The role of ideology in terrorists' target selection

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 53-85

  Drake, C J M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032280667     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546559808427457     Document Type: Article

References (243)

1. For example, in July 1991 David Levy, the Israeli Foreign Minister, described the Arab states' trade boycott of Israel as 'economic terrorism'. 'Israel attacks G7 linking of boycott with settlements', The Guardian (London), 19 July 1991. For definitions of terrorism see A. P. Schmid and A. J. Jongman. Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing, 1988),pp.32-8.
2. For example, in July 1991 David Levy, the Israeli Foreign Minister, described the Arab states' trade boycott of Israel as 'economic terrorism'. 'Israel attacks G7 linking of boycott with settlements', The Guardian (London), 19 July 1991. For definitions of terrorism see A. P. Schmid and A. J. Jongman. Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing, 1988),pp.32-8.
3. M.Crenshaw Hutchinson, Revolutionary Terrorism: The FLN in Algeria, 1954-1962 (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), p.21.
4. In this article the term target is assumed to refer to the physical target of a terrorist attack unless it is otherwise qualified - for instance as in the term psychological target.
5. For more details on such factors see C. J. M. Drake, Terrorists' Target Selection (London: Macmillan, 1998).
6. 'Italian Terrorists Kill a Union Aide', Washington Post, 25 January 1979. 'Italian Labour Protest Over Killing', Financial Times (London), 26 January 1979. 'Hero's Funeral for Party Victim', Financial Times, 29 January 1979. D. Moss, The Politics of Left-Wing Violence in Italy, 1969-1985 (London: Macmillan, 1989), pp.105, 227. A. Jamieson, The Heart Attacked: Terrorism and Conflict in the Italian State (London: Marion Boyars, 1989), pp.92, 100, 123, 126, 175-6.
7. 'Italian Terrorists Kill a Union Aide', Washington Post, 25 January 1979. 'Italian Labour Protest Over Killing', Financial Times (London), 26 January 1979. 'Hero's Funeral for Party Victim', Financial Times, 29 January 1979. D. Moss, The Politics of Left-Wing Violence in Italy, 1969-1985 (London: Macmillan, 1989), pp.105, 227. A. Jamieson, The Heart Attacked: Terrorism and Conflict in the Italian State (London: Marion Boyars, 1989), pp.92, 100, 123, 126, 175-6.
8. 'Italian Terrorists Kill a Union Aide', Washington Post, 25 January 1979. 'Italian Labour Protest Over Killing', Financial Times (London), 26 January 1979. 'Hero's Funeral for Party Victim', Financial Times, 29 January 1979. D. Moss, The Politics of Left-Wing Violence in Italy, 1969-1985 (London: Macmillan, 1989), pp.105, 227. A. Jamieson, The Heart Attacked: Terrorism and Conflict in the Italian State (London: Marion Boyars, 1989), pp.92, 100, 123, 126, 175-6.
9. 'Italian Terrorists Kill a Union Aide', Washington Post, 25 January 1979. 'Italian Labour Protest Over Killing', Financial Times (London), 26 January 1979. 'Hero's Funeral for Party Victim', Financial Times, 29 January 1979. D. Moss, The Politics of Left-Wing Violence in Italy, 1969-1985 (London: Macmillan, 1989), pp.105, 227. A. Jamieson, The Heart Attacked: Terrorism and Conflict in the Italian State (London: Marion Boyars, 1989), pp.92, 100, 123, 126, 175-6.
10. 'Italian Terrorists Kill a Union Aide', Washington Post, 25 January 1979. 'Italian Labour Protest Over Killing', Financial Times (London), 26 January 1979. 'Hero's Funeral for Party Victim', Financial Times, 29 January 1979. D. Moss, The Politics of Left-Wing Violence in Italy, 1969-1985 (London: Macmillan, 1989), pp.105, 227. A. Jamieson, The Heart Attacked: Terrorism and Conflict in the Italian State (London: Marion Boyars, 1989), pp.92, 100, 123, 126, 175-6.
11. 'IRA Apologises for Murder of Australians', The Independent, 29 May 1990. 'Bloody End to a Simple Day Out', The Independent, 29 May 1990.
12. 'IRA Apologises for Murder of Australians', The Independent, 29 May 1990. 'Bloody End to a Simple Day Out', The Independent, 29 May 1990.
13. W. A. Rosenbaum, Political Culture (London: Nelson, 1975), p. 120.
14. M. Kramer, 'Sacrifice and Fratricide in Shiite Lebanon', Terrorism and Political Violence [hereafter T&PV], 3/3 (Autumn 1991), pp.32-3. K. Tololyan, 'Cultural Narrative and the Motivation of the Terrorist', D. C. Rapoport (ed) Inside Terrorist Organizations (London: Frank Cass, 1988), p.221. A. T. Q. Stewart. The Narrow Ground: The Roots of Conflict in Ulster, revised edition (London: Faber, 1989), pp. 180-1. J. Darby, 'The Historical Background', J. Darby (ed). Northern Ireland: The Background to the Conflict, (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1983), p. 15.
15. M. Kramer, 'Sacrifice and Fratricide in Shiite Lebanon', Terrorism and Political Violence [hereafter T&PV], 3/3 (Autumn 1991), pp.32-3. K. Tololyan, 'Cultural Narrative and the Motivation of the Terrorist', D. C. Rapoport (ed) Inside Terrorist Organizations (London: Frank Cass, 1988), p.221. A. T. Q. Stewart. The Narrow Ground: The Roots of Conflict in Ulster, revised edition (London: Faber, 1989), pp. 180-1. J. Darby, 'The Historical Background', J. Darby (ed). Northern Ireland: The Background to the Conflict, (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1983), p. 15.
16. M. Kramer, 'Sacrifice and Fratricide in Shiite Lebanon', Terrorism and Political Violence [hereafter T&PV], 3/3 (Autumn 1991), pp.32-3. K. Tololyan, 'Cultural Narrative and the Motivation of the Terrorist', D. C. Rapoport (ed) Inside Terrorist Organizations (London: Frank Cass, 1988), p.221. A. T. Q. Stewart. The Narrow Ground: The Roots of Conflict in Ulster, revised edition (London: Faber, 1989), pp. 180-1. J. Darby, 'The Historical Background', J. Darby (ed). Northern Ireland: The Background to the Conflict, (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1983), p. 15.
17. M. Kramer, 'Sacrifice and Fratricide in Shiite Lebanon', Terrorism and Political Violence [hereafter T&PV], 3/3 (Autumn 1991), pp.32-3. K. Tololyan, 'Cultural Narrative and the Motivation of the Terrorist', D. C. Rapoport (ed) Inside Terrorist Organizations (London: Frank Cass, 1988), p.221. A. T. Q. Stewart. The Narrow Ground: The Roots of Conflict in Ulster, revised edition (London: Faber, 1989), pp. 180-1. J. Darby, 'The Historical Background', J. Darby (ed). Northern Ireland: The Background to the Conflict, (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1983), p. 15.
18. In some cases, particularly with communist groups, ideological writings have also provided terrorists with the outlines of a strategy. For examples see: Mao Tse-tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, three volumes, (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965). Mao Tse-tung, Basic Tactics, (New York: Praeger, 1966). C. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, (New York: Praeger, 1961; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969). C. Marighela, For the Liberation of Brazil, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971).
19. In some cases, particularly with communist groups, ideological writings have also provided terrorists with the outlines of a strategy. For examples see: Mao Tse-tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, three volumes, (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965). Mao Tse-tung, Basic Tactics, (New York: Praeger, 1966). C. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, (New York: Praeger, 1961; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969). C. Marighela, For the Liberation of Brazil, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971).
20. In some cases, particularly with communist groups, ideological writings have also provided terrorists with the outlines of a strategy. For examples see: Mao Tse-tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, three volumes, (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965). Mao Tse-tung, Basic Tactics, (New York: Praeger, 1966). C. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, (New York: Praeger, 1961; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969). C. Marighela, For the Liberation of Brazil, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971).
21. In some cases, particularly with communist groups, ideological writings have also provided terrorists with the outlines of a strategy. For examples see: Mao Tse-tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, three volumes, (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965). Mao Tse-tung, Basic Tactics, (New York: Praeger, 1966). C. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, (New York: Praeger, 1961; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969). C. Marighela, For the Liberation of Brazil, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971).
22. R. Hill and A. Bell, The Other Face of Terror: Inside Europe's Neo-Nazi Network, (London: Grafton, 1988), pp.95, 121-2, 125, 157, 169. Searchlight, From Ballots to Bombs: The Inside Story of the National Front's Political Soldiers (London: Searchlight, no date - after 1989), pp. 16-19. C. di Giovanni. Light from Behind the Bars: Letters from the Red Brigades and Other Former Italian Terrorists; True Stories of Terror, Agony and Hope (Slough: St Paul Publications, 1990), pp.95, 99-100.
23. R. Hill and A. Bell, The Other Face of Terror: Inside Europe's Neo-Nazi Network, (London: Grafton, 1988), pp.95, 121-2, 125, 157, 169. Searchlight, From Ballots to Bombs: The Inside Story of the National Front's Political Soldiers (London: Searchlight, no date - after 1989), pp. 16-19. C. di Giovanni. Light from Behind the Bars: Letters from the Red Brigades and Other Former Italian Terrorists; True Stories of Terror, Agony and Hope (Slough: St Paul Publications, 1990), pp.95, 99-100.
24. R. Hill and A. Bell, The Other Face of Terror: Inside Europe's Neo-Nazi Network, (London: Grafton, 1988), pp.95, 121-2, 125, 157, 169. Searchlight, From Ballots to Bombs: The Inside Story of the National Front's Political Soldiers (London: Searchlight, no date - after 1989), pp. 16-19. C. di Giovanni. Light from Behind the Bars: Letters from the Red Brigades and Other Former Italian Terrorists; True Stories of Terror, Agony and Hope (Slough: St Paul Publications, 1990), pp.95, 99-100.
25. P.Singer, Animal Liberation: A New Ethics For Our Treatment of Animals (New York: Avon, 1977), pp.1-26. P. Singer, The Animal Liberation Movement: Its Philosophy, its Achievements, and its Future (Nottingham: Old Hammond Press), pp.5-10. F. Ginsburg, 'Saving America's Souls: Operation Rescue's Crusade against Abortion', M. E. Marty and R. S. Appleby (eds), Fundamentalisms and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp.557, 573-4. D. Henshaw, Animal Warfare: The Story of the Animal Liberation Front (London: Fontana, 1989), pp.33-4, 92-3.
26. P.Singer, Animal Liberation: A New Ethics For Our Treatment of Animals (New York: Avon, 1977), pp.1-26. P. Singer, The Animal Liberation Movement: Its Philosophy, its Achievements, and its Future (Nottingham: Old Hammond Press), pp.5-10. F. Ginsburg, 'Saving America's Souls: Operation Rescue's Crusade against Abortion', M. E. Marty and R. S. Appleby (eds), Fundamentalisms and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp.557, 573-4. D. Henshaw, Animal Warfare: The Story of the Animal Liberation Front (London: Fontana, 1989), pp.33-4, 92-3.
27. P.Singer, Animal Liberation: A New Ethics For Our Treatment of Animals (New York: Avon, 1977), pp.1-26. P. Singer, The Animal Liberation Movement: Its Philosophy, its Achievements, and its Future (Nottingham: Old Hammond Press), pp.5-10. F. Ginsburg, 'Saving America's Souls: Operation Rescue's Crusade against Abortion', M. E. Marty and R. S. Appleby (eds), Fundamentalisms and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp.557, 573-4. D. Henshaw, Animal Warfare: The Story of the Animal Liberation Front (London: Fontana, 1989), pp.33-4, 92-3.
28. P.Singer, Animal Liberation: A New Ethics For Our Treatment of Animals (New York: Avon, 1977), pp.1-26. P. Singer, The Animal Liberation Movement: Its Philosophy, its Achievements, and its Future (Nottingham: Old Hammond Press), pp.5-10. F. Ginsburg, 'Saving America's Souls: Operation Rescue's Crusade against Abortion', M. E. Marty and R. S. Appleby (eds), Fundamentalisms and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp.557, 573-4. D. Henshaw, Animal Warfare: The Story of the Animal Liberation Front (London: Fontana, 1989), pp.33-4, 92-3.
