Black power - Nixon style: The Nixon administration and minority business enterprise

Business History Review

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 409-445

  Kotlowski, Dean ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0032270767     PISSN: 00076805     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3116216     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Joan Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered (New York, 1994), 17.
2. Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-1972 (New York, 1990), 322-65.
3. Tom Wicker, One of Us: Richard Nixon and the American Dream (New York, 1991), 487.
4. On Nixon's support for minority business enterprise and contemporary discussions of the subject, see Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 95-97; Graham, The Civil Rights Era, 314-16; Neil M. Singer, "Federal Aid to Minority Business: A Survey and Critique," Social Science Quarterly 54 (1973): 292-305; Clifford V. Taylor, "Minority Business Development," The Crisis 83 (Feb. 1976), 52-54; F. Ted Hebert and Fred W. Becker, "Preferential Treatment For Small Businesses in Federal Contract Awards," Policy Studies Journal 13 (June 1985): 756-65; "Affirmative Action on the Edge," U.S. News and World Report, 13 Feb. 1995, 32-47; "Battleground Chicago, Report From the Front: How Racial Preferences Really Work - Or Don't," Newsweek, 3 Apr. 1995, 26-33.
5. On Nixon's support for minority business enterprise and contemporary discussions of the subject, see Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 95-97; Graham, The Civil Rights Era, 314-16; Neil M. Singer, "Federal Aid to Minority Business: A Survey and Critique," Social Science Quarterly 54 (1973): 292-305; Clifford V. Taylor, "Minority Business Development," The Crisis 83 (Feb. 1976), 52-54; F. Ted Hebert and Fred W. Becker, "Preferential Treatment For Small Businesses in Federal Contract Awards," Policy Studies Journal 13 (June 1985): 756-65; "Affirmative Action on the Edge," U.S. News and World Report, 13 Feb. 1995, 32-47; "Battleground Chicago, Report From the Front: How Racial Preferences Really Work - Or Don't," Newsweek, 3 Apr. 1995, 26-33.
6. On Nixon's support for minority business enterprise and contemporary discussions of the subject, see Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 95-97; Graham, The Civil Rights Era, 314-16; Neil M. Singer, "Federal Aid to Minority Business: A Survey and Critique," Social Science Quarterly 54 (1973): 292-305; Clifford V. Taylor, "Minority Business Development," The Crisis 83 (Feb. 1976), 52-54; F. Ted Hebert and Fred W. Becker, "Preferential Treatment For Small Businesses in Federal Contract Awards," Policy Studies Journal 13 (June 1985): 756-65; "Affirmative Action on the Edge," U.S. News and World Report, 13 Feb. 1995, 32-47; "Battleground Chicago, Report From the Front: How Racial Preferences Really Work - Or Don't," Newsweek, 3 Apr. 1995, 26-33.
7. On Nixon's support for minority business enterprise and contemporary discussions of the subject, see Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 95-97; Graham, The Civil Rights Era, 314-16; Neil M. Singer, "Federal Aid to Minority Business: A Survey and Critique," Social Science Quarterly 54 (1973): 292-305; Clifford V. Taylor, "Minority Business Development," The Crisis 83 (Feb. 1976), 52-54; F. Ted Hebert and Fred W. Becker, "Preferential Treatment For Small Businesses in Federal Contract Awards," Policy Studies Journal 13 (June 1985): 756-65; "Affirmative Action on the Edge," U.S. News and World Report, 13 Feb. 1995, 32-47; "Battleground Chicago, Report From the Front: How Racial Preferences Really Work - Or Don't," Newsweek, 3 Apr. 1995, 26-33.
