The struggle over management rights at US steel, 1946-1960: A reassessment of section 2-B of the collective bargaining contract

Business History Review

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 446-477

  Rose, James D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032267742     PISSN: 00076805     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3116217     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Paul A. Tiffany, The Decline of American Steel: How Management, Labor, and Government Went Wrong (New York, 1988).
2. David J. McDonald, Union Man: The Life of a Labor Statesman (New York, 1969), 267.
3. Tiffany, The Decline of American Steel, 165.
4. Frank Libertella, "The Steel Strike of 1959: Labor, Management, and Government Relations" (Ph.D. diss., The Ohio State University, 1972), 138-139; William T. Hogan, Economic History of the Iron and Steel Industry in the United States, vol. 4, (Lexington, Mass., 1971), 1639; Lloyd Ulman, The Government of the Steel Workers' Union (New York, 1962), 80.
5. Frank Libertella, "The Steel Strike of 1959: Labor, Management, and Government Relations" (Ph.D. diss., The Ohio State University, 1972), 138-139; William T. Hogan, Economic History of the Iron and Steel Industry in the United States, vol. 4, (Lexington, Mass., 1971), 1639; Lloyd Ulman, The Government of the Steel Workers' Union (New York, 1962), 80.
6. Frank Libertella, "The Steel Strike of 1959: Labor, Management, and Government Relations" (Ph.D. diss., The Ohio State University, 1972), 138-139; William T. Hogan, Economic History of the Iron and Steel Industry in the United States, vol. 4, (Lexington, Mass., 1971), 1639; Lloyd Ulman, The Government of the Steel Workers' Union (New York, 1962), 80.
7. Tiffany, The Decline of American Steel, 129-131. See also Robert W. Crandall, The United States Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World (Washington, D.C., 1981), 72. Industry, vols. 1 and 2 (New York, 1937); Horace B. Davis, Labor and Steel (New York, 1933); Harvey O'Connor, Steel-Dictator (New York, 1935); Robert R. R. Brooks, As Steel Goes, . . . Unionism in a Basic Industry (New Haven, Conn., 1940); John Bodnar, Workers' World: Kinship, Community, and Protest in an Industrial Society, 1900-1940 (Baltimore, 1982); Dennis Dickerson, Out of the Crucible: Black Steelworkers in Western Pennsylvania, 1875-1980 (Albany N.Y., 1986). For the Duquesne Works in the 1920s and 1930s, see Joel Sabadasz, "Duquesne Works: Overview History," unpublished manuscript, summer 1991; James D. Rose, "The United States Steel Duquesne Works, 1886-1941: The Rise of Steel Unionism" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Davis, 1997).
8. Tiffany, The Decline of American Steel, 129-131. See also Robert W. Crandall, The United States Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World (Washington, D.C., 1981), 72. Industry, vols. 1 and 2 (New York, 1937); Horace B. Davis, Labor and Steel (New York, 1933); Harvey O'Connor, Steel-Dictator (New York, 1935); Robert R. R. Brooks, As Steel Goes, . . . Unionism in a Basic Industry (New Haven, Conn., 1940); John Bodnar, Workers' World: Kinship, Community, and Protest in an Industrial Society, 1900-1940 (Baltimore, 1982); Dennis Dickerson, Out of the Crucible: Black Steelworkers in Western Pennsylvania, 1875-1980 (Albany N.Y., 1986). For the Duquesne Works in the 1920s and 1930s, see Joel Sabadasz, "Duquesne Works: Overview History," unpublished manuscript, summer 1991; James D. Rose, "The United States Steel Duquesne Works, 1886-1941: The Rise of Steel Unionism" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Davis, 1997).
9. Tiffany, The Decline of American Steel, 129-131. See also Robert W. Crandall, The United States Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World (Washington, D.C., 1981), 72. Industry, vols. 1 and 2 (New York, 1937); Horace B. Davis, Labor and Steel (New York, 1933); Harvey O'Connor, Steel-Dictator (New York, 1935); Robert R. R. Brooks, As Steel Goes, . . . Unionism in a Basic Industry (New Haven, Conn., 1940); John Bodnar, Workers' World: Kinship, Community, and Protest in an Industrial Society, 1900-1940 (Baltimore, 1982); Dennis Dickerson, Out of the Crucible: Black Steelworkers in Western Pennsylvania, 1875-1980 (Albany N.Y., 1986). For the Duquesne Works in the 1920s and 1930s, see Joel Sabadasz, "Duquesne Works: Overview History," unpublished manuscript, summer 1991; James D. Rose, "The United States Steel Duquesne Works, 1886-1941: The Rise of Steel Unionism" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Davis, 1997).