29. For the Mafia see G. Falcone and M Padovani, Men of Honour: The Truth About the Mafia, (Paris: Edition 1, 1991; London: Fourth Estate, 1992), pp.157-62. R.Catanzaro, Men of Respect: A Social History of the Sicilian Mafia (Padua: Liviana Editrice spa, 1988; New York: Free Press, 1992), pp.214-16. J.Parker. The Walking Dead: A Woman's Brave Stand Against the Mafia (London: Simon & Schuster, 1995; Pocket Books, 1996), and A.Stille. Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995). For the Colombian drugs traffickers see J.Pearce. Colombia: Inside the Labyrinth, (London: Latin American Bureau, 1990), pp.1, 194-5. P. D.Scott and J. Marshall. Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp.76, 90. S.Strong. Whitewash: Pablo Escobar and the Cocaine Wars, (London: Macmillan, 1995), pp.138-53. R.D.Tomasek, 'Complex Interdependency Theory: Drug Barons as Transnational Groups', W. C. Cliffs and J.R. Lee, The Theory and Practice of International Relations (NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994), pp.281-2. P.Williams, 'Transnational Criminal Organisations and International Security', Survival, 36/1 (Spring 1994), p.111.
30. For the Mafia see G. Falcone and M Padovani, Men of Honour: The Truth About the Mafia, (Paris: Edition 1, 1991; London: Fourth Estate, 1992), pp.157-62. R.Catanzaro, Men of Respect: A Social History of the Sicilian Mafia (Padua: Liviana Editrice spa, 1988; New York: Free Press, 1992), pp.214-16. J.Parker. The Walking Dead: A Woman's Brave Stand Against the Mafia (London: Simon & Schuster, 1995; Pocket Books, 1996), and A.Stille. Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995). For the Colombian drugs traffickers see J.Pearce. Colombia: Inside the Labyrinth, (London: Latin American Bureau, 1990), pp.1, 194-5. P. D.Scott and J. Marshall. Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp.76, 90. S.Strong. Whitewash: Pablo Escobar and the Cocaine Wars, (London: Macmillan, 1995), pp.138-53. R.D.Tomasek, 'Complex Interdependency Theory: Drug Barons as Transnational Groups', W. C. Cliffs and J.R. Lee, The Theory and Practice of International Relations (NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994), pp.281-2. P.Williams, 'Transnational Criminal Organisations and International Security', Survival, 36/1 (Spring 1994), p.111.
31. For the Mafia see G. Falcone and M Padovani, Men of Honour: The Truth About the Mafia, (Paris: Edition 1, 1991; London: Fourth Estate, 1992), pp.157-62. R.Catanzaro, Men of Respect: A Social History of the Sicilian Mafia (Padua: Liviana Editrice spa, 1988; New York: Free Press, 1992), pp.214-16. J.Parker. The Walking Dead: A Woman's Brave Stand Against the Mafia (London: Simon & Schuster, 1995; Pocket Books, 1996), and A.Stille. Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995). For the Colombian drugs traffickers see J.Pearce. Colombia: Inside the Labyrinth, (London: Latin American Bureau, 1990), pp.1, 194-5. P. D.Scott and J. Marshall. Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp.76, 90. S.Strong. Whitewash: Pablo Escobar and the Cocaine Wars, (London: Macmillan, 1995), pp.138-53. R.D.Tomasek, 'Complex Interdependency Theory: Drug Barons as Transnational Groups', W. C. Cliffs and J.R. Lee, The Theory and Practice of International Relations (NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994), pp.281-2. P.Williams, 'Transnational Criminal Organisations and International Security', Survival, 36/1 (Spring 1994), p.111.
32. For the Mafia see G. Falcone and M Padovani, Men of Honour: The Truth About the Mafia, (Paris: Edition 1, 1991; London: Fourth Estate, 1992), pp.157-62. R.Catanzaro, Men of Respect: A Social History of the Sicilian Mafia (Padua: Liviana Editrice spa, 1988; New York: Free Press, 1992), pp.214-16. J.Parker. The Walking Dead: A Woman's Brave Stand Against the Mafia (London: Simon & Schuster, 1995; Pocket Books, 1996), and A.Stille. Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995). For the Colombian drugs traffickers see J.Pearce. Colombia: Inside the Labyrinth, (London: Latin American Bureau, 1990), pp.1, 194-5. P. D.Scott and J. Marshall. Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp.76, 90. S.Strong. Whitewash: Pablo Escobar and the Cocaine Wars, (London: Macmillan, 1995), pp.138-53. R.D.Tomasek, 'Complex Interdependency Theory: Drug Barons as Transnational Groups', W. C. Cliffs and J.R. Lee, The Theory and Practice of International Relations (NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994), pp.281-2. P.Williams, 'Transnational Criminal Organisations and International Security', Survival, 36/1 (Spring 1994), p.111.
33. For the Mafia see G. Falcone and M Padovani, Men of Honour: The Truth About the Mafia, (Paris: Edition 1, 1991; London: Fourth Estate, 1992), pp.157-62. R.Catanzaro, Men of Respect: A Social History of the Sicilian Mafia (Padua: Liviana Editrice spa, 1988; New York: Free Press, 1992), pp.214-16. J.Parker. The Walking Dead: A Woman's Brave Stand Against the Mafia (London: Simon & Schuster, 1995; Pocket Books, 1996), and A.Stille. Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995). For the Colombian drugs traffickers see J.Pearce. Colombia: Inside the Labyrinth, (London: Latin American Bureau, 1990), pp.1, 194-5. P. D.Scott and J. Marshall. Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp.76, 90. S.Strong. Whitewash: Pablo Escobar and the Cocaine Wars, (London: Macmillan, 1995), pp.138-53. R.D.Tomasek, 'Complex Interdependency Theory: Drug Barons as Transnational Groups', W. C. Cliffs and J.R. Lee, The Theory and Practice of International Relations (NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994), pp.281-2. P.Williams, 'Transnational Criminal Organisations and International Security', Survival, 36/1 (Spring 1994), p.111.
34. For the Mafia see G. Falcone and M Padovani, Men of Honour: The Truth About the Mafia, (Paris: Edition 1, 1991; London: Fourth Estate, 1992), pp.157-62. R.Catanzaro, Men of Respect: A Social History of the Sicilian Mafia (Padua: Liviana Editrice spa, 1988; New York: Free Press, 1992), pp.214-16. J.Parker. The Walking Dead: A Woman's Brave Stand Against the Mafia (London: Simon & Schuster, 1995; Pocket Books, 1996), and A.Stille. Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995). For the Colombian drugs traffickers see J.Pearce. Colombia: Inside the Labyrinth, (London: Latin American Bureau, 1990), pp.1, 194-5. P. D.Scott and J. Marshall. Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp.76, 90. S.Strong. Whitewash: Pablo Escobar and the Cocaine Wars, (London: Macmillan, 1995), pp.138-53. R.D.Tomasek, 'Complex Interdependency Theory: Drug Barons as Transnational Groups', W. C. Cliffs and J.R. Lee, The Theory and Practice of International Relations (NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994), pp.281-2. P.Williams, 'Transnational Criminal Organisations and International Security', Survival, 36/1 (Spring 1994), p.111.
35. For the Mafia see G. Falcone and M Padovani, Men of Honour: The Truth About the Mafia, (Paris: Edition 1, 1991; London: Fourth Estate, 1992), pp.157-62. R.Catanzaro, Men of Respect: A Social History of the Sicilian Mafia (Padua: Liviana Editrice spa, 1988; New York: Free Press, 1992), pp.214-16. J.Parker. The Walking Dead: A Woman's Brave Stand Against the Mafia (London: Simon & Schuster, 1995; Pocket Books, 1996), and A.Stille. Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995). For the Colombian drugs traffickers see J.Pearce. Colombia: Inside the Labyrinth, (London: Latin American Bureau, 1990), pp.1, 194-5. P. D.Scott and J. Marshall. Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp.76, 90. S.Strong. Whitewash: Pablo Escobar and the Cocaine Wars, (London: Macmillan, 1995), pp.138-53. R.D.Tomasek, 'Complex Interdependency Theory: Drug Barons as Transnational Groups', W. C. Cliffs and J.R. Lee, The Theory and Practice of International Relations (NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994), pp.281-2. P.Williams, 'Transnational Criminal Organisations and International Security', Survival, 36/1 (Spring 1994), p.111.
36. For the Mafia see G. Falcone and M Padovani, Men of Honour: The Truth About the Mafia, (Paris: Edition 1, 1991; London: Fourth Estate, 1992), pp.157-62. R.Catanzaro, Men of Respect: A Social History of the Sicilian Mafia (Padua: Liviana Editrice spa, 1988; New York: Free Press, 1992), pp.214-16. J.Parker. The Walking Dead: A Woman's Brave Stand Against the Mafia (London: Simon & Schuster, 1995; Pocket Books, 1996), and A.Stille. Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995). For the Colombian drugs traffickers see J.Pearce. Colombia: Inside the Labyrinth, (London: Latin American Bureau, 1990), pp.1, 194-5. P. D.Scott and J. Marshall. Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp.76, 90. S.Strong. Whitewash: Pablo Escobar and the Cocaine Wars, (London: Macmillan, 1995), pp.138-53. R.D.Tomasek, 'Complex Interdependency Theory: Drug Barons as Transnational Groups', W. C. Cliffs and J.R. Lee, The Theory and Practice of International Relations (NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994), pp.281-2. P.Williams, 'Transnational Criminal Organisations and International Security', Survival, 36/1 (Spring 1994), p.111.
37. For the Mafia see G. Falcone and M Padovani, Men of Honour: The Truth About the Mafia, (Paris: Edition 1, 1991; London: Fourth Estate, 1992), pp.157-62. R.Catanzaro, Men of Respect: A Social History of the Sicilian Mafia (Padua: Liviana Editrice spa, 1988; New York: Free Press, 1992), pp.214-16. J.Parker. The Walking Dead: A Woman's Brave Stand Against the Mafia (London: Simon & Schuster, 1995; Pocket Books, 1996), and A.Stille. Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995). For the Colombian drugs traffickers see J.Pearce. Colombia: Inside the Labyrinth, (London: Latin American Bureau, 1990), pp.1, 194-5. P. D.Scott and J. Marshall. Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp.76, 90. S.Strong. Whitewash: Pablo Escobar and the Cocaine Wars, (London: Macmillan, 1995), pp.138-53. R.D.Tomasek, 'Complex Interdependency Theory: Drug Barons as Transnational Groups', W. C. Cliffs and J.R. Lee, The Theory and Practice of International Relations (NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994), pp.281-2. P.Williams, 'Transnational Criminal Organisations and International Security', Survival, 36/1 (Spring 1994), p.111.
38. Herri Batasuna, The 'Herri Batasuna' the Basque Country Needs; Herri Batasuna, The Recognition of Democratic Rigths [sic] in Basque Country, pp.3-4, 5. R.P.Clark. The Basque Insurgents: ETA, 1952-1980, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 275-6. F.Jiminez. 'Spain: The Terrorist Challenge and the Government's Response', T&PV, 4/4 (Winter 1992), p.111.
39. Herri Batasuna, The 'Herri Batasuna' the Basque Country Needs; Herri Batasuna, The Recognition of Democratic Rigths [sic] in Basque Country, pp.3-4, 5. R.P.Clark. The Basque Insurgents: ETA, 1952-1980, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 275-6. F.Jiminez. 'Spain: The Terrorist Challenge and the Government's Response', T&PV, 4/4 (Winter 1992), p.111.
40. Herri Batasuna, The 'Herri Batasuna' the Basque Country Needs; Herri Batasuna, The Recognition of Democratic Rigths [sic] in Basque Country, pp.3-4, 5. R.P.Clark. The Basque Insurgents: ETA, 1952-1980, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 275-6. F.Jiminez. 'Spain: The Terrorist Challenge and the Government's Response', T&PV, 4/4 (Winter 1992), p.111.
41. Herri Batasuna, The 'Herri Batasuna' the Basque Country Needs; Herri Batasuna, The Recognition of Democratic Rigths [sic] in Basque Country, pp.3-4, 5. R.P.Clark. The Basque Insurgents: ETA, 1952-1980, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 275-6. F.Jiminez. 'Spain: The Terrorist Challenge and the Government's Response', T&PV, 4/4 (Winter 1992), p.111.