8. On Nixon's support for minority business enterprise and contemporary discussions of the subject, see Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 95-97; Graham, The Civil Rights Era, 314-16; Neil M. Singer, "Federal Aid to Minority Business: A Survey and Critique," Social Science Quarterly 54 (1973): 292-305; Clifford V. Taylor, "Minority Business Development," The Crisis 83 (Feb. 1976), 52-54; F. Ted Hebert and Fred W. Becker, "Preferential Treatment For Small Businesses in Federal Contract Awards," Policy Studies Journal 13 (June 1985): 756-65; "Affirmative Action on the Edge," U.S. News and World Report, 13 Feb. 1995, 32-47; "Battleground Chicago, Report From the Front: How Racial Preferences Really Work - Or Don't," Newsweek, 3 Apr. 1995, 26-33.
9. On Nixon's support for minority business enterprise and contemporary discussions of the subject, see Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 95-97; Graham, The Civil Rights Era, 314-16; Neil M. Singer, "Federal Aid to Minority Business: A Survey and Critique," Social Science Quarterly 54 (1973): 292-305; Clifford V. Taylor, "Minority Business Development," The Crisis 83 (Feb. 1976), 52-54; F. Ted Hebert and Fred W. Becker, "Preferential Treatment For Small Businesses in Federal Contract Awards," Policy Studies Journal 13 (June 1985): 756-65; "Affirmative Action on the Edge," U.S. News and World Report, 13 Feb. 1995, 32-47; "Battleground Chicago, Report From the Front: How Racial Preferences Really Work - Or Don't," Newsweek, 3 Apr. 1995, 26-33.
10. On Nixon's support for minority business enterprise and contemporary discussions of the subject, see Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 95-97; Graham, The Civil Rights Era, 314-16; Neil M. Singer, "Federal Aid to Minority Business: A Survey and Critique," Social Science Quarterly 54 (1973): 292-305; Clifford V. Taylor, "Minority Business Development," The Crisis 83 (Feb. 1976), 52-54; F. Ted Hebert and Fred W. Becker, "Preferential Treatment For Small Businesses in Federal Contract Awards," Policy Studies Journal 13 (June 1985): 756-65; "Affirmative Action on the Edge," U.S. News and World Report, 13 Feb. 1995, 32-47; "Battleground Chicago, Report From the Front: How Racial Preferences Really Work -Or Don't," Newsweek, 3 Apr. 1995, 26-33.
11. George R. LaNoue, "Social Science and Minority 'Set-Asides,'" The Public Interest 62 (Winter 1993), 49.
12. W. Avon Drake and Robert D. Holsworth, Affirmative Action and the Stalled Quest for Black Progress (Urbana, Ill., 1996), 6-7.
13. George R. LaNoue, "Split Visions: Minority Business Set Asides," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 523 (Sept. 1992): 105.
14. John David Skrentny, The Ironies of Affirmative Action: Politics, Culture, and Justice in America (Chicago, 1996), 193.
15. William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York, 1980), 172-202; Alan J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 1984), 345-75; Robert J. Norrell, Reaping the Whirlwind: The Civil Rights Movement in Tuskegee (New York, 1985), 164-202; John Morton Blum, Years of Discord: American Politics and Society, 1961-1974 (New York, 1991), 254-70; Robert Weisbrot, Freedom Bound: A History of America's Civil Rights Movement (New York, 1990), 222-61; Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1992 (New York, 1993), 184-209.
16. William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York, 1980), 172-202; Alan J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 1984), 345-75; Robert J. Norrell, Reaping the Whirlwind: The Civil Rights Movement in Tuskegee (New York, 1985), 164-202; John Morton Blum, Years of Discord: American Politics and Society, 1961-1974 (New York, 1991), 254-70; Robert Weisbrot, Freedom Bound: A History of America's Civil Rights Movement (New York, 1990), 222-61; Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1992 (New York, 1993), 184-209.
17. William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York, 1980), 172-202; Alan J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 1984), 345-75; Robert J. Norrell, Reaping the Whirlwind: The Civil Rights Movement in Tuskegee (New York, 1985), 164-202; John Morton Blum, Years of Discord: American Politics and Society, 1961-1974 (New York, 1991), 254-70; Robert Weisbrot, Freedom Bound: A History of America's Civil Rights Movement (New York, 1990), 222-61; Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1992 (New York, 1993), 184-209.
