Political terrorism in South-East Asia

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 118-134

  Chalk, Peter ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032276044     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546559808427460     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. For the purposes of this paper, terrorism will be conceptualized as the systematic use of illegitimate violence that is employed by sub-state actors as a means to achieve specific political objectives - these objectives differing according to the group concerned. It is a psychological tactic that seeks to spread fear-inducing effects in a target group wider than the immediate audience through the actual or feared indiscriminate targeting of civilians and other non-combatants. See Peter Chalk, West European Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: The Evolving Dynamic (London: Macmillan, 1996), p.22.
2. See William Carpenter and David Wiencek, 'Introduction', in William Carpenter and David Wiencek (eds), Asian Security Handbook: An Assessment of Political-Security Issues in the Asia-Pacific Region (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996), p.13.
3. Richard Latter, Terrorism in the 1990s, Wilton Park Papers No. 44 (London: HMSO, 1991), p.2.
4. See, for instance, 'Terrorism and the Warfare of the Weak', The Guardian, 27 Oct. 1993.
5. See Amitav Acharya, A New Regional Order in South-east Asia: ASEAN in the Post Cold War Era, Adelphi Paper No. 279 (London: Brassey's 1993), p.12.
6. Quoted in The Straits Times, 24 Sept. 1992.
7. See, for instance, Chalk, West European Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism (note 1), pp.13-14; Edward Price, 'The Strategy and Tactics of Revolutionary Terrorism', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 19/1 (January 1977); and Paul Wilkinson, Terrorism and the Liberal State (London: Macmillan, 1977), pp.110-11.
8. See, for instance, Chalk, West European Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism (note 1), pp.13-14; Edward Price, 'The Strategy and Tactics of Revolutionary Terrorism', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 19/1 (January 1977); and Paul Wilkinson, Terrorism and the Liberal State (London: Macmillan, 1977), pp.110-11.
9. See, for instance, Chalk, West European Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism (note 1), pp.13-14; Edward Price, 'The Strategy and Tactics of Revolutionary Terrorism', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 19/1 (January 1977); and Paul Wilkinson, Terrorism and the Liberal State (London: Macmillan, 1977), pp.110-11.
10. See Ambassador Nathan, 'Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region: Nature, Manifestation, Counter-Measures', paper delivered before the 11h Asia-Pacific Roundtable, Kuala Lumpur, 5-8 June, 1997, p.3; Henry Degenhardt, Revolutionary and Dissident Movements (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1991), p.210; Jon Quah, 'Meeting the Twin Threats of Communism and Communalism: The Singapore Response', in C. Jeshurun (ed.), Governments and Rebellions in South-east Asia (Singapore: ISEAS, 1985), pp.187-92; George Rosie, The Directory of International Terrorism (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1986), p.187; John Thackrah, Encyclopaedia of Terrorism and Political Violence (London: Routledge, 1987), pp.144-45; and Acharya (note 5) pp.17-18.
11. See Ambassador Nathan, 'Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region: Nature, Manifestation, Counter-Measures', paper delivered before the 11h Asia-Pacific Roundtable, Kuala Lumpur, 5-8 June, 1997, p.3; Henry Degenhardt, Revolutionary and Dissident Movements (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1991), p.210; Jon Quah, 'Meeting the Twin Threats of Communism and Communalism: The Singapore Response', in C. Jeshurun (ed.), Governments and Rebellions in South-east Asia (Singapore: ISEAS, 1985), pp.187-92; George Rosie, The Directory of International Terrorism (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1986), p.187; John Thackrah, Encyclopaedia of Terrorism and Political Violence (London: Routledge, 1987), pp.144-45; and Acharya (note 5) pp.17-18.
12. See Ambassador Nathan, 'Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region: Nature, Manifestation, Counter-Measures', paper delivered before the 11h Asia-Pacific Roundtable, Kuala Lumpur, 5-8 June, 1997, p.3; Henry Degenhardt, Revolutionary and Dissident Movements (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1991), p.210; Jon Quah, 'Meeting the Twin Threats of Communism and Communalism: The Singapore Response', in C. Jeshurun (ed.), Governments and Rebellions in South-east Asia (Singapore: ISEAS, 1985), pp.187-92; George Rosie, The Directory of International Terrorism (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1986), p.187; John Thackrah, Encyclopaedia of Terrorism and Political Violence (London: Routledge, 1987), pp.144-45; and Acharya (note 5) pp.17-18.
13. See Ambassador Nathan, 'Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region: Nature, Manifestation, Counter-Measures', paper delivered before the 11h Asia-Pacific Roundtable, Kuala Lumpur, 5-8 June, 1997, p.3; Henry Degenhardt, Revolutionary and Dissident Movements (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1991), p.210; Jon Quah, 'Meeting the Twin Threats of Communism and Communalism: The Singapore Response', in C. Jeshurun (ed.), Governments and Rebellions in South-east Asia (Singapore: ISEAS, 1985), pp.187-92; George Rosie, The Directory of International Terrorism (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1986), p.187; John Thackrah, Encyclopaedia of Terrorism and Political Violence (London: Routledge, 1987), pp.144-45; and Acharya (note 5) pp.17-18.
14. See Ambassador Nathan, 'Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region: Nature, Manifestation, Counter-Measures', paper delivered before the 11h Asia-Pacific Roundtable, Kuala Lumpur, 5-8 June, 1997, p.3; Henry Degenhardt, Revolutionary and Dissident Movements (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1991), p.210; Jon Quah, 'Meeting the Twin Threats of Communism and Communalism: The Singapore Response', in C. Jeshurun (ed.), Governments and Rebellions in South-east Asia (Singapore: ISEAS, 1985), pp.187-92; George Rosie, The Directory of International Terrorism (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1986), p.187; John Thackrah, Encyclopaedia of Terrorism and Political Violence (London: Routledge, 1987), pp.144-45; and Acharya (note 5) pp.17-18.
15. See David Wurfel, 'Government Responses to Armed Communism and Secessionist Rebellion in the Philippines', in Jeshurun (ed.), Governments and Rebellion in South-east Asia, pp.227-28; J. Wolf, Anti-Terrorist Initiatives (New York: Plenum Press, 1989), pp. 137-48; Acharya (note 5), pp.17-18; Thackrah, Encyclopaedia of Terrorism and Political Violence (note 8); Rosie, Directory of International Terrorism (note 8) pp.213-14; and 'New Threat in the Philippines,' Foreign Report No. 2022, pp.1-2.
16. See David Wurfel, 'Government Responses to Armed Communism and Secessionist Rebellion in the Philippines', in Jeshurun (ed.), Governments and Rebellion in South-east Asia, pp.227-28; J. Wolf, Anti-Terrorist Initiatives (New York: Plenum Press, 1989), pp. 137-48; Acharya (note 5), pp.17-18; Thackrah, Encyclopaedia of Terrorism and Political Violence (note 8); Rosie, Directory of International Terrorism (note 8) pp.213-14; and 'New Threat in the Philippines,' Foreign Report No. 2022, pp.1-2.
17. See David Wurfel, 'Government Responses to Armed Communism and Secessionist Rebellion in the Philippines', in Jeshurun (ed.), Governments and Rebellion in South-east Asia, pp.227-28; J. Wolf, Anti-Terrorist Initiatives (New York: Plenum Press, 1989), pp. 137-48; Acharya (note 5), pp.17-18; Thackrah, Encyclopaedia of Terrorism and Political Violence (note 8); Rosie, Directory of International Terrorism (note 8) pp.213-14; and 'New Threat in the Philippines,' Foreign Report No. 2022, pp.1-2.