42. B. Pollack and G. Hunter, 'Dictatorship, Democracy and Terrorism in Spain', in J. Lodge (ed.) The Threat of Terrorism (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1988), pp.127-30. F. Liera, J. M. Mata and C. L. Irwin, 'ETA: From Secret Army to Social Movement - The Post-Franco Schism of the Basque Nationalist Movement', T&PV, 5/3 (Autumn 1993), pp.115-16.
43. B. Pollack and G. Hunter, 'Dictatorship, Democracy and Terrorism in Spain', in J. Lodge (ed.) The Threat of Terrorism (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1988), pp.127-30. F. Liera, J. M. Mata and C. L. Irwin, 'ETA: From Secret Army to Social Movement - The Post-Franco Schism of the Basque Nationalist Movement', T&PV, 5/3 (Autumn 1993), pp.115-16.
44. H. M. Cubert, 'The Militant Palestinian Organizations and the Arab-Israeli Peace Process', T&PV, 4/1 (Spring 1992), pp.32-3.
45. D. Henshaw. (note 11), pp.31, 100-1.
46. T. Parker, May the Lord in His Mercy be Kind to Belfast (London: Jonathon Cape, 1993), p.324.
47. P. C. Hearst and A.Moscow, Every Secret Thing (London: Methuen, 1982; Arrow, 1983), p.351.
48. 'Change of Tactics by the Provos', Financial Times, 4 February 1977. 'Can Ulster Sustain its Pepperpot Investment', The Guardian, 4 February 1977. 'Gunmen Fail in Bid to Assassinate Two Leading Belfast Businessmen', The Irish Times, 11 February 1977. 'IRA Attacks Grass Roots Imperialism', Republican News, 19 February 1977. 'Businessmen not Expendable, Unlike Brit Troops', Republican News, 26 March 1977. P. Bishop and E. Mallie, The Provisional IRA (London: Heinemann, 1987; Corgi, 1988), p.326. T. P. Coogan, The IRA (Glasgow: Fontana/Collins, 1987), pp.473, 690.
49. 'Change of Tactics by the Provos', Financial Times, 4 February 1977. 'Can Ulster Sustain its Pepperpot Investment', The Guardian, 4 February 1977. 'Gunmen Fail in Bid to Assassinate Two Leading Belfast Businessmen', The Irish Times, 11 February 1977. 'IRA Attacks Grass Roots Imperialism', Republican News, 19 February 1977. 'Businessmen not Expendable, Unlike Brit Troops', Republican News, 26 March 1977. P. Bishop and E. Mallie, The Provisional IRA (London: Heinemann, 1987; Corgi, 1988), p.326. T. P. Coogan, The IRA (Glasgow: Fontana/Collins, 1987), pp.473, 690.
50. 'Change of Tactics by the Provos', Financial Times, 4 February 1977. 'Can Ulster Sustain its Pepperpot Investment', The Guardian, 4 February 1977. 'Gunmen Fail in Bid to Assassinate Two Leading Belfast Businessmen', The Irish Times, 11 February 1977. 'IRA Attacks Grass Roots Imperialism', Republican News, 19 February 1977. 'Businessmen not Expendable, Unlike Brit Troops', Republican News, 26 March 1977. P. Bishop and E. Mallie, The Provisional IRA (London: Heinemann, 1987; Corgi, 1988), p.326. T. P. Coogan, The IRA (Glasgow: Fontana/Collins, 1987), pp.473, 690.
51. 'Change of Tactics by the Provos', Financial Times, 4 February 1977. 'Can Ulster Sustain its Pepperpot Investment', The Guardian, 4 February 1977. 'Gunmen Fail in Bid to Assassinate Two Leading Belfast Businessmen', The Irish Times, 11 February 1977. 'IRA Attacks Grass Roots Imperialism', Republican News, 19 February 1977. 'Businessmen not Expendable, Unlike Brit Troops', Republican News, 26 March 1977. P. Bishop and E. Mallie, The Provisional IRA (London: Heinemann, 1987; Corgi, 1988), p.326. T. P. Coogan, The IRA (Glasgow: Fontana/Collins, 1987), pp.473, 690.
52. 'Change of Tactics by the Provos', Financial Times, 4 February 1977. 'Can Ulster Sustain its Pepperpot Investment', The Guardian, 4 February 1977. 'Gunmen Fail in Bid to Assassinate Two Leading Belfast Businessmen', The Irish Times, 11 February 1977. 'IRA Attacks Grass Roots Imperialism', Republican News, 19 February 1977. 'Businessmen not Expendable, Unlike Brit Troops', Republican News, 26 March 1977. P. Bishop and E. Mallie, The Provisional IRA (London: Heinemann, 1987; Corgi, 1988), p.326. T. P. Coogan, The IRA (Glasgow: Fontana/Collins, 1987), pp.473, 690.
53. 'Change of Tactics by the Provos', Financial Times, 4 February 1977. 'Can Ulster Sustain its Pepperpot Investment', The Guardian, 4 February 1977. 'Gunmen Fail in Bid to Assassinate Two Leading Belfast Businessmen', The Irish Times, 11 February 1977. 'IRA Attacks Grass Roots Imperialism', Republican News, 19 February 1977. 'Businessmen not Expendable, Unlike Brit Troops', Republican News, 26 March 1977. P. Bishop and E. Mallie, The Provisional IRA (London: Heinemann, 1987; Corgi, 1988), p.326. T. P. Coogan, The IRA (Glasgow: Fontana/Collins, 1987), pp.473, 690.
54. 'Change of Tactics by the Provos', Financial Times, 4 February 1977. 'Can Ulster Sustain its Pepperpot Investment', The Guardian, 4 February 1977. 'Gunmen Fail in Bid to Assassinate Two Leading Belfast Businessmen', The Irish Times, 11 February 1977. 'IRA Attacks Grass Roots Imperialism', Republican News, 19 February 1977. 'Businessmen not Expendable, Unlike Brit Troops', Republican News, 26 March 1977. P. Bishop and E. Mallie, The Provisional IRA (London: Heinemann, 1987; Corgi, 1988), p.326. T. P. Coogan, The IRA (Glasgow: Fontana/Collins, 1987), pp.473, 690.
55. P. Bishop and E. Mallie (Note 19), p.421. 'Laing Bow to IRA's Threats', The Daily Telegraph, 2 August 1986. 'The Provo's Easiest Coup', The Times, 8 August 1986. 'The Gunman's Shadow Falls Across Ulster Business', Financial Times, 11 August 1986. 'Army Deploys 1,000 Extra Men in Ulster Repair Work', The Daily Telegraph, 7 September 1991. 'The Background to the Teebane Ambush', An Phoblacht/Republican News (henceforth AP/RN) 23 January 1992.
56. P. Bishop and E. Mallie (Note 19), p.421. 'Laing Bow to IRA's Threats', The Daily Telegraph, 2 August 1986. 'The Provo's Easiest Coup', The Times, 8 August 1986. 'The Gunman's Shadow Falls Across Ulster Business', Financial Times, 11 August 1986. 'Army Deploys 1,000 Extra Men in Ulster Repair Work', The Daily Telegraph, 7 September 1991. 'The Background to the Teebane Ambush', An Phoblacht/Republican News (henceforth AP/RN) 23 January 1992.
57. P. Bishop and E. Mallie (Note 19), p.421. 'Laing Bow to IRA's Threats', The Daily Telegraph, 2 August 1986. 'The Provo's Easiest Coup', The Times, 8 August 1986. 'The Gunman's Shadow Falls Across Ulster Business', Financial Times, 11 August 1986. 'Army Deploys 1,000 Extra Men in Ulster Repair Work', The Daily Telegraph, 7 September 1991. 'The Background to the Teebane Ambush', An Phoblacht/Republican News (henceforth AP/RN) 23 January 1992.
58. P. Bishop and E. Mallie (Note 19), p.421. 'Laing Bow to IRA's Threats', The Daily Telegraph, 2 August 1986. 'The Provo's Easiest Coup', The Times, 8 August 1986. 'The Gunman's Shadow Falls Across Ulster Business', Financial Times, 11 August 1986. 'Army Deploys 1,000 Extra Men in Ulster Repair Work', The Daily Telegraph, 7 September 1991. 'The Background to the Teebane Ambush', An Phoblacht/Republican News (henceforth AP/RN) 23 January 1992.
59. P. Bishop and E. Mallie (Note 19), p.421. 'Laing Bow to IRA's Threats', The Daily Telegraph, 2 August 1986. 'The Provo's Easiest Coup', The Times, 8 August 1986. 'The Gunman's Shadow Falls Across Ulster Business', Financial Times, 11 August 1986. 'Army Deploys 1,000 Extra Men in Ulster Repair Work', The Daily Telegraph, 7 September 1991. 'The Background to the Teebane Ambush', An Phoblacht/Republican News (henceforth AP/RN) 23 January 1992.
60. B. M. Jenkins, International Terrorism: The Other World War (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1985), p.16.
61. 'Gow Killed Because of his Influence on Thatcher, IRA Says', The Independent, 1 August 1990.
62. D. McKittrick, Endgame: The Search for Peace in Northern Ireland (Belfast: Blackstaff, 1994), pp.89-90. A. Clark. Diaries (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993; Phoenix, 1994), pp.35, 121-2, 319.
63. D. McKittrick, Endgame: The Search for Peace in Northern Ireland (Belfast: Blackstaff, 1994), pp.89-90. A. Clark. Diaries (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993; Phoenix, 1994), pp.35, 121-2, 319.
64. R. Catanzaro, 'Subjective Experience and Objective Reality: An Account of Violence in the Words of its Protagonists', R. Catanzaro (ed.) The Red Brigades and Left-Wing Terrorism in Italy (London: Pinter, 1991), pp.190-1.
65. C.di Giovanni (Note 10), p.61.
66. Red Brigades - Fighting Communist Party, 'Communique on the Assassination of Ezio Tarantelli, a Rome University Economics Professor, in Rome on 27 March 1985', Y. Alexander and D.Pluchinsky (eds.), Europe's Red Terrorists: The Fighting Communist Organizations (London: Frank Cass, 1992), p.203.
67. 'Germany Tested to its Limits', The Independent, 3 April 1991. 'Obituary: Detlev Rohwedder', The Independent, 3 April 1991.
68. 'Germany Tested to its Limits', The Independent, 3 April 1991. 'Obituary: Detlev Rohwedder', The Independent, 3 April 1991.
69. Red Army Faction. 'Communique on the Assassination of Detlev Rohwedder, President of Treuhandanstalt, in Dusseldorf on 1 April 1991'- Y.Alexander and D.Pluchinsky (eds.). (note 26), p.79.
70. Red Army Faction, 'Communique on the Assassination of Detlev Rohwedder', pp.79-84.
71. Ibid, p.82.
72. 'Tragedy of Ulster's Relentless Cycle of Violence', The Independent, 6 February 1992.
73. 'UVF Gunmen "Laughed as They Fled" Pub Massacre', The Guardian, 25 January 1995. S. Bruce, The Red Hand: Protestant Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press [henceforth OUP], 1992), p.54. M.Dillon, The Shankill Butchers: A Case Study of Mass Murder (London: Hutchinson, 1989; Arrow, 1990), pp.xxiv, 24, 65, 166.
74. 'UVF Gunmen "Laughed as They Fled" Pub Massacre', The Guardian, 25 January 1995. S. Bruce, The Red Hand: Protestant Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press [henceforth OUP], 1992), p.54. M.Dillon, The Shankill Butchers: A Case Study of Mass Murder (London: Hutchinson, 1989; Arrow, 1990), pp.xxiv, 24, 65, 166.
75. 'UVF Gunmen "Laughed as They Fled" Pub Massacre', The Guardian, 25 January 1995. S. Bruce, The Red Hand: Protestant Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press [henceforth OUP], 1992), p.54. M.Dillon, The Shankill Butchers: A Case Study of Mass Murder (London: Hutchinson, 1989; Arrow, 1990), pp.xxiv, 24, 65, 166.
76. P. Bishop and E. Mallie (note 19), pp.182, 195. K.Toolis, Rebel Hearts: Journeys Within the IRA's Soul, (London: Picador, 1995), pp.126, 357-8.
77. Quoted in R. Holmes, Firing Line (London: Jonathan Cape, 1985; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), p.360.