18. William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York, 1980), 172-202; Alan J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 1984), 345-75; Robert J. Norrell, Reaping the Whirlwind: The Civil Rights Movement in Tuskegee (New York, 1985), 164-202; John Morton Blum, Years of Discord: American Politics and Society, 1961-1974 (New York, 1991), 254-70; Robert Weisbrot, Freedom Bound: A History of America's Civil Rights Movement (New York, 1990), 222-61; Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1992 (New York, 1993), 184-209.
19. William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York, 1980), 172-202; Alan J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 1984), 345-75; Robert J. Norrell, Reaping the Whirlwind: The Civil Rights Movement in Tuskegee (New York, 1985), 164-202; John Morton Blum, Years of Discord: American Politics and Society, 1961-1974 (New York, 1991), 254-70; Robert Weisbrot, Freedom Bound: A History of America's Civil Rights Movement (New York, 1990), 222-61; Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1992 (New York, 1993), 184-209.
20. William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York, 1980), 172-202; Alan J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 1984), 345-75; Robert J. Norrell, Reaping the Whirlwind: The Civil Rights Movement in Tuskegee (New York, 1985), 164-202; John Morton Blum, Years of Discord: American Politics and Society, 1961-1974 (New York, 1991), 254-70; Robert Weisbrot, Freedom Bound: A History of America's Civil Rights Movement (New York, 1990), 222-61; Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1992 (New York, 1993), 184-209.
21. E. U. Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism: A Search for an Identity in America (Chicago, 1962); Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (New York, 1967), 34-85, 146-77; Floyd B. McKissick, "Black Business Development with Social Commitment to Black Communities," in Black Nationalism in America, eds. John H. Bracey, Jr., August Meier, and Elliot Rudwick (Indianapolis, 1970), 492-506; Malcolm X with Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York, 1965), 275.
22. E. U. Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism: A Search for an Identity in America (Chicago, 1962); Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (New York, 1967), 34-85, 146-77; Floyd B. McKissick, "Black Business Development with Social Commitment to Black Communities," in Black Nationalism in America, eds. John H. Bracey, Jr., August Meier, and Elliot Rudwick (Indianapolis, 1970), 492-506; Malcolm X with Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York, 1965), 275.
23. E. U. Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism: A Search for an Identity in America (Chicago, 1962); Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (New York, 1967), 34-85, 146-77; Floyd B. McKissick, "Black Business Development with Social Commitment to Black Communities," in Black Nationalism in America, eds. John H. Bracey, Jr., August Meier, and Elliot Rudwick (Indianapolis, 1970), 492-506; Malcolm X with Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York, 1965), 275.
24. E. U. Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism: A Search for an Identity in America (Chicago, 1962); Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (New York, 1967), 34-85, 146-77; Floyd B. McKissick, "Black Business Development with Social Commitment to Black Communities," in Black Nationalism in America, eds. John H. Bracey, Jr., August Meier, and Elliot Rudwick (Indianapolis, 1970), 492-506; Malcolm X with Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York, 1965), 275.
25. Pamphlet, "'Bridges to Human Dignity': An Address by Richard M. Nixon," 25 Apr. 1968, PPS 208 (1968), 28, Richard M. Nixon Pre-Presidential Papers, Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, Yorba Linda, California.
26. Numan V. Bartley, The New South, 1945-1980 (Baton Rouge, La., 1995), 378; William L. Van Deburg, New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975 (Chicago, 1992), 118-19.
27. Numan V. Bartley, The New South, 1945-1980 (Baton Rouge, La., 1995), 378; William L. Van Deburg, New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975 (Chicago, 1992), 118-19.
28. Quoted in "Statement About Federal Policies Relative to Equal Housing Opportunity," Public Papers of the Presidents: Richard M. Nixon (1971) (Washington, D.C., 1971), 733; Nixon Handwritten Comment on Memo, Ray Price to Richard M. Nixon, 5 June 1971, Papers of the Nixon White House, ed. Joan Hoff-Wilson, Part 6, Series A: Documents Annotated by the President (Lanham, Md., 1989), microfiche - Fiche 3 (hereafter PNWH).
