential access to texts, differential legitimacy in claims to and use of texts, differential competence in the use of texts, and differential values attaching to various types of texts. All of these elements, let us emphasize, are culturally constructed, socially constituted, and sustained by ideologies," "Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life." Annual Review of Anthropology 19 (1990): 76. See also Charles L. Briggs. "Linguistic Ideologies and the Naturalization of Power in Warao Discourse," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 387-404, and Michael Silverstein, "The Uses and Utility of Ideology: Some Reflections," Pragmatics 2 (1992): 311-324.
128. Wetherell and Potter, Mapping the Language, 62; Parker, Discourse Dynamics, 20; Billig, Ideology and Opinions: Billig et al. Ideological Dilemmas. See also Hariette Marshall and Bianca Raabe's analysis of the ways in which liberals and conservatives invoke a range of meanings of key words such as "efficiency" and "social justice" in the debate over nationalization and privitization, "Political Discourse: Talking About Nationalization and Privitization," in Erica Burman and Ian Parker, editors, Discourse Analytic Research. Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action (London: Routledge, 1993), 35-51.
129. Wetherell and Potter, Mapping the Language, 62; Parker, Discourse Dynamics, 20; Billig, Ideology and Opinions: Billig et al. Ideological Dilemmas. See also Hariette Marshall and Bianca Raabe's analysis of the ways in which liberals and conservatives invoke a range of meanings of key words such as "efficiency" and "social justice" in the debate over nationalization and privitization, "Political Discourse: Talking About Nationalization and Privitization," in Erica Burman and Ian Parker, editors, Discourse Analytic Research. Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action (London: Routledge, 1993), 35-51.
130. Wetherell and Potter, Mapping the Language, 62; Parker, Discourse Dynamics, 20; Billig, Ideology and Opinions: Billig et al. Ideological Dilemmas. See also Hariette Marshall and Bianca Raabe's analysis of the ways in which liberals and conservatives invoke a range of meanings of key words such as "efficiency" and "social justice" in the debate over nationalization and privitization, "Political Discourse: Talking About Nationalization and Privitization," in Erica Burman and Ian Parker, editors, Discourse Analytic Research. Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action (London: Routledge, 1993), 35-51.
131. Wetherell and Potter, Mapping the Language, 62; Parker, Discourse Dynamics, 20; Billig, Ideology and Opinions: Billig et al. Ideological Dilemmas. See also Hariette Marshall and Bianca Raabe's analysis of the ways in which liberals and conservatives invoke a range of meanings of key words such as "efficiency" and "social justice" in the debate over nationalization and privitization, "Political Discourse: Talking About Nationalization and Privitization," in Erica Burman and Ian Parker, editors, Discourse Analytic Research. Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action (London: Routledge, 1993), 35-51.
132. Wetherell and Potter, Mapping the Language, 62; Parker, Discourse Dynamics, 20; Billig, Ideology and Opinions: Billig et al. Ideological Dilemmas. See also Hariette Marshall and Bianca Raabe's analysis of the ways in which liberals and conservatives invoke a range of meanings of key words such as "efficiency" and "social justice" in the debate over nationalization and privitization, "Political Discourse: Talking About Nationalization and Privitization," in Erica Burman and Ian Parker, editors, Discourse Analytic Research. Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action (London: Routledge, 1993), 35-51.
133. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 202; Speech Genres, 65: Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique, 74, 81; Ken Hirschkop, "Introduction: Bakhtin and Cultural Theory." in Ken Hirschkop and David Shepard, editors, Bakhtin and Cultural Theory (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), 21: Sampson, Celebrating the Other, 117-122: V. N. Volosinov "Literary Stylistics," in Ann Shukman, editor, Bakhtin School Papers (Oxford: RPT Publications, 1983), 116; Zavala, "Bakhtin and the Third," 45, 50.
134. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 202; Speech Genres, 65: Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique, 74, 81; Ken Hirschkop, "Introduction: Bakhtin and Cultural Theory." in Ken Hirschkop and David Shepard, editors, Bakhtin and Cultural Theory (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), 21: Sampson, Celebrating the Other, 117-122: V. N. Volosinov "Literary Stylistics," in Ann Shukman, editor, Bakhtin School Papers (Oxford: RPT Publications, 1983), 116; Zavala, "Bakhtin and the Third," 45, 50.
135. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 202; Speech Genres, 65: Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique, 74, 81; Ken Hirschkop, "Introduction: Bakhtin and Cultural Theory." in Ken Hirschkop and David Shepard, editors, Bakhtin and Cultural Theory (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), 21: Sampson, Celebrating the Other, 117-122: V. N. Volosinov "Literary Stylistics," in Ann Shukman, editor, Bakhtin School Papers (Oxford: RPT Publications, 1983), 116; Zavala, "Bakhtin and the Third," 45, 50.
136. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 202; Speech Genres, 65: Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique, 74, 81; Ken Hirschkop, "Introduction: Bakhtin and Cultural Theory." in Ken Hirschkop and David Shepard, editors, Bakhtin and Cultural Theory (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), 21: Sampson, Celebrating the Other, 117-122: V. N. Volosinov "Literary Stylistics," in Ann Shukman, editor, Bakhtin School Papers (Oxford: RPT Publications, 1983), 116; Zavala, "Bakhtin and the Third," 45, 50.
137. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 202; Speech Genres, 65: Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique, 74, 81; Ken Hirschkop, "Introduction: Bakhtin and Cultural Theory." in Ken Hirschkop and David Shepard, editors, Bakhtin and Cultural Theory (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), 21: Sampson, Celebrating the Other, 117-122: V. N. Volosinov "Literary Stylistics," in Ann Shukman, editor, Bakhtin School Papers (Oxford: RPT Publications, 1983), 116; Zavala, "Bakhtin and the Third," 45, 50.
138. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 202; Speech Genres, 65: Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique, 74, 81; Ken Hirschkop, "Introduction: Bakhtin and Cultural Theory." in Ken Hirschkop and David Shepard, editors, Bakhtin and Cultural Theory (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), 21: Sampson, Celebrating the Other, 117-122: V. N. Volosinov "Literary Stylistics," in Ann Shukman, editor, Bakhtin School Papers (Oxford: RPT Publications, 1983), 116; Zavala, "Bakhtin and the Third," 45, 50.
139. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 202; Speech Genres, 65: Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique, 74, 81; Ken Hirschkop, "Introduction: Bakhtin and Cultural Theory." in Ken Hirschkop and David Shepard, editors, Bakhtin and Cultural Theory (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), 21: Sampson, Celebrating the Other, 117-122: V. N. Volosinov "Literary Stylistics," in Ann Shukman, editor, Bakhtin School Papers (Oxford: RPT Publications, 1983), 116; Zavala, "Bakhtin and the Third," 45, 50.
140. "Genre, Intertextuality, and Social Power," Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 2 (1992): 148.
141. Potter and Wetherell, Discourse and Social Psychology, 149; Wetherell and Potter, Mapping the Language, 90; Billig, Ideology and Opinions, 15.
142. Potter and Wetherell, Discourse and Social Psychology, 149; Wetherell and Potter, Mapping the Language, 90; Billig, Ideology and Opinions, 15.
143. Potter and Wetherell, Discourse and Social Psychology, 149; Wetherell and Potter, Mapping the Language, 90; Billig, Ideology and Opinions, 15.
144. Wetherell and Potter, Mapping the Language, 92.
145. Del Rio Wertsch, and Alvarez, "Sociocultural Studies," 24-25.
146. Bakhtin, Dialogic Imagination, 341; Stuart Hall, "For Allon White: Metaphors of Transformation," in Allon White, Hysteria and Writing: Collected Essays and Autobiography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 18. Rick Fantasia makes a similar point when he argues that cultures of solidarity emerge from within wider dominant cultures, Cultures of Solidarity: Consciousness, Action and Contemporary American Workers ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 17.
147. Bakhtin, Dialogic Imagination, 341; Stuart Hall, "For Allon White: Metaphors of Transformation," in Allon White, Hysteria and Writing: Collected Essays and Autobiography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 18. Rick Fantasia makes a similar point when he argues that cultures of solidarity emerge from within wider dominant cultures, Cultures of Solidarity: Consciousness, Action and Contemporary American Workers ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 17.
148. Bakhtin, Dialogic Imagination, 341; Stuart Hall, "For Allon White: Metaphors of Transformation," in Allon White, Hysteria and Writing: Collected Essays and Autobiography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 18. Rick Fantasia makes a similar point when he argues that cultures of solidarity emerge from within wider dominant cultures, Cultures of Solidarity: Consciousness, Action and Contemporary American Workers ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 17.
149. Bakhtin, Dialogic Imagination, 342-343, Speech Genres, 79, 202; David McNally, "Language, History and Class Struggle," Monthly Review 47 (1995): 18; Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 79.
150. Bakhtin, Dialogic Imagination, 342-343, Speech Genres, 79, 202; David McNally, "Language, History and Class Struggle," Monthly Review 47 (1995): 18; Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 79.
151. Bakhtin, Dialogic Imagination, 342-343, Speech Genres, 79, 202; David McNally, "Language, History and Class Struggle," Monthly Review 47 (1995): 18; Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 79.
152. Bakhtin, Dialogic Imagination, 342-343, Speech Genres, 79, 202; David McNally, "Language, History and Class Struggle," Monthly Review 47 (1995): 18; Wertsch, Voices of the Mind, 79.
153. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 189, Dialogic Imagination, 290. For a similar perspective in linguistic anthropology, see Baumann and Briggs, "Poetics and Performance," 66, 77; Briggs, "Linguistic Ideologies," 397.
154. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 189, Dialogic Imagination, 290. For a similar perspective in linguistic anthropology, see Baumann and Briggs, "Poetics and Performance," 66, 77; Briggs, "Linguistic Ideologies," 397.
155. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 189, Dialogic Imagination, 290. For a similar perspective in linguistic anthropology, see Baumann and Briggs, "Poetics and Performance," 66, 77; Briggs, "Linguistic Ideologies," 397.
156. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 189, Dialogic Imagination, 290. For a similar perspective in linguistic anthropology, see Baumann and Briggs, "Poetics and Performance," 66, 77; Briggs, "Linguistic Ideologies," 397.