78. J. Ellis, The Sharp End of War: The Fighting Man in World War II, (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1980; London: Corgi, 1982), pp.319-20. R. Holmes, (note 34), pp.370, 373-5.
79. A. Calder. The People s War: Britain 1939-1945, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1969; Granada, 1982), pp.566-7. M. Hastings, Bomber Command (London: Michael Joseph, 1979; Pan, 1981), pp.125-6, 135-6. M. Walzer. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, (New York: Basic Books, 1977; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980), p.256. G. Best. Humanity in Warfare: The Modern History of the International Law of Armed Conflicts, (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980; Methuen, 1983), pp.267-85.
80. A. Calder. The People s War: Britain 1939-1945, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1969; Granada, 1982), pp.566-7. M. Hastings, Bomber Command (London: Michael Joseph, 1979; Pan, 1981), pp.125-6, 135-6. M. Walzer. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, (New York: Basic Books, 1977; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980), p.256. G. Best. Humanity in Warfare: The Modern History of the International Law of Armed Conflicts, (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980; Methuen, 1983), pp.267-85.
81. A. Calder. The People s War: Britain 1939-1945, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1969; Granada, 1982), pp.566-7. M. Hastings, Bomber Command (London: Michael Joseph, 1979; Pan, 1981), pp.125-6, 135-6. M. Walzer. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, (New York: Basic Books, 1977; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980), p.256. G. Best. Humanity in Warfare: The Modern History of the International Law of Armed Conflicts, (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980; Methuen, 1983), pp.267-85.
82. A. Calder. The People s War: Britain 1939-1945, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1969; Granada, 1982), pp.566-7. M. Hastings, Bomber Command (London: Michael Joseph, 1979; Pan, 1981), pp.125-6, 135-6. M. Walzer. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, (New York: Basic Books, 1977; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980), p.256. G. Best. Humanity in Warfare: The Modern History of the International Law of Armed Conflicts, (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980; Methuen, 1983), pp.267-85.
83. W. R. Farrell, Blood and Rage: The Story of the Japanese Red Army, (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990), p.142. B. M. Jenkins. (Note 21), p.48.
84. In this context the term European refers to French and other European settlers in Algeria and their descendants.
85. M.Crenshaw Hutchinson, (note 2), p. 19.
86. '16 killed in Bomb Attack on Jewish Groups in Argentina', The Independent, 19 July 1994. 'Explosion Levels Building Housing Jewish Groups', The Guardian, 19 July 1994. B. Hoffman and D. K. Huffman. 'The RAND-St Andrews Chronology of International Terrorism, 1994', T&PV, 7/4, (Winter 1995), p.210.
87. '16 killed in Bomb Attack on Jewish Groups in Argentina', The Independent, 19 July 1994. 'Explosion Levels Building Housing Jewish Groups', The Guardian, 19 July 1994. B. Hoffman and D. K. Huffman. 'The RAND-St Andrews Chronology of International Terrorism, 1994', T&PV, 7/4, (Winter 1995), p.210.
88. '16 killed in Bomb Attack on Jewish Groups in Argentina', The Independent, 19 July 1994. 'Explosion Levels Building Housing Jewish Groups', The Guardian, 19 July 1994. B. Hoffman and D. K. Huffman. 'The RAND-St Andrews Chronology of International Terrorism, 1994', T&PV, 7/4, (Winter 1995), p.210.
89. 'Hizbollah Adopts An "Eye for an Eye" Tactic', The Independent, 20 July 1994.
90. P. Bishop and E. Mallie (note 19), p.171.
91. 'Bombing "Devastating" to IRA', The Independent, 11 November 1987.
92. A. Iyad and E.Rouleau. My Home My Land: A Narrative of the Palestinian Struggle, (Paris: Fayolle, 1978; New York: Times Books, 1981), pp.106, 111.
93. S. Aust, The Baader-Meinhof Group: The Inside Story of a Phenomenon (Hamburg: Hoffman & Campe Verlag, 1985; London: Bodley Head, 1987), p.530. Also see P. Koch and K. Hermann, Assault at Mogadishu (Hamburg: Stem, 1977; London: Corgi, 1977), pp. 139-40.
94. S. Aust, The Baader-Meinhof Group: The Inside Story of a Phenomenon (Hamburg: Hoffman & Campe Verlag, 1985; London: Bodley Head, 1987), p.530. Also see P. Koch and K. Hermann, Assault at Mogadishu (Hamburg: Stem, 1977; London: Corgi, 1977), pp. 139-40.
95. 'All Killings And Tragedies Stem From British Interference', Republican News, 25 February 1978. D. McKittrick, Despatches from Belfast (Belfast: Blackstaff, 1989), p.86.
96. 'All Killings And Tragedies Stem From British Interference', Republican News, 25 February 1978. D. McKittrick, Despatches from Belfast (Belfast: Blackstaff, 1989), p.86.
97. 'IRA warns of more bombs', The Observer, 1 February 1987.
98. M. Dillon and D. Lehane, Political Murder in Northern Ireland (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973), p.256. J. Bowyer Bell, IRA Tactics and Targets: An Analysis of Tactical Aspects of the Armed Struggle, 1969-1989 (Swords: Poolbeg, 1990), pp.27, 48, 116.
99. M. Dillon and D. Lehane, Political Murder in Northern Ireland (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973), p.256. J. Bowyer Bell, IRA Tactics and Targets: An Analysis of Tactical Aspects of the Armed Struggle, 1969-1989 (Swords: Poolbeg, 1990), pp.27, 48, 116.
100. D. Moss (note 5), p.58.
101. P. Willan, Puppet Masters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy (London: Constable, 1991), pp.201-2.
102. J. Bowyer Bell (note 48), pp.31-2.
103. T. Parker (note 17), pp.325-6.
104. 'We remain totally committed and confident in victory' -Oglaigh na hEireann', AP/RN, 14, (February 1991), 'The IRA Statement', AP/RN, 23 January 1992. P. Bishop and E. Mallie (note 19), p.421.
105. 'We remain totally committed and confident in victory' -Oglaigh na hEireann', AP/RN, 14, (February 1991), 'The IRA Statement', AP/RN, 23 January 1992. P. Bishop and E. Mallie (note 19), p.421.
106. 'IRA Rings Changes To Restore Balance Of Terror', The Guardian, 5 May 1987. 'What's On the Agenda Now is an End to Partition', The Irish Times, 10 December 1986. G. Adams, The Politics of Irish Freedom (Dingle: Brandon, 1986), p.121.
107. 'IRA Rings Changes To Restore Balance Of Terror', The Guardian, 5 May 1987. 'What's On the Agenda Now is an End to Partition', The Irish Times, 10 December 1986. G. Adams, The Politics of Irish Freedom (Dingle: Brandon, 1986), p.121.
108. 'IRA Rings Changes To Restore Balance Of Terror', The Guardian, 5 May 1987. 'What's On the Agenda Now is an End to Partition', The Irish Times, 10 December 1986. G. Adams, The Politics of Irish Freedom (Dingle: Brandon, 1986), p.121.
109. For a view of republican and loyalist ideologies see: G. Adams (Note 54), K. J. Kelley, The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA (London: Zed Books, 1988). H. Patterson. The Politics of Illusion: Republicanism and Socialism in Modern Ireland (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989). L. Clarke, Broadening the Battlefield: The H-Blocks and the Rise of Sinn Fein (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1987). T. P. Coogan (note 19). S. Bruce, The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision (Oxford: OUP, 1994). S. Bruce (note 32). S. Nelson, Ulster's Uncertain Defenders: Loyalists and the Northern Ireland Conflict (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1984). A number of other books do not aim specifically at setting out the political vision of the paramilitaries in Northern Ireland, but are very good at describing the political and social environment within which they have developed, including: S. Bruce, God Save Ulster: The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism (Oxford: OUP, 1986; 1989). F.O'Connor, In Search of a State: Catholics in Northern Ireland (Belfast: Blackstaff, 1993).
110. For a view of republican and loyalist ideologies see: G. Adams (Note 54), K. J. Kelley, The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA (London: Zed Books, 1988). H. Patterson. The Politics of Illusion: Republicanism and Socialism in Modern Ireland (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989). L. Clarke, Broadening the Battlefield: The H-Blocks and the Rise of Sinn Fein (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1987). T. P. Coogan (note 19). S. Bruce, The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision (Oxford: OUP, 1994). S. Bruce (note 32). S. Nelson, Ulster's Uncertain Defenders: Loyalists and the Northern Ireland Conflict (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1984). A number of other books do not aim specifically at setting out the political vision of the paramilitaries in Northern Ireland, but are very good at describing the political and social environment within which they have developed, including: S. Bruce, God Save Ulster: The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism (Oxford: OUP, 1986; 1989). F.O'Connor, In Search of a State: Catholics in Northern Ireland (Belfast: Blackstaff, 1993).
111. For a view of republican and loyalist ideologies see: G. Adams (Note 54), K. J. Kelley, The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA (London: Zed Books, 1988). H. Patterson. The Politics of Illusion: Republicanism and Socialism in Modern Ireland (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989). L. Clarke, Broadening the Battlefield: The H-Blocks and the Rise of Sinn Fein (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1987). T. P. Coogan (note 19). S. Bruce, The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision (Oxford: OUP, 1994). S. Bruce (note 32). S. Nelson, Ulster's Uncertain Defenders: Loyalists and the Northern Ireland Conflict (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1984). A number of other books do not aim specifically at setting out the political vision of the paramilitaries in Northern Ireland, but are very good at describing the political and social environment within which they have developed, including: S. Bruce, God Save Ulster: The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism (Oxford: OUP, 1986; 1989). F.O'Connor, In Search of a State: Catholics in Northern Ireland (Belfast: Blackstaff, 1993).
112. For a view of republican and loyalist ideologies see: G. Adams (Note 54), K. J. Kelley, The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA (London: Zed Books, 1988). H. Patterson. The Politics of Illusion: Republicanism and Socialism in Modern Ireland (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989). L. Clarke, Broadening the Battlefield: The H-Blocks and the Rise of Sinn Fein (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1987). T. P. Coogan (note 19). S. Bruce, The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision (Oxford: OUP, 1994). S. Bruce (note 32). S. Nelson, Ulster's Uncertain Defenders: Loyalists and the Northern Ireland Conflict (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1984). A number of other books do not aim specifically at setting out the political vision of the paramilitaries in Northern Ireland, but are very good at describing the political and social environment within which they have developed, including: S. Bruce, God Save Ulster: The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism (Oxford: OUP, 1986; 1989). F.O'Connor, In Search of a State: Catholics in Northern Ireland (Belfast: Blackstaff, 1993).
113. For a view of republican and loyalist ideologies see: G. Adams (Note 54), K. J. Kelley, The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA (London: Zed Books, 1988). H. Patterson. The Politics of Illusion: Republicanism and Socialism in Modern Ireland (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989). L. Clarke, Broadening the Battlefield: The H-Blocks and the Rise of Sinn Fein (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1987). T. P. Coogan (note 19). S. Bruce, The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision (Oxford: OUP, 1994). S. Bruce (note 32). S. Nelson, Ulster's Uncertain Defenders: Loyalists and the Northern Ireland Conflict (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1984). A number of other books do not aim specifically at setting out the political vision of the paramilitaries in Northern Ireland, but are very good at describing the political and social environment within which they have developed, including: S. Bruce, God Save Ulster: The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism (Oxford: OUP, 1986; 1989). F.O'Connor, In Search of a State: Catholics in Northern Ireland (Belfast: Blackstaff, 1993).
114. For a view of republican and loyalist ideologies see: G. Adams (Note 54), K. J. Kelley, The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA (London: Zed Books, 1988). H. Patterson. The Politics of Illusion: Republicanism and Socialism in Modern Ireland (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989). L. Clarke, Broadening the Battlefield: The H-Blocks and the Rise of Sinn Fein (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1987). T. P. Coogan (note 19). S. Bruce, The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision (Oxford: OUP, 1994). S. Bruce (note 32). S. Nelson, Ulster's Uncertain Defenders: Loyalists and the Northern Ireland Conflict (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1984). A number of other books do not aim specifically at setting out the political vision of the paramilitaries in Northern Ireland, but are very good at describing the political and social environment within which they have developed, including: S. Bruce, God Save Ulster: The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism (Oxford: OUP, 1986; 1989). F.O'Connor, In Search of a State: Catholics in Northern Ireland (Belfast: Blackstaff, 1993).