18. See David Wurfel, 'Government Responses to Armed Communism and Secessionist Rebellion in the Philippines', in Jeshurun (ed.), Governments and Rebellion in South-east Asia, pp.227-28; J. Wolf, Anti-Terrorist Initiatives (New York: Plenum Press, 1989), pp. 137-48; Acharya (note 5), pp.17-18; Thackrah, Encyclopaedia of Terrorism and Political Violence (note 8); Rosie, Directory of International Terrorism (note 8) pp.213-14; and 'New Threat in the Philippines,' Foreign Report No. 2022, pp.1-2.
19. See David Wurfel, 'Government Responses to Armed Communism and Secessionist Rebellion in the Philippines', in Jeshurun (ed.), Governments and Rebellion in South-east Asia, pp.227-28; J. Wolf, Anti-Terrorist Initiatives (New York: Plenum Press, 1989), pp. 137-48; Acharya (note 5), pp.17-18; Thackrah, Encyclopaedia of Terrorism and Political Violence (note 8); Rosie, Directory of International Terrorism (note 8) pp.213-14; and 'New Threat in the Philippines,' Foreign Report No. 2022, pp.1-2.
20. Acharya, A New Regional Order in South-east Asia (note 5), pp.19-20; Nathan, 'Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region' (note 8), pp. 4-5; and Sukhumbhand Paribataran and Chai-Anan Samudavanija, 'Internal Dimensions of Regional Security in South-east Asia', in Mohammed Ayoob (ed.), Regional Security in the Third World (London: Croom Helm, 1986), pp.61-2.
21. Acharya, A New Regional Order in South-east Asia (note 5), pp.19-20; Nathan, 'Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region' (note 8), pp. 4-5; and Sukhumbhand Paribataran and Chai-Anan Samudavanija, 'Internal Dimensions of Regional Security in South-east Asia', in Mohammed Ayoob (ed.), Regional Security in the Third World (London: Croom Helm, 1986), pp.61-2.
22. Acharya, A New Regional Order in South-east Asia (note 5), pp.19-20; Nathan, 'Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region' (note 8), pp. 4-5; and Sukhumbhand Paribataran and Chai-Anan Samudavanija, 'Internal Dimensions of Regional Security in South-east Asia', in Mohammed Ayoob (ed.), Regional Security in the Third World (London: Croom Helm, 1986), pp.61-2.
23. See, for instance, Jose Almonte, 'East Asian Security: A Philippine Perspective', The World Today (March 1995), p.45; Acharya, 'A New Regional Order in South-east Asia', (note 5), p.17; Muthiah Alagappa, 'The Dyanmics of International Security in South-east Asia', Australian Journal of International Affairs (May 1991), p.2; and ' Philippine Rebels Talk Peace if US Exits', Washington Times, 13 Sept. 1991.
24. See, for instance, Jose Almonte, 'East Asian Security: A Philippine Perspective', The World Today (March 1995), p.45; Acharya, 'A New Regional Order in South-east Asia', (note 5), p.17; Muthiah Alagappa, 'The Dyanmics of International Security in South-east Asia', Australian Journal of International Affairs (May 1991), p.2; and ' Philippine Rebels Talk Peace if US Exits', Washington Times, 13 Sept. 1991.
25. See, for instance, Jose Almonte, 'East Asian Security: A Philippine Perspective', The World Today (March 1995), p.45; Acharya, 'A New Regional Order in South-east Asia', (note 5), p.17; Muthiah Alagappa, 'The Dyanmics of International Security in South-east Asia', Australian Journal of International Affairs (May 1991), p.2; and ' Philippine Rebels Talk Peace if US Exits', Washington Times, 13 Sept. 1991.
26. See, for instance, Jose Almonte, 'East Asian Security: A Philippine Perspective', The World Today (March 1995), p.45; Acharya, 'A New Regional Order in South-east Asia', (note 5), p.17; Muthiah Alagappa, 'The Dyanmics of International Security in South-east Asia', Australian Journal of International Affairs (May 1991), p.2; and ' Philippine Rebels Talk Peace if US Exits', Washington Times, 13 Sept. 1991.
27. Information relayed to author during interviews with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also United States State Department (USSD), Philippines Human Rights Practices, 1993 (Washington D.C.: USSD, 1994), p.3; and ' Ramos Declares War on Terrorists Attacking Businessmen', Japan Economic Newswire, 12 Dec. 1995.
28. Information relayed to author during interviews with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also United States State Department (USSD), Philippines Human Rights Practices, 1993 (Washington D.C.: USSD, 1994), p.3; and ' Ramos Declares War on Terrorists Attacking Businessmen', Japan Economic Newswire, 12 Dec. 1995.
29. See Pinkerton's Risk Assessment Services (PRAS), Pinkerton's Telescope - 1996 (Pinkerton's Inc., January 1997).
30. Peter Chalk, Grey Area Phenomena in South-east Asia: Maritime Piracy, Drugs Trafficking and Political Terrorism, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No. 123 (Canberra: SDSC, 1997), p.58. See also Nathan, 'Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region'(note 8), p.10.
31. Peter Chalk, Grey Area Phenomena in South-east Asia: Maritime Piracy, Drugs Trafficking and Political Terrorism, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No. 123 (Canberra: SDSC, 1997), p.58. See also Nathan, 'Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region'(note 8), p.10.
32. See, for instance, Thomas Ladd, 'Thailand', in Carpenter and Wiencek Asian Security Handbook (note 2) p.242; PRAS, Risk Assessment Survey 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.44; 'PULO Lures Southern Muslims into Its Fold', Sunday Post, 22 Oct. 1995; 'March of the Militants', Far Eastern Economic Review; 9 March 1995; 'Troubled Frontier', Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 Sept. 1993; 'Southern Discomfort', Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 Sept. 1993; 'New Muslim Movement Claims 1,000 Members', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1995; 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth,' Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998; 'Pulo Movement Seen Continuing', The Nation, 12 Feb. 1998; 'The Story Behind the Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Pattani', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1996; and 'New PULO Faction Suspected in Grenade Attack in South', Bangkok Post, 4 Mar. 1995.
33. See, for instance, Thomas Ladd, 'Thailand', in Carpenter and Wiencek Asian Security Handbook (note 2) p.242; PRAS, Risk Assessment Survey 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.44; 'PULO Lures Southern Muslims into Its Fold', Sunday Post, 22 Oct. 1995; 'March of the Militants', Far Eastern Economic Review; 9 March 1995; 'Troubled Frontier', Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 Sept. 1993; 'Southern Discomfort', Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 Sept. 1993; 'New Muslim Movement Claims 1,000 Members', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1995; 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth,' Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998; 'Pulo Movement Seen Continuing', The Nation, 12 Feb. 1998; 'The Story Behind the Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Pattani', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1996; and 'New PULO Faction Suspected in Grenade Attack in South', Bangkok Post, 4 Mar. 1995.
34. See, for instance, Thomas Ladd, 'Thailand', in Carpenter and Wiencek Asian Security Handbook (note 2) p.242; PRAS, Risk Assessment Survey 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.44; 'PULO Lures Southern Muslims into Its Fold', Sunday Post, 22 Oct. 1995; 'March of the Militants', Far Eastern Economic Review; 9 March 1995; 'Troubled Frontier', Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 Sept. 1993; 'Southern Discomfort', Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 Sept. 1993; 'New Muslim Movement Claims 1,000 Members', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1995; 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth,' Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998; 'Pulo Movement Seen Continuing', The Nation, 12 Feb. 1998; 'The Story Behind the Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Pattani', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1996; and 'New PULO Faction Suspected in Grenade Attack in South', Bangkok Post, 4 Mar. 1995.