157. Ideology and Opinions, 78; Michael Billig, "Rhetorical Psychology, Ideological Thinking, and Imagining Nationhood," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 80.
158. Ideology and Opinions, 78; Michael Billig, "Rhetorical Psychology, Ideological Thinking, and Imagining Nationhood," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 80.
159. Bakhtin, Dialogic Imagination, 325; Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 106.
160. Bakhtin, Dialogic Imagination, 325; Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 106.
161. Terry Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction (London: Verso, 1991), 195; Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique, 74, 81; Hirschkop, "Introduction," 1989, 21; Purvis and Hunt, "Discourse, ideology," 486; Lyn Spillman, "Culture, Social Structures and Discursive Fields," Current Perspectives in Social Theory 15 (1995): 139-141.
162. Terry Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction (London: Verso, 1991), 195; Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique, 74, 81; Hirschkop, "Introduction," 1989, 21; Purvis and Hunt, "Discourse, ideology," 486; Lyn Spillman, "Culture, Social Structures and Discursive Fields," Current Perspectives in Social Theory 15 (1995): 139-141.
163. Terry Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction (London: Verso, 1991), 195; Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique, 74, 81; Hirschkop, "Introduction," 1989, 21; Purvis and Hunt, "Discourse, ideology," 486; Lyn Spillman, "Culture, Social Structures and Discursive Fields," Current Perspectives in Social Theory 15 (1995): 139-141.
164. Terry Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction (London: Verso, 1991), 195; Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique, 74, 81; Hirschkop, "Introduction," 1989, 21; Purvis and Hunt, "Discourse, ideology," 486; Lyn Spillman, "Culture, Social Structures and Discursive Fields," Current Perspectives in Social Theory 15 (1995): 139-141.
165. Terry Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction (London: Verso, 1991), 195; Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique, 74, 81; Hirschkop, "Introduction," 1989, 21; Purvis and Hunt, "Discourse, ideology," 486; Lyn Spillman, "Culture, Social Structures and Discursive Fields," Current Perspectives in Social Theory 15 (1995): 139-141.
166. Charles Tilly, "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834," Social Science History 17 (1993): 253-280, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995); Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, "To Map Contentious Politics," Mobilization 1 (1996): 23; Tarrow Power in Movement, 31-47. See also Marshall and Raabe, "Political Discourse."
167. Charles Tilly, "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834," Social Science History 17 (1993): 253-280, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995); Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, "To Map Contentious Politics," Mobilization 1 (1996): 23; Tarrow Power in Movement, 31-47. See also Marshall and Raabe, "Political Discourse."
168. Charles Tilly, "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834," Social Science History 17 (1993): 253-280, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995); Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, "To Map Contentious Politics," Mobilization 1 (1996): 23; Tarrow Power in Movement, 31-47. See also Marshall and Raabe, "Political Discourse."
169. Charles Tilly, "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834," Social Science History 17 (1993): 253-280, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995); Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, "To Map Contentious Politics," Mobilization 1 (1996): 23; Tarrow Power in Movement, 31-47. See also Marshall and Raabe, "Political Discourse."
170. Charles Tilly, "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834," Social Science History 17 (1993): 253-280, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995); Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, "To Map Contentious Politics," Mobilization 1 (1996): 23; Tarrow Power in Movement, 31-47. See also Marshall and Raabe, "Political Discourse."
171. Popular Contention, 30. Tarrow similarly notes in his analysis of collective action frames that new meanings are produced in struggle, "Mentalities, Political Cultures," 175. Rick Fantasia and Eric Hirsch similarly note that the analysis of social movement cultures involves "the interplay of power relations within the context of that conflict, and with attention to the ways and the settings in which cultural meaning was constructed and transformed by the interaction of contending groups," "Culture in Rebellion: The Appropriation and Transformation of the Veil in the Algerian Revolution," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 156.
172. Popular Contention, 30. Tarrow similarly notes in his analysis of collective action frames that new meanings are produced in struggle, "Mentalities, Political Cultures," 175. Rick Fantasia and Eric Hirsch similarly note that the analysis of social movement cultures involves "the interplay of power relations within the context of that conflict, and with attention to the ways and the settings in which cultural meaning was constructed and transformed by the interaction of contending groups," "Culture in Rebellion: The Appropriation and Transformation of the Veil in the Algerian Revolution," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 156.
173. Popular Contention, 30. Tarrow similarly notes in his analysis of collective action frames that new meanings are produced in struggle, "Mentalities, Political Cultures," 175. Rick Fantasia and Eric Hirsch similarly note that the analysis of social movement cultures involves "the interplay of power relations within the context of that conflict, and with attention to the ways and the settings in which cultural meaning was constructed and transformed by the interaction of contending groups," "Culture in Rebellion: The Appropriation and Transformation of the Veil in the Algerian Revolution," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 156.