115. For a view of republican and loyalist ideologies see: G. Adams (Note 54), K. J. Kelley, The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA (London: Zed Books, 1988). H. Patterson. The Politics of Illusion: Republicanism and Socialism in Modern Ireland (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989). L. Clarke, Broadening the Battlefield: The H-Blocks and the Rise of Sinn Fein (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1987). T. P. Coogan (note 19). S. Bruce, The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision (Oxford: OUP, 1994). S. Bruce (note 32). S. Nelson, Ulster's Uncertain Defenders: Loyalists and the Northern Ireland Conflict (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1984). A number of other books do not aim specifically at setting out the political vision of the paramilitaries in Northern Ireland, but are very good at describing the political and social environment within which they have developed, including: S. Bruce, God Save Ulster: The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism (Oxford: OUP, 1986; 1989). F.O'Connor, In Search of a State: Catholics in Northern Ireland (Belfast: Blackstaff, 1993).
116. R. P. Clark (note 13), p.40.
117. R. P. Clark. 'Patterns of Eta Violence: 1968-1980', P.H.Merkl (ed). Political Violence and Terror: Motifs and Motivations, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), p.136.
118. F. Liera, J. M. Mata and C. L. Irwin (Note 14), p.132.
119. R. P. Clark (Note 57), p.136. B. Pollack and G.Hunter (note 14), p.126. R. P. Clark, The Basques: The Franco Years and Beyond, (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1979), pp. 170-4.
120. R. P.Clark (Note 57), p. 136.
121. 'King Coke', The Independent, 21 July 1990. 'In Medellin, Walls do Not a Prison Make', The Independent, 8 August 1992. J. Pearce. (note 12), pp.177-8, 247. Amnesty International, Political Violence in Colombia: Myth and reality (London: Amnesty International, 1994), p.52. C. Watson, 'Guerrilla Groups in Colombia: Reconstituting the Political Process', T&PV, 4/2, (Summer 1992), pp.95-6.
122. 'King Coke', The Independent, 21 July 1990. 'In Medellin, Walls do Not a Prison Make', The Independent, 8 August 1992. J. Pearce. (note 12), pp.177-8, 247. Amnesty International, Political Violence in Colombia: Myth and reality (London: Amnesty International, 1994), p.52. C. Watson, 'Guerrilla Groups in Colombia: Reconstituting the Political Process', T&PV, 4/2, (Summer 1992), pp.95-6.
123. 'King Coke', The Independent, 21 July 1990. 'In Medellin, Walls do Not a Prison Make', The Independent, 8 August 1992. J. Pearce. (note 12), pp.177-8, 247. Amnesty International, Political Violence in Colombia: Myth and reality (London: Amnesty International, 1994), p.52. C. Watson, 'Guerrilla Groups in Colombia: Reconstituting the Political Process', T&PV, 4/2, (Summer 1992), pp.95-6.
124. 'King Coke', The Independent, 21 July 1990. 'In Medellin, Walls do Not a Prison Make', The Independent, 8 August 1992. J. Pearce. (note 12), pp.177-8, 247. Amnesty International, Political Violence in Colombia: Myth and reality (London: Amnesty International, 1994), p.52. C. Watson, 'Guerrilla Groups in Colombia: Reconstituting the Political Process', T&PV, 4/2, (Summer 1992), pp.95-6.
125. J. Pearce (Note 12), pp.1, 260-1. A. M. Bravo. 'Frontier Culture Takes to Cocaine', M.L.Smith (ed). Why People Grow Drugs: Narcotics and Development in the Third World, (London: Panos, 1992), p.75. C. Watson (Note 61), p.96. P. D. Scott and J. Marshall (Note 12), pp.89, 239, 262.
126. Amnesty International (Note 61 ), p.1.
127. J. Pearce (Note 12), pp.243, 249, 252-3, 254-5, 260-1. Amnesty International, Getting Away With Murder: Political Killings and 'Disappearances' in the 1990s (London: Amnesty International, 1993), pp.74, 88-9.
128. J. Pearce (Note 12), pp.196, 253, 262. Amnesty International (Note 61),
129. 'The Men Of War Promise Third Violent Decade', The independent, 29 September 1990. 'We remain totally committed and confident in victory' - Oglaigh na hEireann', AP/RN, 14 February 1991. 'Freedom's Soldiers Laid to Rest in Historic Tyrone', AP/RN, 13 June 1991. 'UDR "Comes of Age": Loyalist Militia Renamed', AP/RN, 25 July 1991. 'Terrorists in and out of Uniform', AP/RN, 4 July 1991. 'The IRA Statement', AP/RN, 23 January 1992. 'Royal Salute to Murder Regiment', AP/RN, 4 June 1992. J. Bowyer Bell (Note 48), pp.29-32.
130. 'The Men Of War Promise Third Violent Decade', The independent, 29 September 1990. 'We remain totally committed and confident in victory' - Oglaigh na hEireann', AP/RN, 14 February 1991. 'Freedom's Soldiers Laid to Rest in Historic Tyrone', AP/RN, 13 June 1991. 'UDR "Comes of Age": Loyalist Militia Renamed', AP/RN, 25 July 1991. 'Terrorists in and out of Uniform', AP/RN, 4 July 1991. 'The IRA Statement', AP/RN, 23 January 1992. 'Royal Salute to Murder Regiment', AP/RN, 4 June 1992. J. Bowyer Bell (Note 48), pp.29-32.
131. 'The Men Of War Promise Third Violent Decade', The independent, 29 September 1990. 'We remain totally committed and confident in victory' - Oglaigh na hEireann', AP/RN, 14 February 1991. 'Freedom's Soldiers Laid to Rest in Historic Tyrone', AP/RN, 13 June 1991. 'UDR "Comes of Age": Loyalist Militia Renamed', AP/RN, 25 July 1991. 'Terrorists in and out of Uniform', AP/RN, 4 July 1991. 'The IRA Statement', AP/RN, 23 January 1992. 'Royal Salute to Murder Regiment', AP/RN, 4 June 1992. J. Bowyer Bell (Note 48), pp.29-32.
132. 'The Men Of War Promise Third Violent Decade', The independent, 29 September 1990. 'We remain totally committed and confident in victory' - Oglaigh na hEireann', AP/RN, 14 February 1991. 'Freedom's Soldiers Laid to Rest in Historic Tyrone', AP/RN, 13 June 1991. 'UDR "Comes of Age": Loyalist Militia Renamed', AP/RN, 25 July 1991. 'Terrorists in and out of Uniform', AP/RN, 4 July 1991. 'The IRA Statement', AP/RN, 23 January 1992. 'Royal Salute to Murder Regiment', AP/RN, 4 June 1992. J. Bowyer Bell (Note 48), pp.29-32.
133. 'The Men Of War Promise Third Violent Decade', The independent, 29 September 1990. 'We remain totally committed and confident in victory' - Oglaigh na hEireann', AP/RN, 14 February 1991. 'Freedom's Soldiers Laid to Rest in Historic Tyrone', AP/RN, 13 June 1991. 'UDR "Comes of Age": Loyalist Militia Renamed', AP/RN, 25 July 1991. 'Terrorists in and out of Uniform', AP/RN, 4 July 1991. 'The IRA Statement', AP/RN, 23 January 1992. 'Royal Salute to Murder Regiment', AP/RN, 4 June 1992. J. Bowyer Bell (Note 48), pp.29-32.
134. 'The Men Of War Promise Third Violent Decade', The independent, 29 September 1990. 'We remain totally committed and confident in victory' - Oglaigh na hEireann', AP/RN, 14 February 1991. 'Freedom's Soldiers Laid to Rest in Historic Tyrone', AP/RN, 13 June 1991. 'UDR "Comes of Age": Loyalist Militia Renamed', AP/RN, 25 July 1991. 'Terrorists in and out of Uniform', AP/RN, 4 July 1991. 'The IRA Statement', AP/RN, 23 January 1992. 'Royal Salute to Murder Regiment', AP/RN, 4 June 1992. J. Bowyer Bell (Note 48), pp.29-32.
135. 'The Men Of War Promise Third Violent Decade', The independent, 29 September 1990. 'We remain totally committed and confident in victory' - Oglaigh na hEireann', AP/RN, 14 February 1991. 'Freedom's Soldiers Laid to Rest in Historic Tyrone', AP/RN, 13 June 1991. 'UDR "Comes of Age": Loyalist Militia Renamed', AP/RN, 25 July 1991. 'Terrorists in and out of Uniform', AP/RN, 4 July 1991. 'The IRA Statement', AP/RN, 23 January 1992. 'Royal Salute to Murder Regiment', AP/RN, 4 June 1992. J. Bowyer Bell (Note 48), pp.29-32.
136. 'The Price of Survival in a Divided Land', The Independent on Sunday, 18 October 1992. 'Victimised', Fortnight, 320, (September 1993). 'Sinn Fein Death Part of Sustained Assault', The Independent, 10 August 1993. S. Bruce (note 32), p.277.
137. 'The Price of Survival in a Divided Land', The Independent on Sunday, 18 October 1992. 'Victimised', Fortnight, 320, (September 1993). 'Sinn Fein Death Part of Sustained Assault', The Independent, 10 August 1993. S. Bruce (note 32), p.277.
138. 'The Price of Survival in a Divided Land', The Independent on Sunday, 18 October 1992. 'Victimised', Fortnight, 320, (September 1993). 'Sinn Fein Death Part of Sustained Assault', The Independent, 10 August 1993. S. Bruce (note 32), p.277.
139. 'For Queen and Country', The Guardian , supplement, 19 October 1993.
140. 'Loyalist Group Threatens Catholic Massacre', The Independent, 8 September 1993. 'Loyalists come out shooting to defend lost cause', The Times, 9 September 1993. 'For Queen and Country', The Guardian , supplement, 19 October 1993.
141. 'Loyalist Group Threatens Catholic Massacre', The Independent, 8 September 1993. 'Loyalists come out shooting to defend lost cause', The Times, 9 September 1993. 'For Queen and Country', The Guardian , supplement, 19 October 1993.
142. 'Loyalist Group Threatens Catholic Massacre', The Independent, 8 September 1993. 'Loyalists come out shooting to defend lost cause', The Times, 9 September 1993. 'For Queen and Country', The Guardian , supplement, 19 October 1993.
143. S.Bruce (note 32), pp.58, 261, 277. S. Bruce, The Edge of the Union, pp.42-3. S. Nelson. (note 55), p.120. M. Dillon (Note 32), p.17. D. L. G. Hall, The Ulster Defence Association: A Case of Change and Continuity, MSSc, Queen's University, Belfast, 1988, pp.32-3, 81 (unpublished) 'Gritting it out on Border Farmlands', The Irish Times, 3 March 1983. 'Centre of Hatred Returns to Armagh', The Irish Times, 23 November 1983. J. Darby, Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland, (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), 136-7. T. Parker (Note 17), pp.293-4.
144. S.Bruce (note 32), pp.58, 261, 277. S. Bruce, The Edge of the Union, pp.42-3. S. Nelson. (note 55), p.120. M. Dillon (Note 32), p.17. D. L. G. Hall, The Ulster Defence Association: A Case of Change and Continuity, MSSc, Queen's University, Belfast, 1988, pp.32-3, 81 (unpublished) 'Gritting it out on Border Farmlands', The Irish Times, 3 March 1983. 'Centre of Hatred Returns to Armagh', The Irish Times, 23 November 1983. J. Darby, Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland, (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), 136-7. T. Parker (Note 17), pp.293-4.
145. S.Bruce (note 32), pp.58, 261, 277. S. Bruce, The Edge of the Union, pp.42-3. S. Nelson. (note 55), p.120. M. Dillon (Note 32), p.17. D. L. G. Hall, The Ulster Defence Association: A Case of Change and Continuity, MSSc, Queen's University, Belfast, 1988, pp.32-3, 81 (unpublished) 'Gritting it out on Border Farmlands', The Irish Times, 3 March 1983. 'Centre of Hatred Returns to Armagh', The Irish Times, 23 November 1983. J. Darby, Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland, (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), 136-7. T. Parker (Note 17), pp.293-4.