35. See, for instance, Thomas Ladd, 'Thailand', in Carpenter and Wiencek Asian Security Handbook (note 2) p.242; PRAS, Risk Assessment Survey 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.44; 'PULO Lures Southern Muslims into Its Fold', Sunday Post, 22 Oct. 1995; 'March of the Militants', Far Eastern Economic Review; 9 March 1995; 'Troubled Frontier', Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 Sept. 1993; 'Southern Discomfort', Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 Sept. 1993; 'New Muslim Movement Claims 1,000 Members', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1995; 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth,' Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998; 'Pulo Movement Seen Continuing', The Nation, 12 Feb. 1998; 'The Story Behind the Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Pattani', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1996; and 'New PULO Faction Suspected in Grenade Attack in South', Bangkok Post, 4 Mar. 1995.
36. See, for instance, Thomas Ladd, 'Thailand', in Carpenter and Wiencek Asian Security Handbook (note 2) p.242; PRAS, Risk Assessment Survey 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.44; 'PULO Lures Southern Muslims into Its Fold', Sunday Post, 22 Oct. 1995; 'March of the Militants', Far Eastern Economic Review; 9 March 1995; 'Troubled Frontier', Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 Sept. 1993; 'Southern Discomfort', Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 Sept. 1993; 'New Muslim Movement Claims 1,000 Members', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1995; 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth,' Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998; 'Pulo Movement Seen Continuing', The Nation, 12 Feb. 1998; 'The Story Behind the Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Pattani', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1996; and 'New PULO Faction Suspected in Grenade Attack in South', Bangkok Post, 4 Mar. 1995.
37. See, for instance, Thomas Ladd, 'Thailand', in Carpenter and Wiencek Asian Security Handbook (note 2) p.242; PRAS, Risk Assessment Survey 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.44; 'PULO Lures Southern Muslims into Its Fold', Sunday Post, 22 Oct. 1995; 'March of the Militants', Far Eastern Economic Review; 9 March 1995; 'Troubled Frontier', Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 Sept. 1993; 'Southern Discomfort', Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 Sept. 1993; 'New Muslim Movement Claims 1,000 Members', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1995; 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth,' Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998; 'Pulo Movement Seen Continuing', The Nation, 12 Feb. 1998; 'The Story Behind the Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Pattani', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1996; and 'New PULO Faction Suspected in Grenade Attack in South', Bangkok Post, 4 Mar. 1995.
38. See, for instance, Thomas Ladd, 'Thailand', in Carpenter and Wiencek Asian Security Handbook (note 2) p.242; PRAS, Risk Assessment Survey 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.44; 'PULO Lures Southern Muslims into Its Fold', Sunday Post, 22 Oct. 1995; 'March of the Militants', Far Eastern Economic Review; 9 March 1995; 'Troubled Frontier', Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 Sept. 1993; 'Southern Discomfort', Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 Sept. 1993; 'New Muslim Movement Claims 1,000 Members', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1995; 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth,' Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998; 'Pulo Movement Seen Continuing', The Nation, 12 Feb. 1998; 'The Story Behind the Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Pattani', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1996; and 'New PULO Faction Suspected in Grenade Attack in South', Bangkok Post, 4 Mar. 1995.
39. See, for instance, Thomas Ladd, 'Thailand', in Carpenter and Wiencek Asian Security Handbook (note 2) p.242; PRAS, Risk Assessment Survey 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.44; 'PULO Lures Southern Muslims into Its Fold', Sunday Post, 22 Oct. 1995; 'March of the Militants', Far Eastern Economic Review; 9 March 1995; 'Troubled Frontier', Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 Sept. 1993; 'Southern Discomfort', Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 Sept. 1993; 'New Muslim Movement Claims 1,000 Members', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1995; 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth,' Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998; 'Pulo Movement Seen Continuing', The Nation, 12 Feb. 1998; 'The Story Behind the Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Pattani', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1996; and 'New PULO Faction Suspected in Grenade Attack in South', Bangkok Post, 4 Mar. 1995.
40. See, for instance, Thomas Ladd, 'Thailand', in Carpenter and Wiencek Asian Security Handbook (note 2) p.242; PRAS, Risk Assessment Survey 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.44; 'PULO Lures Southern Muslims into Its Fold', Sunday Post, 22 Oct. 1995; 'March of the Militants', Far Eastern Economic Review; 9 March 1995; 'Troubled Frontier', Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 Sept. 1993; 'Southern Discomfort', Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 Sept. 1993; 'New Muslim Movement Claims 1,000 Members', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1995; 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth,' Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998; 'Pulo Movement Seen Continuing', The Nation, 12 Feb. 1998; 'The Story Behind the Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Pattani', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1996; and 'New PULO Faction Suspected in Grenade Attack in South', Bangkok Post, 4 Mar. 1995.
41. See, for instance, Thomas Ladd, 'Thailand', in Carpenter and Wiencek Asian Security Handbook (note 2) p.242; PRAS, Risk Assessment Survey 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.44; 'PULO Lures Southern Muslims into Its Fold', Sunday Post, 22 Oct. 1995; 'March of the Militants', Far Eastern Economic Review; 9 March 1995; 'Troubled Frontier', Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 Sept. 1993; 'Southern Discomfort', Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 Sept. 1993; 'New Muslim Movement Claims 1,000 Members', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1995; 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth,' Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998; 'Pulo Movement Seen Continuing', The Nation, 12 Feb. 1998; 'The Story Behind the Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Pattani', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1996; and 'New PULO Faction Suspected in Grenade Attack in South', Bangkok Post, 4 Mar. 1995.
42. See, for instance, Thomas Ladd, 'Thailand', in Carpenter and Wiencek Asian Security Handbook (note 2) p.242; PRAS, Risk Assessment Survey 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.44; 'PULO Lures Southern Muslims into Its Fold', Sunday Post, 22 Oct. 1995; 'March of the Militants', Far Eastern Economic Review; 9 March 1995; 'Troubled Frontier', Far Eastern Economic Review, 16 Sept. 1993; 'Southern Discomfort', Far Eastern Economic Review, 2 Sept. 1993; 'New Muslim Movement Claims 1,000 Members', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1995; 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth,' Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998; 'Pulo Movement Seen Continuing', The Nation, 12 Feb. 1998; 'The Story Behind the Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Pattani', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1996; and 'New PULO Faction Suspected in Grenade Attack in South', Bangkok Post, 4 Mar. 1995.
43. See, for instance, 'Ties of Faith', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 April 1996; 'Separatist Movement Has Few Supporters', Bangkok Post, 19 January 1998; 'PM: Peace in South Vital to Growth Triangle', Bangkok Post, 21 January 1998; 'Southern Rebels Surrender', Bangkok Post, 10 March 1998; and '50 Southern Separatists Surrender', Bangkok Post, 12 March 1998.
44. See, for instance, 'Ties of Faith', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 April 1996; 'Separatist Movement Has Few Supporters', Bangkok Post, 19 January 1998; 'PM: Peace in South Vital to Growth Triangle', Bangkok Post, 21 January 1998; 'Southern Rebels Surrender', Bangkok Post, 10 March 1998; and '50 Southern Separatists Surrender', Bangkok Post, 12 March 1998.