174. The dialogic perspective developed here parallels McAdam's observation that framing can be seen as an act of cultural appropriation and Klandermans's remark that arguments frequently generate counterarguments in public discourse (McAdam "Culture and Social Movements," 37-38; Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest," 88). Elsewhere I have examined how discursive repertoires are developed dialogically through conflict, "The Roar of the Crowd: Repertoires of Discourse and Collective Action among the Spitalfields Silk Weavers in Nineteenth-Century London," in Mark Traugott, editor, Cycles and Repertoires in Collective Action (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995), 57-88.
175. The dialogic perspective developed here parallels McAdam's observation that framing can be seen as an act of cultural appropriation and Klandermans's remark that arguments frequently generate counterarguments in public discourse (McAdam "Culture and Social Movements," 37-38; Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest," 88). Elsewhere I have examined how discursive repertoires are developed dialogically through conflict, "The Roar of the Crowd: Repertoires of Discourse and Collective Action among the Spitalfields Silk Weavers in Nineteenth-Century London," in Mark Traugott, editor, Cycles and Repertoires in Collective Action (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995), 57-88.
176. The dialogic perspective developed here parallels McAdam's observation that framing can be seen as an act of cultural appropriation and Klandermans's remark that arguments frequently generate counterarguments in public discourse (McAdam "Culture and Social Movements," 37-38; Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest," 88). Elsewhere I have examined how discursive repertoires are developed dialogically through conflict, "The Roar of the Crowd: Repertoires of Discourse and Collective Action among the Spitalfields Silk Weavers in Nineteenth-Century London," in Mark Traugott, editor, Cycles and Repertoires in Collective Action (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995), 57-88.
177. As William Gamson and David Meyer note, "The degree to which there are unified and consensual frames within a movement is variable and it is comparatively rare that we can speak of the movement framing. It is more useful to think of framing as an internal process of contention within movements with different actors taking different positions." "Framing Political Opportunity," in Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, editors, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Frames (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 283. For an example of an analysis of a contextual dialogic struggle between powerholders and challengers, see Colin Barker, "Social Confrontation in Manchester's Quangoland: Local Protest over the Proposed Closure of Booth Hall Children's Hospital," The North West Geographer 1 (1997), 18-28.
178. As William Gamson and David Meyer note, "The degree to which there are unified and consensual frames within a movement is variable and it is comparatively rare that we can speak of the movement framing. It is more useful to think of framing as an internal process of contention within movements with different actors taking different positions." "Framing Political Opportunity," in Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, editors, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Frames (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 283. For an example of an analysis of a contextual dialogic struggle between powerholders and challengers, see Colin Barker, "Social Confrontation in Manchester's Quangoland: Local Protest over the Proposed Closure of Booth Hall Children's Hospital," The North West Geographer 1 (1997), 18-28.
179. Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest," 87, The Social Psychology of Protest, 45-52; Johnston and Klandermans, "The Cultural Analysis of Social Movements," 10.
180. The Social Psychology of Protest, 45-52; Johnston and Klandermans, "The Cultural Analysis of Social Movements," 10.
181. Gamson, Talking Politics.
182. "The Roar of the Crowd"; "The Dialogue of Struggle: The Contest Over Ideological Boundaries in the Case of the London Silk Weavers in the Early Nineteenth Century," Social Science History 18 (1994): 505-541; "Discourse, Identity and Class Consciousness Among Nineteenth-Century English Workers: A Dialogic Perspective," International Labor and Working-Class History 49 (1996): 1-25; '"A Way of Struggle': Reformations
183. "The Roar of the Crowd"; "The Dialogue of Struggle: The Contest Over Ideological Boundaries in the Case of the London Silk Weavers in the Early Nineteenth Century," Social Science History 18 (1994): 505-541; "Discourse, Identity and Class Consciousness Among Nineteenth-Century English Workers: A Dialogic Perspective," International Labor and Working-Class History 49 (1996): 1-25; '"A Way of Struggle': Reformations and Affirmations of E. P. Thompson's Class Analysis in Light of Postmodern Theories of Language," British Journal of Sociology 48 (1997): 471-492; and Fighting Words: Working-Class Formation, Discourse and Collective Action in Early Nineteenth-Century England (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming).
184. "The Roar of the Crowd"; "The Dialogue of Struggle: The Contest Over Ideological Boundaries in the Case of the London Silk Weavers in the Early Nineteenth Century," Social Science History 18 (1994): 505-541; "Discourse, Identity and Class Consciousness Among Nineteenth-Century English Workers: A Dialogic Perspective," International Labor and Working-Class History 49 (1996): 1-25; '"A Way of Struggle': Reformations and Affirmations of E. P. Thompson's Class Analysis in Light of Postmodern Theories of Language," British Journal of Sociology 48 (1997): 471-492; and Fighting Words: Working-Class Formation, Discourse and Collective Action in Early Nineteenth-Century England (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming).
185. "The Roar of the Crowd"; "The Dialogue of Struggle: The Contest Over Ideological Boundaries in the Case of the London Silk Weavers in the Early Nineteenth Century," Social Science History 18 (1994): 505-541; "Discourse, Identity and Class Consciousness Among Nineteenth-Century English Workers: A Dialogic Perspective," International Labor and Working-Class History 49 (1996): 1-25; '"A Way of Struggle': Reformations and Affirmations of E. P. Thompson's Class Analysis in Light of Postmodern Theories of Language," British Journal of Sociology 48 (1997): 471-492; and Fighting Words: Working-Class Formation, Discourse and Collective Action in Early Nineteenth-Century England (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming).