29. Quoted in "Statement About Federal Policies Relative to Equal Housing Opportunity," Public Papers of the Presidents: Richard M. Nixon (1971) (Washington, D.C., 1971), 733; Nixon Handwritten Comment on Memo, Ray Price to Richard M. Nixon, 5 June 1971, Papers of the Nixon White House, ed. Joan Hoff-Wilson, Part 6, Series A: Documents Annotated by the President (Lanham, Md., 1989), microfiche - Fiche 3 (hereafter PNWH).
30. Quoted in "Statement About Federal Policies Relative to Equal Housing Opportunity," Public Papers of the Presidents: Richard M. Nixon (1971) (Washington, D.C., 1971), 733; Nixon Handwritten Comment on Memo, Ray Price to Richard M. Nixon, 5 June 1971, Papers of the Nixon White House, ed. Joan Hoff-Wilson, Part 6, Series A: Documents Annotated by the President (Lanham, Md., 1989), microfiche - Fiche 3 (hereafter PNWH).
31. Skrentny, Ironies of Affirmative Action, 193; Hugh Davis Graham, "Richard Nixon and Civil Rights: Explaining an Enigma," Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Winter 1996), 103.
32. Skrentny, Ironies of Affirmative Action, 193; Hugh Davis Graham, "Richard Nixon and Civil Rights: Explaining an Enigma," Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Winter 1996), 103.
33. Skrentny, Ironies of Affirmative Action, 67-110, 192-93.
34. "Nixon Urges 'Black Ownership' To Help Solve Racial Problems," New York Times, 26 Apr. 1968, 27. For an overview of the self-made myth, see Irvin G. Wylie, The Self-Made Man in America (New York, 1966): 3-52; "Nixon Puts Rights Ahead of Vietnam," New York Times, 9 Dec. 1967, 50.
35. "Nixon Urges 'Black Ownership' To Help Solve Racial Problems," New York Times, 26 Apr. 1968, 27. For an overview of the self-made myth, see Irvin G. Wylie, The Self-Made Man in America (New York, 1966): 3-52; "Nixon Puts Rights Ahead of Vietnam," New York Times, 9 Dec. 1967, 50.
36. "Nixon Urges 'Black Ownership' To Help Solve Racial Problems," New York Times, 26 Apr. 1968, 27. For an overview of the self-made myth, see Irvin G. Wylie, The Self-Made Man in America (New York, 1966): 3-52; "Nixon Puts Rights Ahead of Vietnam," New York Times, 9 Dec. 1967, 50.
37. "Nixon Sees Nation 'Torn Apart' and Warns of 'War in the Streets Next Summer,'" New York Times, 9 Jan. 1968, 21.
38. 27 "Statement by Richard M. Nixon in Boston Massachusetts," 15 Feb. 1968, folder: Nixon, Richard M. 1968 (1), box 14, Special Names Series, Dwight D. Eisenhower Post-Presidential Papers, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
39. "Nixon Urges 'Black Ownership' to Help Solve Racial Problems," New York Times, 26 Apr. 1968, 27.
40. Pamphlet, "Bridges to Human Dignity II: An Address by Richard M. Nixon," 2 May 1968, PPS 208 (1968). 28, Nixon Pre-Presidential Papers, Nixon Library.
41. Pamphlet, "Bridges to Human Dignity," 25 Apr. 1968, PPS 208 (1968), 28, Nixon Pre-Presidential Papers, Nixon Library (quotation). The candidate reiterated these views in a series of written answers to questions posed by Nation's Business magazine. See "How Richard Nixon Stands on Business Issues," Nation's Business (Sept. 1968): 48-52. Campaign staffers Annelise Anderson and Pat Buchanan drafted these responses. Memo, Annelise Anderson to Martin Anderson, Price, and Buchanan, 13 July 1968, Folder: Miscellaneous Work Done, box 17, Anderson Papers.
