Selling the american dream myth to black southerners: The chicago defender and the great migration of 1915–1919

Western Journal of Communication

Volumn 62, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 474-511

  Desantis, Alan D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032268450     PISSN: 10570314     EISSN: 17451027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10570319809374621     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Adams, James Truslow. The Epic of America. Boston: Little, Brown, 1931.
2. Andrews, James R. “If God Prosper Us: Daniel Webster and the Historical Foundations of American Nationalism.” Argumentation and Values: Proceedings of the Ninth SCA/AFA Conference on Argumentation. Ed. Sally Jackson. Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association, 1995.21-32.
3. Andrews, James R. “Reflections of the National Character in American Rhetoric.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 57 (October, 1971): 316-24.
4. Aptheker, Herbert, ed. A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States 1910-1932. Secauces: Citadel, 1973.
5. Asante, Molefi Kete. The Afroeentric Idea. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1987.
6. Berry, Mary Frances, and John W. Blassingame. Long Memory: The Black Experience in America. New York: Oxford UP, 1982.
7. Bontemps, Ama, and Jack Conroy. Anyplace But Here. New York: Hill & Wang, 1966.
8. Bormann, Ernest G. “Fantasy and Rhetorical Vision: The Rhetorical Criticism of Social Reality.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 58 (1972): 396-407.
9. Brooks, Maxwell R. The Negro Press Re-Examined: Political Content of Leading Negro Newspapers. Boston: Christopher, 1959.
10. Brummett, Barry. “How to Propose a Discourse.” Communication Studies 41 (1990): 128-35.
11. Campbell, KarlynKohs. The Rhetorical Act. 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1996.
12. Chicago, Illinois. The Chicago Commission of Race Relations. The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot, Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1922.
13. Cronon, David E. Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the United Negro Improvement Association. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1974.
14. Davis, George A, and Fred Donaldson. Blacks in the United States: A Geographic Perspective. Boston: Houghton, 1975.
15. Davis, Henry Vance. “The Black Press: From Mission to Commercialism, 1827-1927.” Diss. The U of Michigan, 1990.
16. DeSantis, Alan D. “A Forgotten Leader: Robert S. Abbott and the Chicago Defender from 1919-1920.” Journalism History 23 (1997): 63-71.
17. Detweiler, Frederick G. The Negro Press in the United States. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1922.
18. D Diener, Ed. “Deindividuation, Self-Awareness, and Disinhibition.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979): 1160-1171.
19. Doty, William G. Mythography: The Study of Myths and Rituals. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1986.
20. Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cayton. Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. New York: Harcourt, 1945.
21. Dutcher, Sean. The Negro in Modern Industrial Society: An Analysis of Changes in the Occupations of Negro Workers, 1910-1920. Lancaster, PA: Science Press, 1930.
22. Fisher, Walter R. “Reaffirmation and Subversion of the American Dream.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 59 (1973): 160-67.
23. Frazier, Franklin. The Black Bourgeoisie. Glencoe: The Free Press, 1957.
24. Frazier, Franklin. The Negro Family in Chicago. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1932.
25. Frazier, Robert B. The Black Man Comes to the City: A Documentary Account From the Great Migration to the Great Depression 1915-1930. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1972.
26. Frazier, Thomas R., ed. Afro-American History. New York: Harcourt, 1970.
27. Fossum, Robert H., and John K. Roth. The American Dream. London: Peterson, 1981.
28. Gentles, Frederick, and Melvin Steiniield. Dream On, American. San Francisco: Canfield, 1971.
29. Gentles, Frederick. “It’s Only a Dream.” Dream On, America: A History and Practice. Ed. Frederick Gentles and Melvin Steiniield. San Francisco: Canfield, 1971.3-14.
30. Gentles, Frederick. “True Believers in the Promised Land.” Dream On, America: A History and Practice. Ed. Frederick Gentles and Melvin Steiniield. San Francisco: Canfield, 1971.45-50.
31. Goodrum, Charles, and Helen Dalrymple. Advertising in America: The First 200 Years. New York: Abrams, 1990.
32. Goodwin, Marvin E. Black Migration in America From 1915-1960. Lewiston: Mellen, 1990.
33. Grant, Robert B. The Black Man Comes to the City, 1915-1939. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1972.
34. Grossman, James R. Land Of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1989.
35. Grossman, James R “Blowing the Trumpet: The Chicago Defender and Black Migration During World War I.”Illinois Historical Journal 78 (1985): 82-96.
36. Haynes, George E. “Negro Migration—Its Effect on Family and Community Life in the North.” Opportunity 2 (1924): 268-72.
37. Henri, Florette. Black Migration: Movement North 1900-1920. Garden City: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1975.
38. Higgs, Robert. “The Boll Weevil, the Cotton Economy, and Black Migration: 1910 1930.” Agricultural History 50.2 (1976): 335-50.
39. James, William. “The Gospel of Relaxation.” Scriftraer’s 23 (1899): 499-507.
40. Johnson, Charles S. “How Much of the Migration was a Flight From Persecution.” Opportunity 1.9 (1923): 273-75.