186. Dialogic analysis adds theoretical tools that might explain how these discourses were contextually combined into a repertoire, and with sufficient analysis of a field also allow for the further investigation of other possible combinations. This dynamic has been suggested by Bert Klandermans and Sjoerd Goslinga, "Media Discourse, Movement Publicity, and the Generation of Collective Action Frames: Theoretical and Empirical Exercises in Meaning Construction," in Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald. editors, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Frames (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 327.
187. In an analysis of the discourse of citizenship claims among early nineteenth-century English silk workers, for example, I discuss how male workers' legitimizing their claims for trade and wage protection through appropriation of a nationalist discourse simultaneously served to reinforce a patriarchal discourse of male authority in the working-class household, see "'The Great End of All Government...': Working Peoples' Construction of Citizenship Claims in Early Nineteenth-Century England and the Matter of Class," International Review of Social History Supplement 3 (1995), 19-50.
188. In their discussion of constraints on framing, for example, Snow and Benford discuss empirical credibility, experiential commensurability, and narrative fidelity, all of which focus on the perceived relationship between collective action discourse and the events that they frame, "Ideology, Frame Resonance," 204, 208.
189. Dialogic analysis thus elaborates on William Gamson's suggestion that the credibility of a frame is called into question not by experience per se but the cogency of another frame and Klandermans's observation that collective beliefs always contain the seeds of their contradiction (Gamson Talking Politics, 70; Klandermans "The Social Construction of Protest," 84).
190. Dialogic analysis thus elaborates on William Gamson's suggestion that the credibility of a frame is called into question not by experience per se but the cogency of another frame and Klandermans's observation that collective beliefs always contain the seeds of their contradiction (Gamson Talking Politics, 70; Klandermans "The Social Construction of Protest," 84).
191. Following Tarrow's theory of cycles of protest, Snow and Benford suggest that the potency of master frames follows similar cycles as it ebbs and flows with its relationship to the large political culture. Dialogic theory provides a similar perspective on discursive repertoires by exploring internal cycles of meaning. Discursive repertoires might indeed have their own cycles of decay and transformation, as their continued use is liable to open more opportunities for the double-voiced word to create contradictions within them, Snow and Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance," 211-212; "Master Frames," 149.
192. Following Tarrow's theory of cycles of protest, Snow and Benford suggest that the potency of master frames follows similar cycles as it ebbs and flows with its relationship to the large political culture. Dialogic theory provides a similar perspective on discursive repertoires by exploring internal cycles of meaning. Discursive repertoires might indeed have their own cycles of decay and transformation, as their continued use is liable to open more opportunities for the double-voiced word to create contradictions within them, Snow and Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance," 211-212; "Master Frames," 149.
193. For analyses that provide some insight into such a process, see the recent work by Gerald Platt and his associates on the construction of the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr. in letters written to him by movement participants. Through content analyses of the letters sent to King by people active in local movements they demonstrate the divergent images that people construct of King through democratic, religious, and Afrocentric/nationalistic discourses. These activists constructed a sense of alliance and commonalty in the civil rights movement, though each did so with distinctive discourses that might be seen as part of a larger repertoire. See Stephen Lilley and Gerald M. Platt, "Correspondents' Images of Martin Luther King, Jr.: An Interpretive Theory of Movement Leadership," in Theodore R. Sarbin and John I. Kitsuse, editors, Constructing the Social (London: Sage, 1994), 65-83; Gerald M. Platt and Stephen J. Lilley, "Multiple Images of a Charismatic: Constructing Martin Luther King Jr.'s Leadership," in Gerald M. Platt and Chad Gordon, editors, Self, Collective Behavior and Society: Essays in Honor of the Contributions of Ralph H. Turner (Greenwich: JAI Press, 1994), 55-74; "Race and Gender Discourse Strategies: Creating Solidarity and Framing the Civil Rights Movement," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society, Session on "Ideology, Discourse and Social Movements," Philadelphia, April 2, 1995. For an analysis of black activist identity construction that seeks to modify resource mobilization theory with a social-constructionist perspective, see Francesca Polletta, "Strategy and Identity in 1960s Black Protest," Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 17 (1994): 85-114. Polletta explores how the pre-figurative politics of SNCC in the 1962-64 period was partly the projection of a radical Black community identity to challenge black moderate leadership. The rise of such Black power discourse might well provide a suitable case for a dialogic analysis of repertoire change and development.