42. Pamphlet, "Bridges to Human Dignity," 25 Apr. 1968, PPS 208 (1968), 28, Nixon Pre-Presidential Papers, Nixon Library (quotation). The candidate reiterated these views in a series of written answers to questions posed by Nation's Business magazine. See "How Richard Nixon Stands on Business Issues," Nation's Business (Sept. 1968): 48-52. Campaign staffers Annelise Anderson and Pat Buchanan drafted these responses. Memo, Annelise Anderson to Martin Anderson, Price, and Buchanan, 13 July 1968, Folder: Miscellaneous Work Done, box 17, Anderson Papers.
43. Maurice H. Stans, "Nixon's Economic Policy Toward Minorities," in Richard M. Nixon: Politician, President, Administrator, eds. Leon Friedman and William F. Levantrosser (Westport, Conn., 1991), 239-41.
44. Samuel I. Doctors and Anne Sigismund Huff, Minority Enterprise and the President's Council (Cambridge, Mass., 1973), 1-2, 7.
45. Robert McKersie, "Vitalize Black Enterprise," in Black Business Enterprise: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Ronald W. Bailey (New York, 1971), 103.
46. Graham, Civil Rights Era, 314.
47. Memo, Howard J. Samuels to Maurice H. Stans, folder: Small Business Administration, box 3; Memo, Daniel P. Moynihan to Staff Secretary, 6 Feb. 1969, box 4, Commerce Department Files, Maurice H. Stans Papers, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota.
48. Memo, Abraham S. Venable to Stans, 12 June 1970, folder: MBE June 1-15, box 32, Commerce Files, Stans Papers.
49. Skrentny, Ironies of Affirmative Action, 67-110, 192-93.
50. "Republican Record on Small Business," GOP Fact Sheet, Feb. 24, 1956, folder: Small Business, box 21, Bryce N. Harlow Records, Eisenhower Library; Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 95; Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York, 1978), 6.
51. "Republican Record on Small Business," GOP Fact Sheet, Feb. 24, 1956, folder: Small Business, box 21, Bryce N. Harlow Records, Eisenhower Library; Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 95; Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York, 1978), 6.
52. "Republican Record on Small Business," GOP Fact Sheet, Feb. 24, 1956, folder: Small Business, box 21, Bryce N. Harlow Records, Eisenhower Library; Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 95; Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York, 1978), 6.
53. A. James Reichley, Conservatives in an Age of Change: The Nixon and Ford Administrations (Washington, D.C., 1981), 56.
54. Sallyanne Payton, "Remarks at Hofstra," in Richard M. Nixon, eds. Friedman and Levantrosser, 180.
55. "Black Power and Private Enterprise," Wall Street Journal, 21 May 1968, 16.
56. Letter, Nixon to Dwight D. Eisenhower, 18 Aug. 1967, folder: Nixon, Richard M. 1967 (1), box 14, Special Name Series, Eisenhower Post-Presidential Papers.
57. "Nixon on Racial Accommodation," Time, 3 May 1968, 21; "Black Power and Private Enterprise," Wall Street Journal, 21 May 1968, 16.
58. "Nixon on Racial Accommodation," Time, 3 May 1968, 21; "Black Power and Private Enterprise," Wall Street Journal, 21 May 1968, 16.
59. "James Buckley Praises Spirit of Black Militants," New York Times, 11 Oct. 1968, 32.
60. Black Power and Private Enterprise," Wall Street Journal, 21 May 1968, 16. 2, Fiche 69-2-16; Memo (with Nixon Handwritten Remarks), Peter M. Flanigan to Nixon, 15 Sept. 1969, folder: ExFG 21-17-1 Advisory Council on Minority Business Enterprise, box 7, FG 21 - Department of Commerce, White House Central Files, Richard M. Nixon Presidential Materials, National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
61. Nixon Handwritten Remarks for Minority Business Enterprise Meeting, 13 Oct. 1969, PNWH, Part 7: The President's Personal Files, 1969-74, Fiche 183.