146. S.Bruce (note 32), pp.58, 261, 277. S. Bruce, The Edge of the Union, pp.42-3. S. Nelson. (note 55), p.120. M. Dillon (Note 32), p.17. D. L. G. Hall, The Ulster Defence Association: A Case of Change and Continuity, MSSc, Queen's University, Belfast, 1988, pp.32-3, 81 (unpublished) 'Gritting it out on Border Farmlands', The Irish Times, 3 March 1983. 'Centre of Hatred Returns to Armagh', The Irish Times, 23 November 1983. J. Darby, Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland, (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), 136-7. T. Parker (Note 17), pp.293-4.
147. S.Bruce (note 32), pp.58, 261, 277. S. Bruce, The Edge of the Union, pp.42-3. S. Nelson. (note 55), p.120. M. Dillon (Note 32), p.17. D. L. G. Hall, The Ulster Defence Association: A Case of Change and Continuity, MSSc, Queen's University, Belfast, 1988, pp.32-3, 81 (unpublished) 'Gritting it out on Border Farmlands', The Irish Times, 3 March 1983. 'Centre of Hatred Returns to Armagh', The Irish Times, 23 November 1983. J. Darby, Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland, (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), 136-7. T. Parker (Note 17), pp.293-4.
148. D. L.G. Hall (Note 70), p.256.
149. Bruce and Stevenson note that republicans have, on occasion, denied that Catholic victims of loyalist attacks were members of paramilitary groups - mainly for propaganda purposes and in order to claim government compensation for the deaths - only to honour them as members subsequently. S. Bruce, 'The Problem of "Pro-State" Terrorism: Loyalist Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland', T&PV, 4/4 (Spring 1992), p.79. S. Bruce. 'Northern Ireland: Reappraising Loyalist Violence', A. O'Day (ed.) Terrorism's Laboratory: The Case of Northern Ireland, (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1995), 119. S. Bruce (note 32), pp.261-2.
150. Bruce and Stevenson note that republicans have, on occasion, denied that Catholic victims of loyalist attacks were members of paramilitary groups - mainly for propaganda purposes and in order to claim government compensation for the deaths - only to honour them as members subsequently. S. Bruce, 'The Problem of "Pro-State" Terrorism: Loyalist Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland', T&PV, 4/4 (Spring 1992), p.79. S. Bruce. 'Northern Ireland: Reappraising Loyalist Violence', A. O'Day (ed.) Terrorism's Laboratory: The Case of Northern Ireland, (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1995), 119. S. Bruce (note 32), pp.261-2.
151. J. Stevenson, "We Wrecked the Place": Contemplating an End to the Northern Irish Troubles (New York: The Free Press, 1996), p.139n.
152. See: R. W. White, 'The Irish Republican Army: An Assessment of Sectarianism', T&PV, 9/1 (Spring 1997), pp.20-55. S. Bruce 'Victim Selection in Ethnic Conflict: Motives and Attitudes in Irish Republicanism', T&PV, 9/1 (Spring 1997), pp.56-71. R. W. White. 'The Irish Republican Army and Sectarianism: Moving Beyond the Anecdote', T&PV, 9/2 (Summer 1997), pp. 120-31.
153. See: R. W. White, 'The Irish Republican Army: An Assessment of Sectarianism', T&PV, 9/1 (Spring 1997), pp.20-55. S. Bruce 'Victim Selection in Ethnic Conflict: Motives and Attitudes in Irish Republicanism', T&PV, 9/1 (Spring 1997), pp.56-71. R. W. White. 'The Irish Republican Army and Sectarianism: Moving Beyond the Anecdote', T&PV, 9/2 (Summer 1997), pp. 120-31.
154. See: R. W. White, 'The Irish Republican Army: An Assessment of Sectarianism', T&PV, 9/1 (Spring 1997), pp.20-55. S. Bruce 'Victim Selection in Ethnic Conflict: Motives and Attitudes in Irish Republicanism', T&PV, 9/1 (Spring 1997), pp.56-71. R. W. White. 'The Irish Republican Army and Sectarianism: Moving Beyond the Anecdote', T&PV, 9/2 (Summer 1997), pp. 120-31.
155. S. Bruce (note 73), pp.64-5.
156. M. McKeown, Two Seven Six Three: An Analysis of Fatalities Attributable to Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland in the Twenty Years Between July 13th 1969 and July 12th 1989 (Luean: Murlough, 1989), p.57.
157. 'Catholics Make up 7 per cent of RUC', The Independent, 28 January 1993. C. Ryder, The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace? (London: Methuen, 1991), p.196.
158. 'Catholics Make up 7 per cent of RUC', The Independent, 28 January 1993. C. Ryder, The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace? (London: Methuen, 1991), p.196.
159. 'The Men Of War Promise Third Violent Decade', The Independent, 29 September 1990. R. W. White. 'The Irish Republican Army: An Assessment of Sectarianism' (note 73), p.33.
160. 'The Men Of War Promise Third Violent Decade', The Independent, 29 September 1990. R. W. White. 'The Irish Republican Army: An Assessment of Sectarianism' (note 73), p.33.
161. Ryder makes the point that early in the current troubles those Catholics who joined the UDR were especially vulnerable to intimidation, and that this - along with perceptions of anti-Catholic bias in security force activities - led to an 'exodus' of Catholics from the unit from 1971 onwards. C. Ryder (note 77), pp.45-9, 60, 196.
162. R. W. White. 'The Irish Republican Army and Sectarianism' (note 73), pp.128-9.
163. S. Bruce (Note 73), p.66.
164. 'Bombing "Devastating" to IRA', The Independent, 11 November 1987. 'Damage in Huge Blast Put at £20m', The Independent, 25 September 1992. 'Court Laboratory Bombed by IRA', The Times, 25 September 1992. D. McKittrick (note 23), pp.117-18. 'Loyalists Target of Sustained Campaign', The Independent, 25 October 1993. 'It's Going to be a Tragedy for People in the Ardoyne', The Guardian, 25 October 1993. 'Catholic Front line Waits in Fear for Retribution', The Independent, 26 October 1993. E. Mallie and D. McKittrick. The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story Behind the Irish Peace Process (London: Heinemann, 1996), pp.194-201.
165. 'Bombing "Devastating" to IRA', The Independent, 11 November 1987. 'Damage in Huge Blast Put at £20m', The Independent, 25 September 1992. 'Court Laboratory Bombed by IRA', The Times, 25 September 1992. D. McKittrick (note 23), pp.117-18. 'Loyalists Target of Sustained Campaign', The Independent, 25 October 1993. 'It's Going to be a Tragedy for People in the Ardoyne', The Guardian, 25 October 1993. 'Catholic Front line Waits in Fear for Retribution', The Independent, 26 October 1993. E. Mallie and D. McKittrick. The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story Behind the Irish Peace Process (London: Heinemann, 1996), pp.194-201.
166. 'Bombing "Devastating" to IRA', The Independent, 11 November 1987. 'Damage in Huge Blast Put at £20m', The Independent, 25 September 1992. 'Court Laboratory Bombed by IRA', The Times, 25 September 1992. D. McKittrick (note 23), pp.117-18. 'Loyalists Target of Sustained Campaign', The Independent, 25 October 1993. 'It's Going to be a Tragedy for People in the Ardoyne', The Guardian, 25 October 1993. 'Catholic Front line Waits in Fear for Retribution', The Independent, 26 October 1993. E. Mallie and D. McKittrick. The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story Behind the Irish Peace Process (London: Heinemann, 1996), pp.194-201.
167. 'Bombing "Devastating" to IRA', The Independent, 11 November 1987. 'Damage in Huge Blast Put at £20m', The Independent, 25 September 1992. 'Court Laboratory Bombed by IRA', The Times, 25 September 1992. D. McKittrick (note 23), pp.117-18. 'Loyalists Target of Sustained Campaign', The Independent, 25 October 1993. 'It's Going to be a Tragedy for People in the Ardoyne', The Guardian, 25 October 1993. 'Catholic Front line Waits in Fear for Retribution', The Independent, 26 October 1993. E. Mallie and D. McKittrick. The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story Behind the Irish Peace Process (London: Heinemann, 1996), pp.194-201.
168. 'Bombing "Devastating" to IRA', The Independent, 11 November 1987. 'Damage in Huge Blast Put at £20m', The Independent, 25 September 1992. 'Court Laboratory Bombed by IRA', The Times, 25 September 1992. D. McKittrick (note 23), pp.117-18. 'Loyalists Target of Sustained Campaign', The Independent, 25 October 1993. 'It's Going to be a Tragedy for People in the Ardoyne', The Guardian, 25 October 1993. 'Catholic Front line Waits in Fear for Retribution', The Independent, 26 October 1993. E. Mallie and D. McKittrick. The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story Behind the Irish Peace Process (London: Heinemann, 1996), pp.194-201.
169. 'Bombing "Devastating" to IRA', The Independent, 11 November 1987. 'Damage in Huge Blast Put at £20m', The Independent, 25 September 1992. 'Court Laboratory Bombed by IRA', The Times, 25 September 1992. D. McKittrick (note 23), pp.117-18. 'Loyalists Target of Sustained Campaign', The Independent, 25 October 1993. 'It's Going to be a Tragedy for People in the Ardoyne', The Guardian, 25 October 1993. 'Catholic Front line Waits in Fear for Retribution', The Independent, 26 October 1993. E. Mallie and D. McKittrick. The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story Behind the Irish Peace Process (London: Heinemann, 1996), pp.194-201.
170. 'Bombing "Devastating" to IRA', The Independent, 11 November 1987. 'Damage in Huge Blast Put at £20m', The Independent, 25 September 1992. 'Court Laboratory Bombed by IRA', The Times, 25 September 1992. D. McKittrick (note 23), pp.117-18. 'Loyalists Target of Sustained Campaign', The Independent, 25 October 1993. 'It's Going to be a Tragedy for People in the Ardoyne', The Guardian, 25 October 1993. 'Catholic Front line Waits in Fear for Retribution', The Independent, 26 October 1993. E. Mallie and D. McKittrick. The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story Behind the Irish Peace Process (London: Heinemann, 1996), pp.194-201.
171. R. W. White. 'The Irish Republican Army: An Assessment of Sectarianism' (note 73) pp.3 8-42. In particular see Table 3 on page 37.
172. C. Mullin, Error of Judgement: The Truth about the Birmingham Bombings, revised edition, (Swords: Poolbeg, 1990), pp.1-7, 256-66, passim. P. Bishop and E. Mallie (note 19), pp.257-9. 'IRA Bombers Kill Child, 4', The Independent on Sunday, 21 March 1993. 'Tim Parry, Victim Of IRA Bomb Blast Dies After Ventilator is Switched Off', The Independent, 26 March 1993. 'IRA's Message in Blood', The Independent on Sunday, 16 June 1996.
173. C. Mullin, Error of Judgement: The Truth about the Birmingham Bombings, revised edition, (Swords: Poolbeg, 1990), pp.1-7, 256-66, passim. P. Bishop and E. Mallie (note 19), pp.257-9. 'IRA Bombers Kill Child, 4', The Independent on Sunday, 21 March 1993. 'Tim Parry, Victim Of IRA Bomb Blast Dies After Ventilator is Switched Off', The Independent, 26 March 1993. 'IRA's Message in Blood', The Independent on Sunday, 16 June 1996.
174. C. Mullin, Error of Judgement: The Truth about the Birmingham Bombings, revised edition, (Swords: Poolbeg, 1990), pp.1-7, 256-66, passim. P. Bishop and E. Mallie (note 19), pp.257-9. 'IRA Bombers Kill Child, 4', The Independent on Sunday, 21 March 1993. 'Tim Parry, Victim Of IRA Bomb Blast Dies After Ventilator is Switched Off', The Independent, 26 March 1993. 'IRA's Message in Blood', The Independent on Sunday, 16 June 1996.
175. C. Mullin, Error of Judgement: The Truth about the Birmingham Bombings, revised edition, (Swords: Poolbeg, 1990), pp.1-7, 256-66, passim. P. Bishop and E. Mallie (note 19), pp.257-9. 'IRA Bombers Kill Child, 4', The Independent on Sunday, 21 March 1993. 'Tim Parry, Victim Of IRA Bomb Blast Dies After Ventilator is Switched Off', The Independent, 26 March 1993. 'IRA's Message in Blood', The Independent on Sunday, 16 June 1996.