194. For analyses that provide some insight into such a process, see the recent work by Gerald Platt and his associates on the construction of the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr. in letters written to him by movement participants. Through content analyses of the letters sent to King by people active in local movements they demonstrate the divergent images that people construct of King through democratic, religious, and Afrocentric/nationalistic discourses. These activists constructed a sense of alliance and commonalty in the civil rights movement, though each did so with distinctive discourses that might be seen as part of a larger repertoire. See Stephen Lilley and Gerald M. Platt, "Correspondents' Images of Martin Luther King, Jr.: An Interpretive Theory of Movement Leadership," in Theodore R. Sarbin and John I. Kitsuse, editors, Constructing the Social (London: Sage, 1994), 65-83; Gerald M. Platt and Stephen J. Lilley, "Multiple Images of a Charismatic: Constructing Martin Luther King Jr.'s Leadership," in Gerald M. Platt and Chad Gordon, editors, Self, Collective Behavior and Society: Essays in Honor of the Contributions of Ralph H. Turner (Greenwich: JAI Press, 1994), 55-74; "Race and Gender Discourse Strategies: Creating Solidarity and Framing the Civil Rights Movement," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society, Session on "Ideology, Discourse and Social Movements," Philadelphia, April 2, 1995. For an analysis of black activist identity construction that seeks to modify resource mobilization theory with a social-constructionist perspective, see Francesca Polletta, "Strategy and Identity in 1960s Black Protest," Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 17 (1994): 85-114. Polletta explores how the pre-figurative politics of SNCC in the 1962-64 period was partly the projection of a radical Black community identity to challenge black moderate leadership. The rise of such Black power discourse might well provide a suitable case for a dialogic analysis of repertoire change and development.
195. For analyses that provide some insight into such a process, see the recent work by Gerald Platt and his associates on the construction of the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr. in letters written to him by movement participants. Through content analyses of the letters sent to King by people active in local movements they demonstrate the divergent images that people construct of King through democratic, religious, and Afrocentric/nationalistic discourses. These activists constructed a sense of alliance and commonalty in the civil rights movement, though each did so with distinctive discourses that might be seen as part of a larger repertoire. See Stephen Lilley and Gerald M. Platt, "Correspondents' Images of Martin Luther King, Jr.: An Interpretive Theory of Movement Leadership," in Theodore R. Sarbin and John I. Kitsuse, editors, Constructing the Social (London: Sage, 1994), 65-83; Gerald M. Platt and Stephen J. Lilley, "Multiple Images of a Charismatic: Constructing Martin Luther King Jr.'s Leadership," in Gerald M. Platt and Chad Gordon, editors, Self, Collective Behavior and Society: Essays in Honor of the Contributions of Ralph H. Turner (Greenwich: JAI Press, 1994), 55-74; "Race and Gender Discourse Strategies: Creating Solidarity and Framing the Civil Rights Movement," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society, Session on "Ideology, Discourse and Social Movements," Philadelphia, April 2, 1995. For an analysis of black activist identity construction that seeks to modify resource mobilization theory with a social-constructionist perspective, see Francesca Polletta, "Strategy and Identity in 1960s Black Protest," Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 17 (1994): 85-114. Polletta explores how the pre-figurative politics of SNCC in the 1962-64 period was partly the projection of a radical Black community identity to challenge black moderate leadership. The rise of such Black power discourse might well provide a suitable case for a dialogic analysis of repertoire change and development.
196. For analyses that provide some insight into such a process, see the recent work by Gerald Platt and his associates on the construction of the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr. in letters written to him by movement participants. Through content analyses of the letters sent to King by people active in local movements they demonstrate the divergent images that people construct of King through democratic, religious, and Afrocentric/nationalistic discourses. These activists constructed a sense of alliance and commonalty in the civil rights movement, though each did so with distinctive discourses that might be seen as part of a larger repertoire. See Stephen Lilley and Gerald M. Platt, "Correspondents' Images of Martin Luther King, Jr.: An Interpretive Theory of Movement Leadership," in Theodore R. Sarbin and John I. Kitsuse, editors, Constructing the Social (London: Sage, 1994), 65-83; Gerald M. Platt and Stephen J. Lilley, "Multiple Images of a Charismatic: Constructing Martin Luther King Jr.'s Leadership," in Gerald M. Platt and Chad Gordon, editors, Self, Collective Behavior and Society: Essays in Honor of the Contributions of Ralph H. Turner (Greenwich: JAI Press, 1994), 55-74; "Race and Gender Discourse Strategies: Creating Solidarity and Framing the Civil Rights Movement," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society, Session on "Ideology, Discourse and Social Movements," Philadelphia, April 2, 1995. For an analysis of black activist identity construction that seeks to modify resource mobilization theory with a social-constructionist perspective, see Francesca Polletta, "Strategy and Identity in 1960s Black Protest," Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 17 (1994): 85-114. Polletta explores how the pre-figurative politics of SNCC in the 1962-64 period was partly the projection of a radical Black community identity to challenge black moderate leadership. The rise of such Black power discourse might well provide a suitable case for a dialogic analysis of repertoire change and development.