62. John D. Ehrlichman Meeting Notes, 11 Apr. 1972 and Nov. 11, 1972, PNWH, Part 3: John D. Ehrlichman Notes of Meetings with the President, 1969-1973, Fiche 44 and 56.
63. Memo, Harry S. Dent, Jr. to Bryce N. Harlow and John D. Ehrlichman, 22 Dec. 1969, folder: 1970 Staff Memos, Dec. 69-Jan., box 4, Harry S. Dent, Jr. Files, White House Special Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
64. Harry S. Dent, The Prodigal South Returns to Power (New York, 1978), 159.
65. Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, The Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York, 1995), 371-414; Herbert S. Parmet, Richard Nixon and His America (Boston, 1990), 524-28.
66. Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, The Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York, 1995), 371-414; Herbert S. Parmet, Richard Nixon and His America (Boston, 1990), 524-28.
67. Dean J. Kotlowski, "Trial By Error: Nixon, the Senate, and the Haynsworth Nomination," Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Winter 1996): 73-74.
68. Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, 80-81.
69. Nixon Handwritten Comment on News Summary, No Date [July 1969], PNWH, 6:B, Fiche 12; Nixon Handwritten Comment on Memo, John D. Ehrlichman to Nixon, 29 July 1969, PNWH, Part 6 Series A: Documents Annotated by the President, Fiche 29.
70. Nixon Handwritten Comment on News Summary, No Date [July 1969], PNWH, 6:B, Fiche 12; Nixon Handwritten Comment on Memo, John D. Ehrlichman to Nixon, 29 July 1969, PNWH, Part 6 Series A: Documents Annotated by the President, Fiche 29.
71. Stans, One of the President's Men, 169; Cottin, "Business Report: Staff Problems, Mistrust Delay Nixon's Minority Business Plan," 131.
72. Stans, One of the President's Men, 169; Cottin, "Business Report: Staff Problems, Mistrust Delay Nixon's Minority Business Plan," 131.
73. On the inflation of the late 1960s, see Irving Bernstein, Guns or Butter: The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson (New York, 1996), 358-78. On Nixon's desire to fight inflation and reduce federal social spending see Nixon, Memoirs, 424; and Haldeman Diary, 11 Mar. 1969. On the Job Corps, see Memoranda, Ehrlichman to George P. Shultz, 20 and 24 Mar. 1969, folder: 1069 - White House - President (Mar.), box 23, George P. Shultz Files - 1969-1970, General Records of the Department of Labor, Record Group 174, National Archives.
74. On the inflation of the late 1960s, see Irving Bernstein, Guns or Butter: The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson (New York, 1996), 358-78. On Nixon's desire to fight inflation and reduce federal social spending see Nixon, Memoirs, 424; and Haldeman Diary, 11 Mar. 1969. On the Job Corps, see Memoranda, Ehrlichman to George P. Shultz, 20 and 24 Mar. 1969, folder: 1069 - White House - President (Mar.), box 23, George P. Shultz Files - 1969-1970, General Records of the Department of Labor, Record Group 174, National Archives.
75. "Minority Business Enterprise: A Timely Report," n.d, folder: Office of Minority Business Enterprise (1), box 2, May Files Ford Presidential Papers; Memo, Charles H. Alexander to Jan T. Dykman (with Stans handwritten comments), 18 Feb. 1969, folder: Minority Business Enterprise 1969, box 68, Commerce Files, Stans Papers.
76. "OMBE: Searching for Direction After Surviving a Fitful Infancy," Black Enterprise 3 (Jan. 1971): 14-18.
77. United States Small Business Administration, SBA Profile: Who We Are and What We Do (Washington, D.C., 1994), 20; Graham, Civil Rights Era, 314; Memo, Venable to Stans, folder: MBE June 1-15, box 33, Commerce Files, Stans Papers; Memo, Hilary Sandoval, Jr. to Robert Brown, 23 Nov. 1970, folder: [Ex] PQ-2 11/1/70-12/3/70, box 2, PQ-Procurement, Central Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
78. United States Small Business Administration, SBA Profile: Who We Are and What We Do (Washington, D.C., 1994), 20; Graham, Civil Rights Era, 314; Memo, Venable to Stans, folder: MBE June 1-15, box 33, Commerce Files, Stans Papers; Memo, Hilary Sandoval, Jr. to Robert Brown, 23 Nov. 1970, folder: [Ex] PQ-2 11/1/70-12/3/70, box 2, PQ-Procurement, Central Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.
