The dialectics of citizenship and ethnicity in Guinea

Africa Today

Volumn 45, Issue 3-4, 1998, Pages 411-422

  Groelsema, Robert J ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032274805     PISSN: 00019887     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Peter P. Ekeh, "Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement," Comparative Studies in Society and History 17, no. 1 (1975): 91-112.
2. T. H. Marshall, Social Policy (London: Hutchinson, 1965).
3. République de Guinée, Journal Officiel de la République de Guinée: Loi fondamentale, lois organiques (Conakry: Syndicat d'Imprimerie et de Presse, March 1992), Article 5, p. 1.
4. Ibid.
5. Free speech, for example, is guaranteed in Article 7, and freedom of association and the right to assemble and to march is provided for in Article 10. Article 8 declares that no one must be privileged or disadvantaged because of his ethnic origins, and Article 18 states that no one can be fired because of it. Article 20 requires every citizen to promote tolerance and democratic values, and to respect the opinion of others. République de Guinée, Loi fondamentale, lois organiques, pp. 1-2.
6. Ibid.; see Articles 37-45 of the constitution, p. 3.
7. For a discussion of presidential powers under this constitution, see Associates in Rural Development, Democratic Governance in Guinea: An Assessment. Unpublished report prepared for USAID, February 1995, produced by Associates in Rural Development.
8. "Civic republican citizenship" is understood in this article as Oldfield describes it, where individuals are members of a community first and exercise their rights "in accordance with a practice which is socially defined, and which they have a duty to engage in." Adrian Oldfield, "Citizenship: An Unnatural Practice?" Political Quarterly 61, no. 2 (1990): 177-187.
9. Author's interviews with political party members, 1994.
10. Population figures are based on a 1992 National Health Survey. République de Guinée, Enquête démographique et de santé, Guinée 1992: Rapport national de synthèse (Conakry: Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Informatisation, 1994), p. 11.
11. All together, Guinea's cultural groups number about twenty. See Claude Rivière, Mutations sociales en Guinée (Paris: Editions Marcel Rivière et Companie, 1971), p. 31.
12. For discussions about identity construction, see Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991), and Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London and New York: Verso, 1993). For a discussion of ideologization of group identity, see Crawford Young, The Politics of Cultural Pluralism (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976), pp. 44-47.
13. For discussions about identity construction, see Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991), and Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London and New York: Verso, 1993). For a discussion of ideologization of group identity, see Crawford Young, The Politics of Cultural Pluralism (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976), pp. 44-47.
14. For discussions about identity construction, see Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991), and Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London and New York: Verso, 1993). For a discussion of ideologization of group identity, see Crawford Young, The Politics of Cultural Pluralism (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976), pp. 44-47.
15. Nelson Kasfir, "Explaining Ethnic Political Participation," World Politics 31, no. 3 (1979): 365-388.
16. See Young, The Politics of Cultural Pluralism, and The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993); see also Robert H. Bates, "Modernization, Ethnic Competition, and the Rationality of Politics in Contemporary Africa," in Marion E. Doro and Newell M. Stultz, eds., Governing in Black Africa, revised edition (New York and London: Africana Publishing Company, 1986), pp. 153-167.
17. See Young, The Politics of Cultural Pluralism, and The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993); see also Robert H. Bates, "Modernization, Ethnic Competition, and the Rationality of Politics in Contemporary Africa," in Marion E. Doro and Newell M. Stultz, eds., Governing in Black Africa, revised edition (New York and London: Africana Publishing Company, 1986), pp. 153-167.
18. Djibril Tamsir Niane, Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali, trans. by G. D. Pickett (Essex: Longman, 1965).
19. Ruth Schacter Morgenthau, Political Parties in French-Speaking Africa (London: Clarendon Press, 1964), pp. 219-254.
20. Bernard Charles, Cadres guinéens et appartenances ethniques (thèse dactylographiée, Sorbonne, 1968), as quoted in Rivière, Mutations sociales en Guinée, pp. 68-73.
21. Bernard Charles, Cadres guinéens et appartenances ethniques (thèse dactylographiée, Sorbonne, 1968), as quoted in Rivière, Mutations sociales en Guinée, pp. 68-73.
22. Rivière, Mutations sociales en Guinée, pp. 68-73.
23. Lansiné Kaba, "Guinean Politics: A Critical Historical Overview," The Journal of Modern African Studies 15, no. 1 (1977): 25-45.
24. Ibid., p. 33.
25. J. Gus Liebenow, African Politics: Crises and Challenges (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986).
26. Lansiné Kaba, "Rhetoric and Reality in Conakry," Africa Report 23, no. 3 (May-June 1978): 43-47.
27. Thomas O'Toole with Ibrahima Bah-Lalya, Historical Dictionary of Guinea, 3d ed. (Lanham, Md., and London: Scarecrow Press, 1995), p. 83.
28. Ibid.
29. O'Toole, Historical Dictionary of Guinea, p. 69.
30. Kaba, "Rhetoric and Reality," pp. 43-47.
31. Mamadou Kaly Bah, "Composition éthnique du gouvernement du Général Conté" (typescript, 1991).
32. Ibid.
33. Associates in Rural Development, Democratic Governance in Guinea.
34. According to the official count, the Supreme Court upheld the Ministry of the Interior's annulment of the voting in Kankan and Siguiri, RPG strongholds. International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), IFES Guinea Report (Washington, D.C.: IFES, 8 March 1994).
35. RPG official, author's interview, 22 June 1994.
36. Dyama member, author's interview, 20 June 1994.
37. Kankan town councillor, author's interview, 20 June 1994.
38. Ibid.
39. The alliance was known as the Front pour la Lutte et de Gouvernement (FLUG).
40. UNR member, author's interview, 20 May 1994.
41. Hali Poular Miniere Association, author's interview, 2 August 1994.
42. Ibid.
43. Hali Poular Miniere Association, audiotaped "open letter," 23 November 1993.
44. Campaign speeches, October and November 1993.