45. See, for instance, 'Ties of Faith', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 April 1996; 'Separatist Movement Has Few Supporters', Bangkok Post, 19 January 1998; 'PM: Peace in South Vital to Growth Triangle', Bangkok Post, 21 January 1998; 'Southern Rebels Surrender', Bangkok Post, 10 March 1998; and '50 Southern Separatists Surrender', Bangkok Post, 12 March 1998.
46. See, for instance, 'Ties of Faith', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 April 1996; 'Separatist Movement Has Few Supporters', Bangkok Post, 19 January 1998; 'PM: Peace in South Vital to Growth Triangle', Bangkok Post, 21 January 1998; 'Southern Rebels Surrender', Bangkok Post, 10 March 1998; and '50 Southern Separatists Surrender', Bangkok Post, 12 March 1998.
47. See, for instance, 'Ties of Faith', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 April 1996; 'Separatist Movement Has Few Supporters', Bangkok Post, 19 January 1998; 'PM: Peace in South Vital to Growth Triangle', Bangkok Post, 21 January 1998; 'Southern Rebels Surrender', Bangkok Post, 10 March 1998; and '50 Southern Separatists Surrender', Bangkok Post, 12 March 1998.
48. Ladd, 'Thailand,' (see note 15) pp.242-3; '50 Southern Separatists Surrender', Bangkok Post, 12 March 1998; 'Separatists Not Responsible for Terrorism, Say Locals', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1998; 'Motives Behind Violence in the South', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998 ; and 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998.
49. Ladd, 'Thailand,' (see note 15) pp.242-3; '50 Southern Separatists Surrender', Bangkok Post, 12 March 1998; 'Separatists Not Responsible for Terrorism, Say Locals', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1998; 'Motives Behind Violence in the South', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998 ; and 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998.
50. Ladd, 'Thailand,' (see note 15) pp.242-3; '50 Southern Separatists Surrender', Bangkok Post, 12 March 1998; 'Separatists Not Responsible for Terrorism, Say Locals', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1998; 'Motives Behind Violence in the South', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998 ; and 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998.
51. Ladd, 'Thailand,' (see note 15) pp.242-3; '50 Southern Separatists Surrender', Bangkok Post, 12 March 1998; 'Separatists Not Responsible for Terrorism, Say Locals', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1998; 'Motives Behind Violence in the South', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998 ; and 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998.
52. Ladd, 'Thailand,' (see note 15) pp.242-3; '50 Southern Separatists Surrender', Bangkok Post, 12 March 1998; 'Separatists Not Responsible for Terrorism, Say Locals', The Nation, 19 Jan. 1998; 'Motives Behind Violence in the South', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998 ; and 'Plague of Terrorism Ruins Thai Economic Growth', Bangkok Post, 18 Jan. 1998.
53. For further details see PRAS, Annual Risk Assessment, 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.43; The Europa World Year Book 1996: Volume I (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1996), pp. 1580-3; Trevor Findlay, 'Turning the Corner in South-east Asia', in Mike Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996), Vol. 1, p.201; PRAS, Quarterly Risk Assessment, July-September 1996 (Pinkerton's Inc., October 1996), p.5; 'Eastern Reproach', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Symbol of Discontent', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Tip of Sumatra an Enduring Thorn for Jakarta', The Australian, 28 Feb. 1997; 'Deadly Suspicion', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1991; Udai Singh, 'East Timor: Pebble in Indonesia's Shoe', Strategic Analysis XIX/9 (December 1996), pp.1319-29; A. Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), ch. 8; J. Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991), ch. 12; and Peter Carey, East Timor: Third World Colonialism and the Struggle for National Identity, Conflict Studies 293/4 (London: RISCT, 1996).
54. For further details see PRAS, Annual Risk Assessment, 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.43; The Europa World Year Book 1996: Volume I (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1996), pp. 1580-3; Trevor Findlay, 'Turning the Corner in South-east Asia', in Mike Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996), Vol. 1, p.201; PRAS, Quarterly Risk Assessment, July-September 1996 (Pinkerton's Inc., October 1996), p.5; 'Eastern Reproach', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Symbol of Discontent', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Tip of Sumatra an Enduring Thorn for Jakarta', The Australian, 28 Feb. 1997; 'Deadly Suspicion', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1991; Udai Singh, 'East Timor: Pebble in Indonesia's Shoe', Strategic Analysis XIX/9 (December 1996), pp.1319-29; A. Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), ch. 8; J. Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991), ch. 12; and Peter Carey, East Timor: Third World Colonialism and the Struggle for National Identity, Conflict Studies 293/4 (London: RISCT, 1996).
55. For further details see PRAS, Annual Risk Assessment, 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.43; The Europa World Year Book 1996: Volume I (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1996), pp. 1580-3; Trevor Findlay, 'Turning the Corner in South-east Asia', in Mike Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996), Vol. 1, p.201; PRAS, Quarterly Risk Assessment, July-September 1996 (Pinkerton's Inc., October 1996), p.5; 'Eastern Reproach', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Symbol of Discontent', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Tip of Sumatra an Enduring Thorn for Jakarta', The Australian, 28 Feb. 1997; 'Deadly Suspicion', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1991; Udai Singh, 'East Timor: Pebble in Indonesia's Shoe', Strategic Analysis XIX/9 (December 1996), pp.1319-29; A. Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), ch. 8; J. Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991), ch. 12; and Peter Carey, East Timor: Third World Colonialism and the Struggle for National Identity, Conflict Studies 293/4 (London: RISCT, 1996).
56. For further details see PRAS, Annual Risk Assessment, 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.43; The Europa World Year Book 1996: Volume I (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1996), pp. 1580-3; Trevor Findlay, 'Turning the Corner in South-east Asia', in Mike Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996), Vol. 1, p.201; PRAS, Quarterly Risk Assessment, July-September 1996 (Pinkerton's Inc., October 1996), p.5; 'Eastern Reproach', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Symbol of Discontent', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Tip of Sumatra an Enduring Thorn for Jakarta', The Australian, 28 Feb. 1997; 'Deadly Suspicion', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1991; Udai Singh, 'East Timor: Pebble in Indonesia's Shoe', Strategic Analysis XIX/9 (December 1996), pp.1319-29; A. Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), ch. 8; J. Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991), ch. 12; and Peter Carey, East Timor: Third World Colonialism and the Struggle for National Identity, Conflict Studies 293/4 (London: RISCT, 1996).
57. For further details see PRAS, Annual Risk Assessment, 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.43; The Europa World Year Book 1996: Volume I (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1996), pp. 1580-3; Trevor Findlay, 'Turning the Corner in South-east Asia', in Mike Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996), Vol. 1, p.201; PRAS, Quarterly Risk Assessment, July-September 1996 (Pinkerton's Inc., October 1996), p.5; 'Eastern Reproach', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Symbol of Discontent', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Tip of Sumatra an Enduring Thorn for Jakarta', The Australian, 28 Feb. 1997; 'Deadly Suspicion', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1991; Udai Singh, 'East Timor: Pebble in Indonesia's Shoe', Strategic Analysis XIX/9 (December 1996), pp.1319-29; A. Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), ch. 8; J. Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991), ch. 12; and Peter Carey, East Timor: Third World Colonialism and the Struggle for National Identity, Conflict Studies 293/4 (London: RISCT, 1996).