79. "Black Capitalism: Nixon's Plan to Assist Minority Entrepreneurs Makes Faltering Start," Wall Street Journal, 10 July 1969, 1.
80. Memo (plus attachment), Leonard Garment to Finch 16 Dec. 1970, folder: Memoranda - Various 1969-76, box 2, Leonard Garment Papers, Library of Congress.
81. Dean J. Kotlowski, "Richard Nixon and the Origins of Affirmative Action," The Historian 60 (Spring 1998): 535.
82. Archie Robinson, George Meany and His Times (New York, 1996) 282-92; Graham, Civil Rights Era, 324-25; Parmet, Richard Nixon and His America, 600.
83. Archie Robinson, George Meany and His Times (New York, 1996) 282-92; Graham, Civil Rights Era, 324-25; Parmet, Richard Nixon and His America, 600.
84. Archie Robinson, George Meany and His Times (New York, 1996) 282-92; Graham, Civil Rights Era, 324-25; Parmet, Richard Nixon and His America, 600.
85. Haldeman Diary, 21 July 1971.
86. Letter, Venable to Glen M. Anderson, 21 Jan. 1971, folder: Minority Business Ent. (OMBE), box 54; Letter, J. Strom Thurmond to Stans, 25 Aug. 1970, box 20, Commerce Files, Stans Papers.
87. 144 Memo, Jay I. Leanse to Stans, 13 Jan. 1971, folder: Minority Business Ent. (OMBE), box 54, Commerce Files, Stans Papers.
88. Senate Republican Memo on Minority Business Enterprise, 16 Apr. 1970, folder: Minority Business Enterprise 1969-71, box 130, John Sherman Cooper Papers, Department of Special Collections, Margaret I. King Library, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
89. 185 Memorandum by Donald Carruth, President, American Eagle Foundation, No Date [Sept. 1973], folder: Sept. - Len Garment, box 1, Alexander M. Haig, Jr. Files, Contested Documents File, Nixon Presidential Materials.
90. Memo, Kleppe to Henry M. Paulson, 27 Sept. 1973, folder: Oct. - Len Garment, box 1, Haig Files, Contested Documents File, Nixon Presidential Materials.
91. Memorandum by Donald Carruth, President, American Eagle Foundation, n.d. [Sept. 1973], folder: Sept. - Len Garment; Memo, Kleppe to Henry M. Paulson, 27 Sept. 1973, folder: Oct. - Len Garment, box 1, Haig Files, Contested Documents File, Nixon Presidential Materials.
92. Bean, Beyond the Broker State, 147.
93. Quoted in Parment, Richard Nixon and His America, 601.
94. On women see Letter, Fleming et al. to the President, No Date, folder: CRC Reports: Minorities and Women as Gov. Contractors (1), box 57, Fleming Papers. For the views of business leaders see Memo, May to Cole, 17 Sept. 1974, folder: Office of Minority Business Enterprise (3), box 2, May Files, Ford Presidential Papers.
95. Memo, May to John Calhoun, 7 Nov. 1974, folder: Minority Business Program, box 32, May Files, Ford Presidential Papers.
96. Memo, Ford to Secretary of State, et al., 11 Dec. 1974, folder: Office of Minority Business Enterprise (4), box 2, May Files, Ford Presidential Papers.
97. News Clipping, "Minority Business Programs Seek to Resist Recession, Infighting," n.d., folder: Office of Minority Business Enterprise (3), box 2, May Files, Ford Presidential Papers.
98. John C. Whitaker, "Nixon's Domestic Policy: Both Liberal and Bold in Retrospect," Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Winter 1996): 143.