41. Johnson, Charles S. The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot. The Chicago Commission of Race Relations. New York: Aron, 1922.
42. Jones, Dewey “Chicago Claims Supremacy.” Opportunity 9 (1929): 94.
43. Jones, Felecia G. “The Role of the Black Press During the ‘Great Migration.” Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. Norman, OK. 3-6 August 1986.
44. Jones, Marcus E. Black Migration in the United States with Emphases on Selected Central Cites. Saratoga, CA: Century Twenty One, 1980.
45. Katznelson, Ira. Black Men, White Cities: Race, Politics, and Migration in The United States, 1900-1930, and Britain, 1948-1968. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1973.
46. Kennedy, Louise V. The Negro Peasant Turns Cityward: Effects of Recent Migration to Northern Centers. New York: Columbia UP, 1930.
47. Kochman, Thomas. Black and White Styles in Conflict. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1981.
48. Komweibel, Theodore., ed. Federal Surveillance of Afro-Americans (1917—1925): The First World War, the Red Scare, and the Garvey Movement. 25 microfilm reels. Frederick, MD. University Publications of America, 1985.
49. Lears, T. J. Jackson. “From Salvation to Self-Realization: Advertising and the Therapeutic Roots of the Consumer Culture, 1880-1930.” The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History from 1880-1980. Ed. Richard Wightman Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears. New York: Pantheon, 1983.1-39.
50. Leff, Michael C. “Textual Criticism: The Legacy of G. P. Mohrmann.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 72 (1986): 300-20.
51. Levine, Lawrence. Black Culture and Black Consciousness. New York: Oxford UP, 1977.
52. Lewis, Edward. The Mobility of the Negro: A Studying the American Labor Supply. New York: Columbia UP, 1931.
53. Lieberson, Stanley. “Selective Black Migration from the South: A Historic View.” The Demography of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Ed. Frank D. Bean and W. Parker Frisbie. New York: Pantheon, 1978.119-41.
54. Lieberson, Stanley. A Piece of the Pie: Black and White Immigrants Since 1880. Berkeley: U of California P, 1980.
55. Lochard, Metz T. P. “Phylon Profile, XII: Robert S. Abbott—‘Race Leader.” Phylon 8 (1947): 124-32.
56. Marchand, Roland. Advertising the American Dream: Making Way For Modernity, 1919-1940. Berkeley: U of California P, 1985.
57. Marks, Carole. “Black Workers and the Great Migration North.” Phylon 46.2 (1985): 148-61.
58. Moore, Marian J. “The Advertising Images of Black Americans, 1880-1920: A Thematic and interpretive Approach.” Diss. Bowling Green State U, 1986.
59. Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modem Democracy. New York: Harper, 1944.
60. Osborn, Michael. “In Defense of Broad Mythic Criticism.” Communication Studies 41 (1990): 121-27.
61. Ottley, Roi. The Lonely Warrior: The Life and Times of Robert S. Abbott. Chicago: Regnery, 1955.
62. Pinkney, Alphonso. Black America. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1987.
63. Potter, David M. People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1954.
64. Potter, Jim. The American Economy Between the World Wars. New York: New York UP, 1974.
65. Ravenstein, E. G. “The law of Migration.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 62 (1889): 241-301.
66. Ross, Frank A, and Louise V. Kennedy. A Bibliography of Negro Migration. New York: Columbia UP.
67. Rowland, Robert C. “On Mythic Criticism.” Communication Studies 41 (1990): 101-16.
68. Rowland, Robert C. “On a Limited Approach to Mythic Criticism—Rowland’s Rejoinder.” Communication Studies 41 (1990): 150-60.
69. Rushing, Janice Hocker. “On Saving Mythic Criticism.” Communication Studies 41 (1990): 136-49.
70. Sahota, Gian. “An Economic Analysis of Internal Migration.” Journal of Political Economy 76, (March/April 1968): 22-28.
71. Scott, Emmett J. “Additional Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916-1918.” The Journal of Negro History. Volume 4 (October 1919): 412-75.
72. Scott, Emmett J. “Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916-1918.” The Journal of Negro History. 4.1 (1919): 290-340.
73. Scott, Emmett J. Negro Migration during the War. New York: Oxford UP, 1920.
74. Solomon, Martha. “Responding to Rowland’s Myth or In Defense of Pluralism.” Communication Studies 41 (1990): 117-20.
75. StClair, Drake, and Horace R. Cayton. Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. New York, 1945.
76. Steinfield, Melvin. “Materialism and the American Dream.” Dream On, America: A History and Practice. Ed. Frederick Gentles and Melvin Steinfield. San Francisco: Canfield, 1971.341-47.
77. Sochen, June, ed. The Black Man and the American Dream: Negro Aspirations in America, 1900-1930. Chicago: Quadrangle, 1971.
78. Spear, Allan. Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1967.
79. Taeuber, Karl E. “Negro Population and Housing.” Race and the Social Sciences. Ed. Irwin Katz and Patricia Gurin. New York: Basic Books, 1969.25-38.
80. Travis, Dempsey J. An Autobiography of Black Chicago. Chicago: Urban Research Institute, 1981.
81. Tuttle, William M., Jr. Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919. New York: Atheneum, 1970.
82. Vickery, Wallace. Economics of Negro Migration 1900-1960. New York: Arono, 1977.
83. White, Walter F. “Chicago and Its Eight Reasons.” A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, Volume 3. Ed. Herbert Aptheker. South Carolina: Citadel, 1973.272-78.
84. Wolseley, Roland E. The Black Press, U.SA. Ames, IA: Iowa State UP, 1971.