58. For further details see PRAS, Annual Risk Assessment, 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.43; The Europa World Year Book 1996: Volume I (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1996), pp. 1580-3; Trevor Findlay, 'Turning the Corner in South-east Asia', in Mike Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996), Vol. 1, p.201; PRAS, Quarterly Risk Assessment, July-September 1996 (Pinkerton's Inc., October 1996), p.5; 'Eastern Reproach', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Symbol of Discontent', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Tip of Sumatra an Enduring Thorn for Jakarta', The Australian, 28 Feb. 1997; 'Deadly Suspicion', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1991; Udai Singh, 'East Timor: Pebble in Indonesia's Shoe', Strategic Analysis XIX/9 (December 1996), pp.1319-29; A. Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), ch. 8; J. Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991), ch. 12; and Peter Carey, East Timor: Third World Colonialism and the Struggle for National Identity, Conflict Studies 293/4 (London: RISCT, 1996).
59. For further details see PRAS, Annual Risk Assessment, 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.43; The Europa World Year Book 1996: Volume I (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1996), pp. 1580-3; Trevor Findlay, 'Turning the Corner in South-east Asia', in Mike Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996), Vol. 1, p.201; PRAS, Quarterly Risk Assessment, July-September 1996 (Pinkerton's Inc., October 1996), p.5; 'Eastern Reproach', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Symbol of Discontent', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Tip of Sumatra an Enduring Thorn for Jakarta', The Australian, 28 Feb. 1997; 'Deadly Suspicion', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1991; Udai Singh, 'East Timor: Pebble in Indonesia's Shoe', Strategic Analysis XIX/9 (December 1996), pp.1319-29; A. Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), ch. 8; J. Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991), ch. 12; and Peter Carey, East Timor: Third World Colonialism and the Struggle for National Identity, Conflict Studies 293/4 (London: RISCT, 1996).
60. For further details see PRAS, Annual Risk Assessment, 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.43; The Europa World Year Book 1996: Volume I (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1996), pp. 1580-3; Trevor Findlay, 'Turning the Corner in South-east Asia', in Mike Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996), Vol. 1, p.201; PRAS, Quarterly Risk Assessment, July-September 1996 (Pinkerton's Inc., October 1996), p.5; 'Eastern Reproach', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Symbol of Discontent', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Tip of Sumatra an Enduring Thorn for Jakarta', The Australian, 28 Feb. 1997; 'Deadly Suspicion', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1991; Udai Singh, 'East Timor: Pebble in Indonesia's Shoe', Strategic Analysis XIX/9 (December 1996), pp.1319-29; A. Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), ch. 8; J. Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991), ch. 12; and Peter Carey, East Timor: Third World Colonialism and the Struggle for National Identity, Conflict Studies 293/4 (London: RISCT, 1996).
61. For further details see PRAS, Annual Risk Assessment, 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.43; The Europa World Year Book 1996: Volume I (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1996), pp. 1580-3; Trevor Findlay, 'Turning the Corner in South-east Asia', in Mike Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996), Vol. 1, p.201; PRAS, Quarterly Risk Assessment, July-September 1996 (Pinkerton's Inc., October 1996), p.5; 'Eastern Reproach', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Symbol of Discontent', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Tip of Sumatra an Enduring Thorn for Jakarta', The Australian, 28 Feb. 1997; 'Deadly Suspicion', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1991; Udai Singh, 'East Timor: Pebble in Indonesia's Shoe', Strategic Analysis XIX/9 (December 1996), pp.1319-29; A. Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), ch. 8; J. Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991), ch. 12; and Peter Carey, East Timor: Third World Colonialism and the Struggle for National Identity, Conflict Studies 293/4 (London: RISCT, 1996).
62. For further details see PRAS, Annual Risk Assessment, 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.43; The Europa World Year Book 1996: Volume I (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1996), pp. 1580-3; Trevor Findlay, 'Turning the Corner in South-east Asia', in Mike Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996), Vol. 1, p.201; PRAS, Quarterly Risk Assessment, July-September 1996 (Pinkerton's Inc., October 1996), p.5; 'Eastern Reproach', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Symbol of Discontent', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Tip of Sumatra an Enduring Thorn for Jakarta', The Australian, 28 Feb. 1997; 'Deadly Suspicion', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1991; Udai Singh, 'East Timor: Pebble in Indonesia's Shoe', Strategic Analysis XIX/9 (December 1996), pp.1319-29; A. Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), ch. 8; J. Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991), ch. 12; and Peter Carey, East Timor: Third World Colonialism and the Struggle for National Identity, Conflict Studies 293/4 (London: RISCT, 1996).
63. For further details see PRAS, Annual Risk Assessment, 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.43; The Europa World Year Book 1996: Volume I (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1996), pp. 1580-3; Trevor Findlay, 'Turning the Corner in South-east Asia', in Mike Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996), Vol. 1, p.201; PRAS, Quarterly Risk Assessment, July-September 1996 (Pinkerton's Inc., October 1996), p.5; 'Eastern Reproach', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Symbol of Discontent', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Tip of Sumatra an Enduring Thorn for Jakarta', The Australian, 28 Feb. 1997; 'Deadly Suspicion', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1991; Udai Singh, 'East Timor: Pebble in Indonesia's Shoe', Strategic Analysis XIX/9 (December 1996), pp.1319-29; A. Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), ch. 8; J. Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991), ch. 12; and Peter Carey, East Timor: Third World Colonialism and the Struggle for National Identity, Conflict Studies 293/4 (London: RISCT, 1996).
64. For further details see PRAS, Annual Risk Assessment, 1995 (Pinkerton's Inc., 1996), p.43; The Europa World Year Book 1996: Volume I (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1996), pp. 1580-3; Trevor Findlay, 'Turning the Corner in South-east Asia', in Mike Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996), Vol. 1, p.201; PRAS, Quarterly Risk Assessment, July-September 1996 (Pinkerton's Inc., October 1996), p.5; 'Eastern Reproach', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Symbol of Discontent', Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 July 1991; 'Tip of Sumatra an Enduring Thorn for Jakarta', The Australian, 28 Feb. 1997; 'Deadly Suspicion', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1991; Udai Singh, 'East Timor: Pebble in Indonesia's Shoe', Strategic Analysis XIX/9 (December 1996), pp.1319-29; A. Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), ch. 8; J. Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991), ch. 12; and Peter Carey, East Timor: Third World Colonialism and the Struggle for National Identity, Conflict Studies 293/4 (London: RISCT, 1996).
65. See 'Jakarta Boasts Rebel Body Count in Rescue', The Australian, 17 May 1996; 'Jakarta Vows it Will Teach Irian Rebels a Lesson', Weekend Australian, 18 May 1996; 'Helping Hand', Far Eastern Economic Review, 30 May 1996
66. See 'Jakarta Boasts Rebel Body Count in Rescue', The Australian, 17 May 1996; 'Jakarta Vows it Will Teach Irian Rebels a Lesson', Weekend Australian, 18 May 1996; 'Helping Hand', Far Eastern Economic Review, 30 May 1996
67. See 'Jakarta Boasts Rebel Body Count in Rescue', The Australian, 17 May 1996; 'Jakarta Vows it Will Teach Irian Rebels a Lesson', Weekend Australian, 18 May 1996; 'Helping Hand', Far Eastern Economic Review, 30 May 1996
68. Europa World Year Book 1996 (note 18) p.1580. See also 'Islamic Separatists Held, Arms Seized', We Australian, 28 February 1997.
69. Europa World Year Book 1996 (note 18) p.1580. See also 'Islamic Separatists Held, Arms Seized', We Australian, 28 February 1997.