197. For analyses that provide some insight into such a process, see the recent work by Gerald Platt and his associates on the construction of the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr. in letters written to him by movement participants. Through content analyses of the letters sent to King by people active in local movements they demonstrate the divergent images that people construct of King through democratic, religious, and Afrocentric/nationalistic discourses. These activists constructed a sense of alliance and commonalty in the civil rights movement, though each did so with distinctive discourses that might be seen as part of a larger repertoire. See Stephen Lilley and Gerald M. Platt, "Correspondents' Images of Martin Luther King, Jr.: An Interpretive Theory of Movement Leadership," in Theodore R. Sarbin and John I. Kitsuse, editors, Constructing the Social (London: Sage, 1994), 65-83; Gerald M. Platt and Stephen J. Lilley, "Multiple Images of a Charismatic: Constructing Martin Luther King Jr.'s Leadership," in Gerald M. Platt and Chad Gordon, editors, Self, Collective Behavior and Society: Essays in Honor of the Contributions of Ralph H. Turner (Greenwich: JAI Press, 1994), 55-74; "Race and Gender Discourse Strategies: Creating Solidarity and Framing the Civil Rights Movement," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society, Session on "Ideology, Discourse and Social Movements," Philadelphia, April 2, 1995. For an analysis of black activist identity construction that seeks to modify resource mobilization theory with a social-constructionist perspective, see Francesca Polletta, "Strategy and Identity in 1960s Black Protest," Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 17 (1994): 85-114. Polletta explores how the pre-figurative politics of SNCC in the 1962-64 period was partly the projection of a radical Black community identity to challenge black moderate leadership. The rise of such Black power discourse might well provide a suitable case for a dialogic analysis of repertoire change and development.
198. Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest," 90.
199. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55-79. See also Craig J. Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, editor, Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991), 51-75, and "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994); Kristin G. Esterberg, Lesbian and Bisexual Identities: Constructing Communities, Constructing Selves (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997); Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, "Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 156-173; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields"; L. A. Kauffman "The Anti-Politics of Identity," Socialist Review 20 (1990): 67-80; Alberto Melucci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 41-63, and Chalenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," in Marcy Darnovsky, Barbara Epstein, and Richard Flacks, editors, Cultural Politics and Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 133-153, and Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Verta Taylor and Leila J. Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19 (1993): 32-61; Taylor and Whittier, 1992 "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 104-129.
200. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55-79. See also Craig J. Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, editor, Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991), 51-75, and "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994); Kristin G. Esterberg, Lesbian and Bisexual Identities: Constructing Communities, Constructing Selves (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997); Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, "Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 156-173; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields"; L. A. Kauffman "The Anti-Politics of Identity," Socialist Review 20 (1990): 67-80; Alberto Melucci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 41-63, and Chalenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," in Marcy Darnovsky, Barbara Epstein, and Richard Flacks, editors, Cultural Politics and Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 133-153, and Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Verta Taylor and Leila J. Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19 (1993): 32-61; Taylor and Whittier, 1992 "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 104-129.
201. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55-79. See also Craig J. Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, editor, Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991), 51-75, and "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994); Kristin G. Esterberg, Lesbian and Bisexual Identities: Constructing Communities, Constructing Selves (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997); Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, "Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 156-173; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields"; L. A. Kauffman "The Anti-Politics of Identity," Socialist Review 20 (1990): 67-80; Alberto Melucci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 41-63, and Chalenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," in Marcy Darnovsky, Barbara Epstein, and Richard Flacks, editors, Cultural Politics and Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 133-153, and Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Verta Taylor and Leila J. Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19 (1993): 32-61; Taylor and Whittier, 1992 "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 104-129.
202. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55-79. See also Craig J. Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, editor, Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991), 51-75, and "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994); Kristin G. Esterberg, Lesbian and Bisexual Identities: Constructing Communities, Constructing Selves (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997); Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, "Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 156-173; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields"; L. A. Kauffman "The Anti-Politics of Identity," Socialist Review 20 (1990): 67-80; Alberto Melucci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 41-63, and Chalenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," in Marcy Darnovsky, Barbara Epstein, and Richard Flacks, editors, Cultural Politics and Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 133-153, and Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Verta Taylor and Leila J. Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19 (1993): 32-61; Taylor and Whittier, 1992 "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 104-129.
203. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55-79. See also Craig J. Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, editor, Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991), 51-75, and "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994); Kristin G. Esterberg, Lesbian and Bisexual Identities: Constructing Communities, Constructing Selves (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997); Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, "Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 156-173; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields"; L. A. Kauffman "The Anti-Politics of Identity," Socialist Review 20 (1990): 67-80; Alberto Melucci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 41-63, and Chalenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," in Marcy Darnovsky, Barbara Epstein, and Richard Flacks, editors, Cultural Politics and Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 133-153, and Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Verta Taylor and Leila J. Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19 (1993): 32-61; Taylor and Whittier, 1992 "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 104-129.
204. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55-79. See also Craig J. Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, editor, Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991), 51-75, and "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994); Kristin G. Esterberg, Lesbian and Bisexual Identities: Constructing Communities, Constructing Selves (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997); Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, "Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 156-173; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields"; L. A. Kauffman "The Anti-Politics of Identity," Socialist Review 20 (1990): 67-80; Alberto Melucci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 41-63, and Chalenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," in Marcy Darnovsky, Barbara Epstein, and Richard Flacks, editors, Cultural Politics and Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 133-153, and Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Verta Taylor and Leila J. Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19 (1993): 32-61; Taylor and Whittier, 1992 "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 104-129.
205. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55-79. See also Craig J. Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, editor, Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991), 51-75, and "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994); Kristin G. Esterberg, Lesbian and Bisexual Identities: Constructing Communities, Constructing Selves (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997); Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, "Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 156-173; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields"; L. A. Kauffman "The Anti-Politics of Identity," Socialist Review 20 (1990): 67-80; Alberto Melucci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 41-63, and Chalenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," in Marcy Darnovsky, Barbara Epstein, and Richard Flacks, editors, Cultural Politics and Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 133-153, and Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Verta Taylor and Leila J. Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19 (1993): 32-61; Taylor and Whittier, 1992 "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 104-129.
206. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55-79. See also Craig J. Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, editor, Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991), 51-75, and "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994); Kristin G. Esterberg, Lesbian and Bisexual Identities: Constructing Communities, Constructing Selves (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997); Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, "Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 156-173; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields"; L. A. Kauffman "The Anti-Politics of Identity," Socialist Review 20 (1990): 67-80; Alberto Melucci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 41-63, and Chalenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," in Marcy Darnovsky, Barbara Epstein, and Richard Flacks, editors, Cultural Politics and Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 133-153, and Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Verta Taylor and Leila J. Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19 (1993): 32-61; Taylor and Whittier, 1992 "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 104-129.
207. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55-79. See also Craig J. Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, editor, Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991), 51-75, and "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994); Kristin G. Esterberg, Lesbian and Bisexual Identities: Constructing Communities, Constructing Selves (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997); Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, "Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 156-173; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields"; L. A. Kauffman "The Anti-Politics of Identity," Socialist Review 20 (1990): 67-80; Alberto Melucci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 41-63, and Chalenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," in Marcy Darnovsky, Barbara Epstein, and Richard Flacks, editors, Cultural Politics and Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 133-153, and Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Verta Taylor and Leila J. Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19 (1993): 32-61; Taylor and Whittier, 1992 "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 104-129.
208. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55-79. See also Craig J. Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, editor, Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991), 51-75, and "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994); Kristin G. Esterberg, Lesbian and Bisexual Identities: Constructing Communities, Constructing Selves (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997); Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, "Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 156-173; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields"; L. A. Kauffman "The Anti-Politics of Identity," Socialist Review 20 (1990): 67-80; Alberto Melucci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 41-63, and Chalenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," in Marcy Darnovsky, Barbara Epstein, and Richard Flacks, editors, Cultural Politics and Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 133-153, and Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Verta Taylor and Leila J. Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19 (1993): 32-61; Taylor and Whittier, 1992 "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 104-129.
209. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55-79. See also Craig J. Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, editor, Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991), 51-75, and "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994); Kristin G. Esterberg, Lesbian and Bisexual Identities: Constructing Communities, Constructing Selves (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997); Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, "Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 156-173; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields"; L. A. Kauffman "The Anti-Politics of Identity," Socialist Review 20 (1990): 67-80; Alberto Melucci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 41-63, and Chalenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," in Marcy Darnovsky, Barbara Epstein, and Richard Flacks, editors, Cultural Politics and Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 133-153, and Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Verta Taylor and Leila J. Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19 (1993): 32-61; Taylor and Whittier, 1992 "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 104-129.
210. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55-79. See also Craig J. Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, editor, Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991), 51-75, and "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994); Kristin G. Esterberg, Lesbian and Bisexual Identities: Constructing Communities, Constructing Selves (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997); Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, "Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 156-173; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields"; L. A. Kauffman "The Anti-Politics of Identity," Socialist Review 20 (1990): 67-80; Alberto Melucci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 41-63, and Chalenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," in Marcy Darnovsky, Barbara Epstein, and Richard Flacks, editors, Cultural Politics and Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 133-153, and Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Verta Taylor and Leila J. Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19 (1993): 32-61; Taylor and Whittier, 1992 "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 104-129.
211. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55-79. See also Craig J. Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, editor, Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991), 51-75, and "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in Craig J. Calhoun, editor, Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994); Kristin G. Esterberg, Lesbian and Bisexual Identities: Constructing Communities, Constructing Selves (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997); Debra Friedman and Doug McAdam, "Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 156-173; Hunt, Benford, and Snow, "Identity Fields"; L. A. Kauffman "The Anti-Politics of Identity," Socialist Review 20 (1990): 67-80; Alberto Melucci, "The Process of Collective Identity," in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, editors, Social Movements and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 41-63, and Chalenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Arlene Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," in Marcy Darnovsky, Barbara Epstein, and Richard Flacks, editors, Cultural Politics and Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 133-153, and Sex and Sensibility: Stories of a Lesbian Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Verta Taylor and Leila J. Rupp, "Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism," Signs 19 (1993): 32-61; Taylor and Whittier, 1992 "Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities," in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 104-129.
212. Joshua Gamson, "Must Identity Movements Self-Destruct? A Queer Dilemma," Social Problems 42 (1995): 397.
213. A similar argument is made by Steven Seidman in Difference Troubles: Queering Social Theory and Sexual Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), chs. 6 and 7.
214. Hunt, Benford, and Snow isolate four possible responses to outside critique and appropriation: (a) rejection, (b) the use of appropriations to highlight bias and misunderstanding, (c) see such transformations as flawed understandings based on bad impression management, or (d) acknowledge them as identity flaws ("Identity Fields," 201-202). The multivocality of identity discourse would seem to create a dynamic for such appropriation and response.
215. Speech Genres, 202.