99. Maurice H. Stans, "Nixon and His Bridges to Human Dignity," Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Winter 1996), 181-83.
100. Whitaker, "Nixon's Domestic Policy," 143.
101. LaNoue, "Social Science and Minority 'Set-Asides,'" 51.
102. LaNoue, "Split Visions: Minority Business Set-Asides," 106.
103. LaNoue, "Social Science and Minority 'Set-Asides,'" 50. Drake and Holsworth focus upon the Richmond's set-asides impact on African Americans. See also Affirmative Action and the Stalled Quest for Black Progress, 70-114.
104. LaNoue, "Social Science and Minority 'Set-Asides,'" 50. Drake and Holsworth focus upon the Richmond's set-asides impact on African Americans. See also Affirmative Action and the Stalled Quest for Black Progress, 70-114.
105. Graham, "Richard Nixon and Civil Rights," 105 (n. 19); Irwin Unger, The Best of Intentions: The Triumphs and Failures of the Great Society Under Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon (New York, 1996), 343-45.
106. Graham, "Richard Nixon and Civil Rights," 105 (n. 19); Irwin Unger, The Best of Intentions: The Triumphs and Failures of the Great Society Under Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon (New York, 1996), 343-45.
107. Drake and Holsworth, Affirmative Action and the Stalled Quest, 100.
108. Michael D. Woodard, Black Entrepreneurs in America: Stories of Struggle and Success (New Brunswick, N.J., 1997), 33.
109. John W. Handy, An Analysis of Black Business Enterprises (New York, 1989), 62-64.
110. Woodard Black Entrepreneurs in America, 241.
111. Memo, Stans to Nixon, 15 Apr. 1970, folder: MBE Apr. 15 to Apr. 30, box 32, Commerce Files, Stans Papers.
112. "Remarks by Richard C. Van Dusen . . . at Los Angeles," 13 Apr. 1972, folder: Bowman File 1972 - Jan 1-June 30, box 9, Van Dusen Papers, Bentley Library; Memo, Stans to Nixon, 28 Mar. 1972 folder: ExFG 21-17 Office of Minority Business Enterprise [2 of 2], box 7, FG 21, Department of Commerce, Central Files, Nixon Presidential Materials; Stans, One of the President's Men, 175-76.
113. "Minority Business Programs Seek to Resist Recession, Infighting," No Date, folder: Office of Minority Business Enterprise (3), box 2, May Files, Ford Presidential Papers.
114. "GM Makes Bold Move to Help Blacks Gain Economic Power," Jet, 24 Feb. 1971, 20-25; "Black Businesses Map Strategies to Meet Economic Challenges," Jet, 27 Sept. 1971, 46-50; "The Black Middle Class," Ebony (Aug. 1973): 32-179.
115. "GM Makes Bold Move to Help Blacks Gain Economic Power," Jet, 24 Feb. 1971, 20-25; "Black Businesses Map Strategies to Meet Economic Challenges," Jet, 27 Sept. 1971, 46-50; "The Black Middle Class," Ebony (Aug. 1973): 32-179.
116. "GM Makes Bold Move to Help Blacks Gain Economic Power," Jet, 24 Feb. 1971, 20-25; "Black Businesses Map Strategies to Meet Economic Challenges," Jet, 27 Sept. 1971, 46-50; "The Black Middle Class," Ebony (Aug. 1973): 32-179.
117. "Jesse L. Jackson," in Political Profiles: The Nixon/Ford Years, ed. Eleanora W. Schoenebaum (New York, 1979), 325-26.
118. "The Jeffersons," in Blacks in American Films and Television: An Encyclopedia, ed. Donald Bogle (New York, 1988), 282-84.
119. Stans, "Nixon and His Bridges to Human Dignity," 180.
120. Letter, Nixon to Anthony Maxwell, 31 Oct. 1972, folder: ExFG 21-17 Office of Minority Business Enterprise [2 of 2], box 7, FG 21 - Department of Commerce, Central Files, Nixon Presidential Materials.