70. See '15 Deaths in E Timor Cast Shadow on Poll', The Australian, 30 May 1997; 'E Timor Toll Up to 17', Weekend Australian, 31 May 1997; and 'Indonesia Detains 109 Over East Timor Unrest', Weekend Australian, 15 Feb 1997.
71. See '15 Deaths in E Timor Cast Shadow on Poll', The Australian, 30 May 1997; 'E Timor Toll Up to 17', Weekend Australian, 31 May 1997; and 'Indonesia Detains 109 Over East Timor Unrest', Weekend Australian, 15 Feb 1997.
72. See '15 Deaths in E Timor Cast Shadow on Poll', The Australian, 30 May 1997; 'E Timor Toll Up to 17', Weekend Australian, 31 May 1997; and 'Indonesia Detains 109 Over East Timor Unrest', Weekend Australian, 15 Feb 1997.
73. For further details see Peter Chalk, 'The Davao Consensus: A Panacea for the Muslim Insurgency on Mindanao', Terrorism and Political Violence 9/2 (Summer 1997); Mark Turner, 'Terrorism and Secession in the Southern Philippines: The Rise of the Abu Sayyaf', Contemporary South-east Asia 17/1 (June 1995); and P.B. Sinha, 'Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines', Strategic Analysis 18/5 (1995).
74. For further details see Peter Chalk, 'The Davao Consensus: A Panacea for the Muslim Insurgency on Mindanao', Terrorism and Political Violence 9/2 (Summer 1997); Mark Turner, 'Terrorism and Secession in the Southern Philippines: The Rise of the Abu Sayyaf', Contemporary South-east Asia 17/1 (June 1995); and P.B. Sinha, 'Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines', Strategic Analysis 18/5 (1995).
75. For further details see Peter Chalk, 'The Davao Consensus: A Panacea for the Muslim Insurgency on Mindanao', Terrorism and Political Violence 9/2 (Summer 1997); Mark Turner, 'Terrorism and Secession in the Southern Philippines: The Rise of the Abu Sayyaf', Contemporary South-east Asia 17/1 (June 1995); and P.B. Sinha, 'Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines', Strategic Analysis 18/5 (1995).
76. Chalk, 'The Davao Consensus', ibid, pp.92-3. See also Merliza Makinano, 'Terrorism as a Threat to National Security', OSS Working Paper, 1997, p.15; 'Remembered Fears in Mindanao Arms Build-Up', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 13 Sept. 1996; 'The SPCPD Gamble', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 15 Sept. 1996; and 'AFP Names Officials Supporting Vigilantes', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 16 Sept. 1996.
77. Chalk, 'The Davao Consensus', ibid, pp.92-3. See also Merliza Makinano, 'Terrorism as a Threat to National Security', OSS Working Paper, 1997, p.15; 'Remembered Fears in Mindanao Arms Build-Up', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 13 Sept. 1996; 'The SPCPD Gamble', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 15 Sept. 1996; and 'AFP Names Officials Supporting Vigilantes', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 16 Sept. 1996.
78. Chalk, 'The Davao Consensus', ibid, pp.92-3. See also Merliza Makinano, 'Terrorism as a Threat to National Security', OSS Working Paper, 1997, p.15; 'Remembered Fears in Mindanao Arms Build-Up', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 13 Sept. 1996; 'The SPCPD Gamble', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 15 Sept. 1996; and 'AFP Names Officials Supporting Vigilantes', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 16 Sept. 1996.
79. Chalk, 'The Davao Consensus', ibid, pp.92-3. See also Merliza Makinano, 'Terrorism as a Threat to National Security', OSS Working Paper, 1997, p.15; 'Remembered Fears in Mindanao Arms Build-Up', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 13 Sept. 1996; 'The SPCPD Gamble', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 15 Sept. 1996; and 'AFP Names Officials Supporting Vigilantes', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 16 Sept. 1996.
80. Chalk, 'The Davao Consensus', ibid, pp.92-3. See also Merliza Makinano, 'Terrorism as a Threat to National Security', OSS Working Paper, 1997, p.15; 'Remembered Fears in Mindanao Arms Build-Up', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 13 Sept. 1996; 'The SPCPD Gamble', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 15 Sept. 1996; and 'AFP Names Officials Supporting Vigilantes', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 16 Sept. 1996.
81. Bruce Hoffman, 'Intelligence and Terrorism: Emerging Threats and New Security Challenges In the Post-Cold War Era', Intelligence and National Security 11/2 (April 1996), p.172; Nathan, 'Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region' (note 8), p.10.
82. Bruce Hoffman, 'Intelligence and Terrorism: Emerging Threats and New Security Challenges In the Post-Cold War Era', Intelligence and National Security 11/2 (April 1996), p.172; Nathan, 'Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region' (note 8), p.10.
83. Europa World Year Book 1996 (note 18), p.1580.
84. Chalk, 'The Davao Consenus,' (note 22), pp.89-90; Sinha, 'Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines,' (note 22), p.635; Turner, 'Terrorism and Secession in the Southern Philippines,' (note 22), p.8; 'Philippines Massacre is a "Sign of Worse to Come"', The Guardian, 7 April 1995; and 'Muslim Rebels Kill Scores in Philippine City', The New York Times, 5 April 1995.
85. Chalk, 'The Davao Consenus,' (note 22), pp.89-90; Sinha, 'Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines,' (note 22), p.635; Turner, 'Terrorism and Secession in the Southern Philippines,' (note 22), p.8; 'Philippines Massacre is a "Sign of Worse to Come"', The Guardian, 7 April 1995; and 'Muslim Rebels Kill Scores in Philippine City', The New York Times, 5 April 1995.
86. Chalk, 'The Davao Consenus,' (note 22), pp.89-90; Sinha, 'Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines,' (note 22), p.635; Turner, 'Terrorism and Secession in the Southern Philippines,' (note 22), p.8; 'Philippines Massacre is a "Sign of Worse to Come"', The Guardian, 7 April 1995; and 'Muslim Rebels Kill Scores in Philippine City', The New York Times, 5 April 1995.
87. Chalk, 'The Davao Consenus,' (note 22), pp.89-90; Sinha, 'Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines,' (note 22), p.635; Turner, 'Terrorism and Secession in the Southern Philippines,' (note 22), p.8; 'Philippines Massacre is a "Sign of Worse to Come"', The Guardian, 7 April 1995; and 'Muslim Rebels Kill Scores in Philippine City', The New York Times, 5 April 1995.
88. Chalk, 'The Davao Consenus,' (note 22), pp.89-90; Sinha, 'Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines,' (note 22), p.635; Turner, 'Terrorism and Secession in the Southern Philippines,' (note 22), p.8; 'Philippines Massacre is a "Sign of Worse to Come"', The Guardian, 7 April 1995; and 'Muslim Rebels Kill Scores in Philippine City', The New York Times, 5 April 1995.
89. Chalk, Grey Area Phenomena in South-East Asia, (note 14), pp. 75-6. See also 'Cambodia Takes Ex-Khmer Bases', The Courier-Mail, 10 Sept. 1996; 'Legal Net Slowly Closes on Brother Number One', The Australian, 12 March 1996; and 'Khmer Rouge Defectors Grilled', The Australian, 9 Sept. 1996.
90. Chalk, Grey Area Phenomena in South-East Asia, (note 14), pp. 75-6. See also 'Cambodia Takes Ex-Khmer Bases', The Courier-Mail, 10 Sept. 1996; 'Legal Net Slowly Closes on Brother Number One', The Australian, 12 March 1996; and 'Khmer Rouge Defectors Grilled', The Australian, 9 Sept. 1996.