176. Thus in December 1978 the PIRA threatened to detonate no-warning bombs in English cities. 'IRA. Bomb England', Republican News, 23 December 1978. For one account of republican attitudes towards the English see: M. Dillon, The Enemy Within (London: Doubleday, 1994), pp.207-11.
177. Thus in December 1978 the PIRA threatened to detonate no-warning bombs in English cities. 'IRA. Bomb England', Republican News, 23 December 1978. For one account of republican attitudes towards the English see: M. Dillon, The Enemy Within (London: Doubleday, 1994), pp.207-11.
178. Royal Ulster Constabulary, Chief Constable's Annual Report 1995 (London: HMSO, 1996), pp.31-2.
179. For more details on paramilitary vigilantism see: 'Dispatches: Law of the Ghetto', Channel 4 (television), 26 February 1992. J. Darby. Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp.159, 157-62. 'The Benefits of a Community Police Force', Republican News (Belfast), 27 August 1977. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA Looks Set for Victory Over Terrorist Faction', The Independent, 4 November 1992. 'What the IRA is Doing Now', The Independent, 30 September 1994. 'Rough Justice' and accompanying untitled article by Liam Kennedy, Fortnight, 344 (November 1995). 'Drug Wars', Fortnight, 347 (February 1996). 'Murky Motives for Giving Drugs Dealers Rough Justice', The Guardian, 3 January 1996. 'Dealing in Death', New Statesman & Society, 12 January 1996.
180. For more details on paramilitary vigilantism see: 'Dispatches: Law of the Ghetto', Channel 4 (television), 26 February 1992. J. Darby. Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp.159, 157-62. 'The Benefits of a Community Police Force', Republican News (Belfast), 27 August 1977. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA Looks Set for Victory Over Terrorist Faction', The Independent, 4 November 1992. 'What the IRA is Doing Now', The Independent, 30 September 1994. 'Rough Justice' and accompanying untitled article by Liam Kennedy, Fortnight, 344 (November 1995). 'Drug Wars', Fortnight, 347 (February 1996). 'Murky Motives for Giving Drugs Dealers Rough Justice', The Guardian, 3 January 1996. 'Dealing in Death', New Statesman & Society, 12 January 1996.
181. For more details on paramilitary vigilantism see: 'Dispatches: Law of the Ghetto', Channel 4 (television), 26 February 1992. J. Darby. Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp.159, 157-62. 'The Benefits of a Community Police Force', Republican News (Belfast), 27 August 1977. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA Looks Set for Victory Over Terrorist Faction', The Independent, 4 November 1992. 'What the IRA is Doing Now', The Independent, 30 September 1994. 'Rough Justice' and accompanying untitled article by Liam Kennedy, Fortnight, 344 (November 1995). 'Drug Wars', Fortnight, 347 (February 1996). 'Murky Motives for Giving Drugs Dealers Rough Justice', The Guardian, 3 January 1996. 'Dealing in Death', New Statesman & Society, 12 January 1996.
182. For more details on paramilitary vigilantism see: 'Dispatches: Law of the Ghetto', Channel 4 (television), 26 February 1992. J. Darby. Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp.159, 157-62. 'The Benefits of a Community Police Force', Republican News (Belfast), 27 August 1977. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA Looks Set for Victory Over Terrorist Faction', The Independent, 4 November 1992. 'What the IRA is Doing Now', The Independent, 30 September 1994. 'Rough Justice' and accompanying untitled article by Liam Kennedy, Fortnight, 344 (November 1995). 'Drug Wars', Fortnight, 347 (February 1996). 'Murky Motives for Giving Drugs Dealers Rough Justice', The Guardian, 3 January 1996. 'Dealing in Death', New Statesman & Society, 12 January 1996.
183. For more details on paramilitary vigilantism see: 'Dispatches: Law of the Ghetto', Channel 4 (television), 26 February 1992. J. Darby. Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp.159, 157-62. 'The Benefits of a Community Police Force', Republican News (Belfast), 27 August 1977. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA Looks Set for Victory Over Terrorist Faction', The Independent, 4 November 1992. 'What the IRA is Doing Now', The Independent, 30 September 1994. 'Rough Justice' and accompanying untitled article by Liam Kennedy, Fortnight, 344 (November 1995). 'Drug Wars', Fortnight, 347 (February 1996). 'Murky Motives for Giving Drugs Dealers Rough Justice', The Guardian, 3 January 1996. 'Dealing in Death', New Statesman & Society, 12 January 1996.
184. For more details on paramilitary vigilantism see: 'Dispatches: Law of the Ghetto', Channel 4 (television), 26 February 1992. J. Darby. Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp.159, 157-62. 'The Benefits of a Community Police Force', Republican News (Belfast), 27 August 1977. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA Looks Set for Victory Over Terrorist Faction', The Independent, 4 November 1992. 'What the IRA is Doing Now', The Independent, 30 September 1994. 'Rough Justice' and accompanying untitled article by Liam Kennedy, Fortnight, 344 (November 1995). 'Drug Wars', Fortnight, 347 (February 1996). 'Murky Motives for Giving Drugs Dealers Rough Justice', The Guardian, 3 January 1996. 'Dealing in Death', New Statesman & Society, 12 January 1996.
185. For more details on paramilitary vigilantism see: 'Dispatches: Law of the Ghetto', Channel 4 (television), 26 February 1992. J. Darby. Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp.159, 157-62. 'The Benefits of a Community Police Force', Republican News (Belfast), 27 August 1977. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA Looks Set for Victory Over Terrorist Faction', The Independent, 4 November 1992. 'What the IRA is Doing Now', The Independent, 30 September 1994. 'Rough Justice' and accompanying untitled article by Liam Kennedy, Fortnight, 344 (November 1995). 'Drug Wars', Fortnight, 347 (February 1996). 'Murky Motives for Giving Drugs Dealers Rough Justice', The Guardian, 3 January 1996. 'Dealing in Death', New Statesman & Society, 12 January 1996.
186. For more details on paramilitary vigilantism see: 'Dispatches: Law of the Ghetto', Channel 4 (television), 26 February 1992. J. Darby. Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp.159, 157-62. 'The Benefits of a Community Police Force', Republican News (Belfast), 27 August 1977. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA Looks Set for Victory Over Terrorist Faction', The Independent, 4 November 1992. 'What the IRA is Doing Now', The Independent, 30 September 1994. 'Rough Justice' and accompanying untitled article by Liam Kennedy, Fortnight, 344 (November 1995). 'Drug Wars', Fortnight, 347 (February 1996). 'Murky Motives for Giving Drugs Dealers Rough Justice', The Guardian, 3 January 1996. 'Dealing in Death', New Statesman & Society, 12 January 1996.
187. For more details on paramilitary vigilantism see: 'Dispatches: Law of the Ghetto', Channel 4 (television), 26 February 1992. J. Darby. Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp.159, 157-62. 'The Benefits of a Community Police Force', Republican News (Belfast), 27 August 1977. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA Looks Set for Victory Over Terrorist Faction', The Independent, 4 November 1992. 'What the IRA is Doing Now', The Independent, 30 September 1994. 'Rough Justice' and accompanying untitled article by Liam Kennedy, Fortnight, 344 (November 1995). 'Drug Wars', Fortnight, 347 (February 1996). 'Murky Motives for Giving Drugs Dealers Rough Justice', The Guardian, 3 January 1996. 'Dealing in Death', New Statesman & Society, 12 January 1996.
188. For more details on paramilitary vigilantism see: 'Dispatches: Law of the Ghetto', Channel 4 (television), 26 February 1992. J. Darby. Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp.159, 157-62. 'The Benefits of a Community Police Force', Republican News (Belfast), 27 August 1977. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA Looks Set for Victory Over Terrorist Faction', The Independent, 4 November 1992. 'What the IRA is Doing Now', The Independent, 30 September 1994. 'Rough Justice' and accompanying untitled article by Liam Kennedy, Fortnight, 344 (November 1995). 'Drug Wars', Fortnight, 347 (February 1996). 'Murky Motives for Giving Drugs Dealers Rough Justice', The Guardian, 3 January 1996. 'Dealing in Death', New Statesman & Society, 12 January 1996.
189. For more details on paramilitary vigilantism see: 'Dispatches: Law of the Ghetto', Channel 4 (television), 26 February 1992. J. Darby. Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp.159, 157-62. 'The Benefits of a Community Police Force', Republican News (Belfast), 27 August 1977. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA Looks Set for Victory Over Terrorist Faction', The Independent, 4 November 1992. 'What the IRA is Doing Now', The Independent, 30 September 1994. 'Rough Justice' and accompanying untitled article by Liam Kennedy, Fortnight, 344 (November 1995). 'Drug Wars', Fortnight, 347 (February 1996). 'Murky Motives for Giving Drugs Dealers Rough Justice', The Guardian, 3 January 1996. 'Dealing in Death', New Statesman & Society, 12 January 1996.
190. 'Packing a Picket' Fortnight, 334 (December 1994). J.Stevenson (note 72), pp.117-28.
191. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA interview: Defending the Community', AP/RN, 19 December 1991.
192. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA interview: Defending the Community', AP/RN, 19 December 1991.
193. 'War News: IRA Action Against Drugs Trade', AP/RN, 10 October 1991. 'IRA Orders Shooting Victims to Quit Country', The Independent, 7 October 1991. 'IRA interview: Defending the Community', AP/RN, 19 December 1991.
194. To see how this can affect terrorist groups in general see: J. K. Zawodny, 'Guerrilla Warfare and Subversion as a Means of Political Change'. Paper presented at the 1961 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Sheraton-Jefferson Hotel, St Louis, Missouri, 6-9 September 1961. J. K. Zawodny. 'Internal Organizational Problems and the Sources of Tensions of Terrorist Movements as Catalysts of Violence', Terrorism: An International Journal, 1, nos. 3/4 (1978), pp.277-85. J. K. Zawodny. 'Infrastructures of Terrorist Organizations', L. Z. Freedman and Y. Alexander (eds). Perspectives on Nuclear Terrorism, , (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc, 1983), pp.61-70. M. Crenshaw. 'An Organizational Approach to the Analysis of Political Terrorism', Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs, 29/3 (Fall 1985), pp.465-89.
195. To see how this can affect terrorist groups in general see: J. K. Zawodny, 'Guerrilla Warfare and Subversion as a Means of Political Change'. Paper presented at the 1961 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Sheraton-Jefferson Hotel, St Louis, Missouri, 6-9 September 1961. J. K. Zawodny. 'Internal Organizational Problems and the Sources of Tensions of Terrorist Movements as Catalysts of Violence', Terrorism: An International Journal, 1, nos. 3/4 (1978), pp.277-85. J. K. Zawodny. 'Infrastructures of Terrorist Organizations', L. Z. Freedman and Y. Alexander (eds). Perspectives on Nuclear Terrorism, , (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc, 1983), pp.61-70. M. Crenshaw. 'An Organizational Approach to the Analysis of Political Terrorism', Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs, 29/3 (Fall 1985), pp.465-89.
196. To see how this can affect terrorist groups in general see: J. K. Zawodny, 'Guerrilla Warfare and Subversion as a Means of Political Change'. Paper presented at the 1961 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Sheraton-Jefferson Hotel, St Louis, Missouri, 6-9 September 1961. J. K. Zawodny. 'Internal Organizational Problems and the Sources of Tensions of Terrorist Movements as Catalysts of Violence', Terrorism: An International Journal, 1, nos. 3/4 (1978), pp.277-85. J. K. Zawodny. 'Infrastructures of Terrorist Organizations', L. Z. Freedman and Y. Alexander (eds). Perspectives on Nuclear Terrorism, , (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc, 1983), pp.61-70. M. Crenshaw. 'An Organizational Approach to the Analysis of Political Terrorism', Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs, 29/3 (Fall 1985), pp.465-89.
197. To see how this can affect terrorist groups in general see: J. K. Zawodny, 'Guerrilla Warfare and Subversion as a Means of Political Change'. Paper presented at the 1961 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Sheraton-Jefferson Hotel, St Louis, Missouri, 6-9 September 1961. J. K. Zawodny. 'Internal Organizational Problems and the Sources of Tensions of Terrorist Movements as Catalysts of Violence', Terrorism: An International Journal, 1, nos. 3/4 (1978), pp.277-85. J. K. Zawodny. 'Infrastructures of Terrorist Organizations', L. Z. Freedman and Y. Alexander (eds). Perspectives on Nuclear Terrorism, , (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc, 1983), pp.61-70. M. Crenshaw. 'An Organizational Approach to the Analysis of Political Terrorism', Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs, 29/3 (Fall 1985), pp.465-89.