91. Chalk, Grey Area Phenomena in South-East Asia, (note 14), pp. 75-6. See also 'Cambodia Takes Ex-Khmer Bases', The Courier-Mail, 10 Sept. 1996; 'Legal Net Slowly Closes on Brother Number One', The Australian, 12 March 1996; and 'Khmer Rouge Defectors Grilled', The Australian, 9 Sept. 1996.
92. Chalk, Grey Area Phenomena in South-East Asia, (note 14), pp. 75-6. See also 'Cambodia Takes Ex-Khmer Bases', The Courier-Mail, 10 Sept. 1996; 'Legal Net Slowly Closes on Brother Number One', The Australian, 12 March 1996; and 'Khmer Rouge Defectors Grilled', The Australian, 9 Sept. 1996.
93. Although the CPP and Funcinpec agreed to establish a coalition government in 1993 following UN-sponsored elections, personal rivalry and hostility between the party's two leaders, Hun Sen and Prince Ranarridh, served to greatly impede the effectiveness of the subsequent joint administration. So serious was this bipartisan hostility that rarely were the CPP or Funcinpec able to exhibit a united stance on any issue. Tensions culminated in July 1997 when Hun Sen effectively carried out a coup d'etat against Ranarridh, over-running the Funcinpec headquarters in Phnom Penh and installing a single, CPP government. Since then, Cambodia has been in the grips of a low level civil war, pitting Funcinpec members loyal to Ranarridh and the KR against Hun Sen.
94. Lewis Stern, 'Cambodia,' in Carpenter and Wiencek (note 2), Asian Security Handbook, p.129.
95. 'The Wild East', The Sydney Morning Herald, 4 April 1998.
96. Peter Chalk, Low Intensity Conflict in South-east Asia, Conflict Studies 305/306 (London: RISCT, 1998), p.17.
97. Information obtained by the author during interviews conducted with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also Sinha (note 22) 'Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines', p.645; 'Terror International', Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 May 1995; 'Military Cites Seven Foreign Groups Linked to Abu Sayyaf, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 18 April 1995; 'The Shadow of Terrorism', Asiaweek, 28 April 1995; and 'Unravelling a Tangled Web,' Asiaweek, 5 May 1996.
98. Information obtained by the author during interviews conducted with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also Sinha (note 22) 'Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines', p.645; 'Terror International', Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 May 1995; 'Military Cites Seven Foreign Groups Linked to Abu Sayyaf, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 18 April 1995; 'The Shadow of Terrorism', Asiaweek, 28 April 1995; and 'Unravelling a Tangled Web,' Asiaweek, 5 May 1996.
99. Information obtained by the author during interviews conducted with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also Sinha (note 22) 'Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines', p.645; 'Terror International', Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 May 1995; 'Military Cites Seven Foreign Groups Linked to Abu Sayyaf, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 18 April 1995; 'The Shadow of Terrorism', Asiaweek, 28 April 1995; and 'Unravelling a Tangled Web,' Asiaweek, 5 May 1996.
100. Information obtained by the author during interviews conducted with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also Sinha (note 22) 'Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines', p.645; 'Terror International', Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 May 1995; 'Military Cites Seven Foreign Groups Linked to Abu Sayyaf, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 18 April 1995; 'The Shadow of Terrorism', Asiaweek, 28 April 1995; and 'Unravelling a Tangled Web,' Asiaweek, 5 May 1996.
101. Information obtained by the author during interviews conducted with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also Sinha (note 22) 'Muslim Insurgency in the Philippines', p.645; 'Terror International', Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 May 1995; 'Military Cites Seven Foreign Groups Linked to Abu Sayyaf, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 18 April 1995; 'The Shadow of Terrorism', Asiaweek, 28 April 1995; and 'Unravelling a Tangled Web,' Asiaweek, 5 May 1996.
102. Chalk, Low Intensity Conflict in South-east Asia (note 31), pp.17-18.
103. Information obtained by author during interviews conducted with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also 'President Ramos Vows Crackdown on Muslim Extremists', Asian Bulletin 21/2 (March-April 1996), pp.33-7; 'Military Cites Seven Foreign Groups Linked to Abu SayyaF, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 4 July 1995; 'Abu Sayyaf Acquires High-Tech Weaponry Abroad', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 3 Jan. 1995; 'Terror International', The Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 May 1995; 'Manila Steps Up Manhunt For Terrorists', The Australian, 11 Jan. 1996; 'The Shadow of Terrorism', Asiaweek, 28 April 1995; and 'Unravelling a Tangled Web', Asiaweek, 5 May 1995.
104. Information obtained by author during interviews conducted with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also 'President Ramos Vows Crackdown on Muslim Extremists', Asian Bulletin 21/2 (March-April 1996), pp.33-7; 'Military Cites Seven Foreign Groups Linked to Abu SayyaF, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 4 July 1995; 'Abu Sayyaf Acquires High-Tech Weaponry Abroad', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 3 Jan. 1995; 'Terror International', The Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 May 1995; 'Manila Steps Up Manhunt For Terrorists', The Australian, 11 Jan. 1996; 'The Shadow of Terrorism', Asiaweek, 28 April 1995; and 'Unravelling a Tangled Web', Asiaweek, 5 May 1995.
105. Information obtained by author during interviews conducted with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also 'President Ramos Vows Crackdown on Muslim Extremists', Asian Bulletin 21/2 (March-April 1996), pp.33-7; 'Military Cites Seven Foreign Groups Linked to Abu SayyaF, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 4 July 1995; 'Abu Sayyaf Acquires High-Tech Weaponry Abroad', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 3 Jan. 1995; 'Terror International', The Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 May 1995; 'Manila Steps Up Manhunt For Terrorists', The Australian, 11 Jan. 1996; 'The Shadow of Terrorism', Asiaweek, 28 April 1995; and 'Unravelling a Tangled Web', Asiaweek, 5 May 1995.
106. Information obtained by author during interviews conducted with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also 'President Ramos Vows Crackdown on Muslim Extremists', Asian Bulletin 21/2 (March-April 1996), pp.33-7; 'Military Cites Seven Foreign Groups Linked to Abu SayyaF, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 4 July 1995; 'Abu Sayyaf Acquires High-Tech Weaponry Abroad', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 3 Jan. 1995; 'Terror International', The Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 May 1995; 'Manila Steps Up Manhunt For Terrorists', The Australian, 11 Jan. 1996; 'The Shadow of Terrorism', Asiaweek, 28 April 1995; and 'Unravelling a Tangled Web', Asiaweek, 5 May 1995.
107. Information obtained by author during interviews conducted with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also 'President Ramos Vows Crackdown on Muslim Extremists', Asian Bulletin 21/2 (March-April 1996), pp.33-7; 'Military Cites Seven Foreign Groups Linked to Abu SayyaF, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 4 July 1995; 'Abu Sayyaf Acquires High-Tech Weaponry Abroad', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 3 Jan. 1995; 'Terror International', The Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 May 1995; 'Manila Steps Up Manhunt For Terrorists', The Australian, 11 Jan. 1996; 'The Shadow of Terrorism', Asiaweek, 28 April 1995; and 'Unravelling a Tangled Web', Asiaweek, 5 May 1995.