198. C. di Giovanni (Note 10), p.147.
199. J. Becker, Hitler's Children: The Story of the Baader-Meinhof Gang (London: Granada, 1978), pp.214-15, 221, 243.
200. A. Jamieson (Note 5), p.49. A. Jamieson, 'Entry, Discipline and Exit in the Italian Red Brigades', T&PV, 2/1 (Spring 1990), pp.1, 3-4.
201. C. Marighela (Note 9), pp.54-6. A. Jamieson. 'Entry, Discipline and Exit in the Italian Red Brigades', ibid., p.5. A. Jamieson. (Note 5), 84-5. G. C. Caselli and D. della Porta. 'The History of the Red Brigades: Organizational Structures and Strategies of Action (1970-82)', R.Catanzaro (ed.), (Note 24), p.74.
202. C. Marighela (Note 9), pp.54-6. A. Jamieson. 'Entry, Discipline and Exit in the Italian Red Brigades', ibid., p.5. A. Jamieson. (Note 5), 84-5. G. C. Caselli and D. della Porta. 'The History of the Red Brigades: Organizational Structures and Strategies of Action (1970-82)', R.Catanzaro (ed.), (Note 24), p.74.
203. Mao Tse-tung. 'Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War', (December 1936), 'On Protracted War', (May 1938), Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), Volume 1, pp.179, 181, 189, 197-8, Volume 2, p.121. R. Debray, Revolution in the Revolution? Armed Struggle and Political Struggle in Latin America (France: 1967; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), p.21.
204. Mao Tse-tung. 'Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War', (December 1936), 'On Protracted War', (May 1938), Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), Volume 1, pp.179, 181, 189, 197-8, Volume 2, p.121. R. Debray, Revolution in the Revolution? Armed Struggle and Political Struggle in Latin America (France: 1967; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), p.21.
205. Mao Tse-tung. 'Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War', (December 1936), 'On Protracted War', (May 1938), Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), Volume 1, pp.179, 181, 189, 197-8, Volume 2, p.121. R. Debray, Revolution in the Revolution? Armed Struggle and Political Struggle in Latin America (France: 1967; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), p.21.
206. Red Brigades and Red Army Faction, 'Excerpts from Notes of a Meeting between the Red Brigades and Red Army Faction in January 1988'. Y. Alexander and D. Pluchinsky (eds.). (Note 26), pp.219-27.
207. A. Jamieson, (note 5), p.24. V. S. Pisano, The Dynamics of Subversion and Violence in Contemporary Italy (Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1987), p.40. S. Aust. (Note 45), pp.10-12, 63, 76-7, 146-9. J. Becker (note 91), pp.17, 62, 109, 264, 366 ff.2.
208. In 1971 Ulrike Meinhof of the RAF specifically stated that they did not target police officers who were not specifically trying to harm them. S. Aust (note 45), p.143.
209. D. Moss (note 5), p.38.
210. Associated Press, 21 November 1979. 'Gunmen Murder Italian Police', Financial Times, 22 November 1979. C. Schaerf, G. de Lutiis, A. Silj, F. Carlucci, F. Bellucci, S. Argentini. Venti Anni di Violenza in Italia: 1969-1988, volume one, (Rome: ISODARCO, 1992), p.850.
211. Associated Press, 21 November 1979. 'Gunmen Murder Italian Police', Financial Times, 22 November 1979. C. Schaerf, G. de Lutiis, A. Silj, F. Carlucci, F. Bellucci, S. Argentini. Venti Anni di Violenza in Italia: 1969-1988, volume one, (Rome: ISODARCO, 1992), p.850.
212. 'Policeman Shot Dead as Terrorists go on Trial', Financial Times, 27 November 1979. 'Brigades Victim', The Guardian, 28 November 1979. C.Schaerf et al. (note 99), p.851.
213. 'Policeman Shot Dead as Terrorists go on Trial', Financial Times, 27 November 1979. 'Brigades Victim', The Guardian, 28 November 1979. C.Schaerf et al. (note 99), p.851.
214. L'Espresso, 24 February 1980.
215. L'Espresso, 31 October 1982.
216. D. Pluchinsky. 'An Organizational and Operational Analysis of Germany's Red Army Faction Terrorist Group', Y. Alexander and D. Pluchinsky (eds.), European Terrorism Today & Tomorrow, (Washington DC: Brassey's (US), 1992), p.67.
217. D. Pluchinsky ibid., p.69.
218. Y. Alexander and D. Pluchinsky, (note 26), 68, 80.
219. A. Jamieson. (Note 5), 75-6, 99. D. Moss, (note 5), 81-117. V. S. Pisano (note 96), p.169. E. MacDonald. Shoot the Women First, (Fourth Estate, 1991; London: Arrow, 1992), pp. 176-7.
220. D. Moss (note 5), p.85.
221. D. Moss (note 5), p.85. C.Schaerf et al. (note 99), p.736.
222. A.Jamieson (note 5), p.93.
223. A. Jamieson (note 5), pp.188-189. V. S. Pisano (note 96), pp.163, 165.
224. A. Jamieson (note 5), pp. 210, 212, 215-16. D. Moss (Note 5), pp.79, 80.
225. Y. Alexander and D. Pluchinsky (Note 26), pp.203-04.
226. D. Pluchinsky (note 103), pp.70, 71-72, 74-75.
227. H. Horchem. 'The Decline of the Red Army Faction', T&PV, 3/2 (Summer 1991), pp.71-2.
228. S. Aust (note 45), pp.286-288. J. Becker (note 91), pp.297-8.
229. A. Jamieson. (note 5), p. 120.
230. D. Moss (note 5), p. 120.
231. A. Jamieson (note 5), p.108.
232. D. Moss (note 5), p.122.
233. D. Moss (note 5), p.120.
234. D. Moss (note 5), p.124. A. Jamieson (note 5), p.138.
235. For more details see: D. Moss, (note 5), pp.38, 79-80, 81-117, 120, 122. A. Jamieson (Note 5), pp.75-6, 93, 99, 108, 120, 188-9, 210, 212, 215-16. V. S. Pisano (note 89), pp.163-5, 169. C. Schaerf et al. (note 92), p.736. E. MacDonald (note 99), pp.176-7. L'Espresso, 24 February 1980. L'Espresso, 31 October 1982. S.Aust (note 45), p.143, 286-8. J. Becker (note 84), pp.297-8. D. Pluchinsky (note 96), pp.67, 69, 70, 71-2, 74-5. Red Army Faction. 'Communique on the Assassination of Alfred Herrhausen, Chairman of Deutsche Bank, in Frankfurt on 30 November 1989', Red Army Faction. 'Communique on the Assassination of Detlev Rohwedder', Red Brigades - Fighting Communist Party, 'Communique on the Assassination of Ezio Tarantelli', Y. Alexander and D. Pluchinsky (eds.) (note 26), pp.68, 80, 203-4.
236. For more details see: D. Moss, (note 5), pp.38, 79-80, 81-117, 120, 122. A. Jamieson (Note 5), pp.75-6, 93, 99, 108, 120, 188-9, 210, 212, 215-16. V. S. Pisano (note 89), pp.163-5, 169. C. Schaerf et al. (note 92), p.736. E. MacDonald (note 99), pp.176-7. L'Espresso, 24 February 1980. L'Espresso, 31 October 1982. S.Aust (note 45), p.143, 286-8. J. Becker (note 84), pp.297-8. D. Pluchinsky (note 96), pp.67, 69, 70, 71-2, 74-5. Red Army Faction. 'Communique on the Assassination of Alfred Herrhausen, Chairman of Deutsche Bank, in Frankfurt on 30 November 1989', Red Army Faction. 'Communique on the Assassination of Detlev Rohwedder', Red Brigades - Fighting Communist Party, 'Communique on the Assassination of Ezio Tarantelli', Y. Alexander and D. Pluchinsky (eds.) (note 26), pp.68, 80, 203-4.
237. For more details see: D. Moss, (note 5), pp.38, 79-80, 81-117, 120, 122. A. Jamieson (Note 5), pp.75-6, 93, 99, 108, 120, 188-9, 210, 212, 215-16. V. S. Pisano (note 89), pp.163-5, 169. C. Schaerf et al. (note 92), p.736. E. MacDonald (note 99), pp.176-7. L'Espresso, 24 February 1980. L'Espresso, 31 October 1982. S.Aust (note 45), p.143, 286-8. J. Becker (note 84), pp.297-8. D. Pluchinsky (note 96), pp.67, 69, 70, 71-2, 74-5. Red Army Faction. 'Communique on the Assassination of Alfred Herrhausen, Chairman of Deutsche Bank, in Frankfurt on 30 November 1989', Red Army Faction. 'Communique on the Assassination of Detlev Rohwedder', Red Brigades - Fighting Communist Party, 'Communique on the Assassination of Ezio Tarantelli', Y. Alexander and D. Pluchinsky (eds.) (note 26), pp.68, 80, 203-4.
238. For more details see: D. Moss, (note 5), pp.38, 79-80, 81-117, 120, 122. A. Jamieson (Note 5), pp.75-6, 93, 99, 108, 120, 188-9, 210, 212, 215-16. V. S. Pisano (note 89), pp.163-5, 169. C. Schaerf et al. (note 92), p.736. E. MacDonald (note 99), pp.176-7. L'Espresso, 24 February 1980. L'Espresso, 31 October 1982. S.Aust (note 45), p.143, 286-8. J. Becker (note 84), pp.297-8. D. Pluchinsky (note 96), pp.67, 69, 70, 71-2, 74-5. Red Army Faction. 'Communique on the Assassination of Alfred Herrhausen, Chairman of Deutsche Bank, in Frankfurt on 30 November 1989', Red Army Faction. 'Communique on the Assassination of Detlev Rohwedder', Red Brigades - Fighting Communist Party, 'Communique on the Assassination of Ezio Tarantelli', Y. Alexander and D. Pluchinsky (eds.) (note 26), pp.68, 80, 203-4.
239. For more details see: D. Moss, (note 5), pp.38, 79-80, 81-117, 120, 122. A. Jamieson (Note 5), pp.75-6, 93, 99, 108, 120, 188-9, 210, 212, 215-16. V. S. Pisano (note 89), pp.163-5, 169. C. Schaerf et al. (note 92), p.736. E. MacDonald (note 99), pp.176-7. L'Espresso, 24 February 1980. L'Espresso, 31 October 1982. S.Aust (note 45), p.143, 286-8. J. Becker (note 84), pp.297-8. D. Pluchinsky (note 96), pp.67, 69, 70, 71-2, 74-5. Red Army Faction. 'Communique on the Assassination of Alfred Herrhausen, Chairman of Deutsche Bank, in Frankfurt on 30 November 1989', Red Army Faction. 'Communique on the Assassination of Detlev Rohwedder', Red Brigades - Fighting Communist Party, 'Communique on the Assassination of Ezio Tarantelli', Y. Alexander and D. Pluchinsky (eds.) (note 26), pp.68, 80, 203-4.
240. Red Brigades-Fighting Communist Party, 'Communique on the Assassination of Leamon Hunt, Director General of the Multinational Observer Force in the Sinai, in Rome on 15 February 1984', Y.Alexander and D.Pluchinsky (eds.) (note 26), pp.191, 197-202. A. Jamieson (note 5), pp.191, 210-11. P. Willan (Note 50), pp.335-8. D. Moss (note 5), p.273 n23.
241. H. Horchern. 'The Lost Revolution of West Germany's Terrorists', T&PV, 1/3 (July 1989), p.358. H. J. Horchem, Terrorism in West Germany (London: Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1986), pp.7, 20-1.
242. H. Horchern. 'The Lost Revolution of West Germany's Terrorists', T&PV, 1/3 (July 1989), p.358. H. J. Horchem, Terrorism in West Germany (London: Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1986), pp.7, 20-1.
243. C. J. M. Drake, 'The Phenomenon of Conservative Terrorism', T&PV, 8/3 (Autumn 1996), pp.29-46.