108. Information obtained by author during interviews conducted with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also 'President Ramos Vows Crackdown on Muslim Extremists', Asian Bulletin 21/2 (March-April 1996), pp.33-7; 'Military Cites Seven Foreign Groups Linked to Abu SayyaF, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 4 July 1995; 'Abu Sayyaf Acquires High-Tech Weaponry Abroad', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 3 Jan. 1995; 'Terror International', The Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 May 1995; 'Manila Steps Up Manhunt For Terrorists', The Australian, 11 Jan. 1996; 'The Shadow of Terrorism', Asiaweek, 28 April 1995; and 'Unravelling a Tangled Web', Asiaweek, 5 May 1995.
109. Information obtained by author during interviews conducted with the Office of Special Strategic Studies, Manila, September 1996. See also 'President Ramos Vows Crackdown on Muslim Extremists', Asian Bulletin 21/2 (March-April 1996), pp.33-7; 'Military Cites Seven Foreign Groups Linked to Abu SayyaF, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 4 July 1995; 'Abu Sayyaf Acquires High-Tech Weaponry Abroad', The Philippine Daily Inquirer, 3 Jan. 1995; 'Terror International', The Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 May 1995; 'Manila Steps Up Manhunt For Terrorists', The Australian, 11 Jan. 1996; 'The Shadow of Terrorism', Asiaweek, 28 April 1995; and 'Unravelling a Tangled Web', Asiaweek, 5 May 1995.
110. Information relayed to author during interviews conducted with Thai Military Intelligence, Bangkok, July 1997. See also 'March of the Militants',
111. Information relayed to author during interviews conducted with Thai Military Intelligence, Bangkok, July 1997. See also 'March of the Militants', Far Eastern Economic Review, 9 March 1995; 'Minister: "Southern Separatists Receive Foreign Training2"' The Nation, 6 Jan. 1995; and 'PM: Stem Action if Attempt Made to Revive Al-Arqam', The New Straits Times, 3 June 1995.
112. Information relayed to author during interviews conducted with Thai Military Intelligence, Bangkok, July 1997. See also 'March of the Militants', Far Eastern Economic Review, 9 March 1995; 'Minister: "Southern Separatists Receive Foreign Training2"' The Nation, 6 Jan. 1995; and 'PM: Stem Action if Attempt Made to Revive Al-Arqam', The New Straits Times, 3 June 1995.
113. Findlay, 'Turning the Corner in South-east Asia', p.200;
114. Sinha, 'Muslim Insurgency in the Southern Philippines', p.646;
115. 'A Mad Dream of Global Terror', Time, 10 April 1995;
116. 'Death in the Afternoon', Time, 17 April 1995; and
117. 'Manila Dubious on Muslim Rebels', The International Herald Tribune, 19 April 1995.
118. Information relayed to author by PRAS, November 1996. In the event, the APEC summit passed without incident. One can speculate that this was due to the interception of the arms cache, the subsequent capture of the four suspected Afghan terrorists and the deployment of 30,000 security personnel, including 5,000 drawn from a new Special Operations Command combining troops trained in both jungle and urban warfare.
119. See, 'Pieces Don't Fit in Army Camp Raid', The Philippines Today, 16 October 1997; 'Abat, AFP Insist MILF Behind Raid', The Manila Times, 16 October 1997; and 'Philippines to Tighten Controls on Foreign Students', The Straits Times Weekly Edition, 25 October 1997.
120. See, 'Pieces Don't Fit in Army Camp Raid', The Philippines Today, 16 October 1997; 'Abat, AFP Insist MILF Behind Raid', The Manila Times, 16 October 1997; and 'Philippines to Tighten Controls on Foreign Students', The Straits Times Weekly Edition, 25 October 1997.
121. See, 'Pieces Don't Fit in Army Camp Raid', The Philippines Today, 16 October 1997; 'Abat, AFP Insist MILF Behind Raid', The Manila Times, 16 October 1997; and 'Philippines to Tighten Controls on Foreign Students', The Straits Times Weekly Edition, 25 October 1997.
122. Bertil Lintner, Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency Since 1948 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994),pp.421-37.
123. Chalk, Grey Area Phenomena in South-east Asia, (see note 14) pp.78-9.
124. PRAS, Annual Risk Database 1990-96.
125. See Martin Smith, 'Burma at the Cross Roads', Burma Debate 3/6 (November-December 1996, p.7;
126. Khin Maung Kyi, 'Myanmar: Will Forever Flow the Ayeyarwady?' in Daljit Singh (ed.), South-east Asian Affairs 1994 (Singapore: ISEAS, 1994), pp.221-2; and
127. Bertil Lintner, 'Ethnic Insurgents and Narcotics', Burma Debate 2/1 (February-March 1995), p.21.
128. Chalk, Grey Area Phenomena in South-east Asia (note 14) pp.80-1.
129. Information relayed to author during interviews conducted at Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, July 1997.
130. See, for instance, 'Chinese Tycoon Denies Role in Jakarta Bombing', The Courier-Mail, 27 Jan. 1998; 'Jakarta Puts Army on Race-Riot Alert', Courier-Mail, 31 Jan 1998; 'Troops Show Muscle Amid Food Riot Fears', The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 Feb. 1998; 'Indonesian Crisis Unrest Widens as Economic Crisis', CNN Interactive News, 2 Feb. 1998; and 'Sumatra Bomb Scare', Sydney Morning Herald, 11 Feb.1998.
131. See, for instance, 'Chinese Tycoon Denies Role in Jakarta Bombing', The Courier-Mail, 27 Jan. 1998; 'Jakarta Puts Army on Race-Riot Alert', Courier-Mail, 31 Jan 1998; 'Troops Show Muscle Amid Food Riot Fears', The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 Feb. 1998; 'Indonesian Crisis Unrest Widens as Economic Crisis', CNN Interactive News, 2 Feb. 1998; and 'Sumatra Bomb Scare', Sydney Morning Herald, 11 Feb.1998.
132. See, for instance, 'Chinese Tycoon Denies Role in Jakarta Bombing', The Courier-Mail, 27 Jan. 1998; 'Jakarta Puts Army on Race-Riot Alert', Courier-Mail, 31 Jan 1998; 'Troops Show Muscle Amid Food Riot Fears', The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 Feb. 1998; 'Indonesian Crisis Unrest Widens as Economic Crisis', CNN Interactive News, 2 Feb. 1998; and 'Sumatra Bomb Scare', Sydney Morning Herald, 11 Feb.1998.
133. See, for instance, 'Chinese Tycoon Denies Role in Jakarta Bombing', The Courier-Mail, 27 Jan. 1998; 'Jakarta Puts Army on Race-Riot Alert', Courier-Mail, 31 Jan 1998; 'Troops Show Muscle Amid Food Riot Fears', The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 Feb. 1998; 'Indonesian Crisis Unrest Widens as Economic Crisis', CNN Interactive News, 2 Feb. 1998; and 'Sumatra Bomb Scare', Sydney Morning Herald, 11 Feb.1998.
134. See, for instance, 'Chinese Tycoon Denies Role in Jakarta Bombing', The Courier-Mail, 27 Jan. 1998; 'Jakarta Puts Army on Race-Riot Alert', Courier-Mail, 31 Jan 1998; 'Troops Show Muscle Amid Food Riot Fears', The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 Feb. 1998; 'Indonesian Crisis Unrest Widens as Economic Crisis', CNN Interactive News, 2 Feb. 1998; and 'Sumatra Bomb Scare', Sydney Morning Herald, 11 Feb.1998.