10. Tiffany, The Decline of American Steel, 129-131. See also Robert W. Crandall, The United States Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World (Washington, D.C., 1981), 72. Industry, vols. 1 and 2 (New York, 1937); Horace B. Davis, Labor and Steel (New York, 1933); Harvey O'Connor, Steel-Dictator (New York, 1935); Robert R. R. Brooks, As Steel Goes, . . . Unionism in a Basic Industry (New Haven, Conn., 1940); John Bodnar, Workers' World: Kinship, Community, and Protest in an Industrial Society, 1900-1940 (Baltimore, 1982); Dennis Dickerson, Out of the Crucible: Black Steelworkers in Western Pennsylvania, 1875-1980 (Albany N.Y., 1986). For the Duquesne Works in the 1920s and 1930s, see Joel Sabadasz, "Duquesne Works: Overview History," unpublished manuscript, summer 1991; James D. Rose, "The United States Steel Duquesne Works, 1886-1941: The Rise of Steel Unionism" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Davis, 1997).
11. Tiffany, The Decline of American Steel, 129-131. See also Robert W. Crandall, The United States Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World (Washington, D.C., 1981), 72. Industry, vols. 1 and 2 (New York, 1937); Horace B. Davis, Labor and Steel (New York, 1933); Harvey O'Connor, Steel-Dictator (New York, 1935); Robert R. R. Brooks, As Steel Goes, . . . Unionism in a Basic Industry (New Haven, Conn., 1940); John Bodnar, Workers' World: Kinship, Community, and Protest in an Industrial Society, 1900-1940 (Baltimore, 1982); Dennis Dickerson, Out of the Crucible: Black Steelworkers in Western Pennsylvania, 1875-1980 (Albany N.Y., 1986). For the Duquesne Works in the 1920s and 1930s, see Joel Sabadasz, "Duquesne Works: Overview History," unpublished manuscript, summer 1991; James D. Rose, "The United States Steel Duquesne Works, 1886-1941: The Rise of Steel Unionism" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Davis, 1997).
12. Tiffany, The Decline of American Steel, 129-131. See also Robert W. Crandall, The United States Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World (Washington, D.C., 1981), 72. Industry, vols. 1 and 2 (New York, 1937); Horace B. Davis, Labor and Steel (New York, 1933); Harvey O'Connor, Steel-Dictator (New York, 1935); Robert R. R. Brooks, As Steel Goes, . . . Unionism in a Basic Industry (New Haven, Conn., 1940); John Bodnar, Workers' World: Kinship, Community, and Protest in an Industrial Society, 1900-1940 (Baltimore, 1982); Dennis Dickerson, Out of the Crucible: Black Steelworkers in Western Pennsylvania, 1875-1980 (Albany N.Y., 1986). For the Duquesne Works in the 1920s and 1930s, see Joel Sabadasz, "Duquesne Works: Overview History," unpublished manuscript, summer 1991; James D. Rose, "The United States Steel Duquesne Works, 1886-1941: The Rise of Steel Unionism" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Davis, 1997).
13. Tiffany, The Decline of American Steel, 129-131. See also Robert W. Crandall, The United States Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World (Washington, D.C., 1981), 72. Industry, vols. 1 and 2 (New York, 1937); Horace B. Davis, Labor and Steel (New York, 1933); Harvey O'Connor, Steel-Dictator (New York, 1935); Robert R. R. Brooks, As Steel Goes, . . . Unionism in a Basic Industry (New Haven, Conn., 1940); John Bodnar, Workers' World: Kinship, Community, and Protest in an Industrial Society, 1900-1940 (Baltimore, 1982); Dennis Dickerson, Out of the Crucible: Black Steelworkers in Western Pennsylvania, 1875-1980 (Albany N.Y., 1986). For the Duquesne Works in the 1920s and 1930s, see Joel Sabadasz, "Duquesne Works: Overview History," unpublished manuscript, summer 1991; James D. Rose, "The United States Steel Duquesne Works, 1886-1941: The Rise of Steel Unionism" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Davis, 1997).
14. Tiffany, The Decline of American Steel, 129-131. See also Robert W. Crandall, The United States Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World (Washington, D.C., 1981), 72. Industry, vols. 1 and 2 (New York, 1937); Horace B. Davis, Labor and Steel (New York, 1933); Harvey O'Connor, Steel-Dictator (New York, 1935); Robert R. R. Brooks, As Steel Goes, . . . Unionism in a Basic Industry (New Haven, Conn., 1940); John Bodnar, Workers' World: Kinship, Community, and Protest in an Industrial Society, 1900-1940 (Baltimore, 1982); Dennis Dickerson, Out of the Crucible: Black Steelworkers in Western Pennsylvania, 1875-1980 (Albany N.Y., 1986). For the Duquesne Works in the 1920s and 1930s, see Joel Sabadasz, "Duquesne Works: Overview History," unpublished manuscript, summer 1991; James D. Rose, "The United States Steel Duquesne Works, 1886-1941: The Rise of Steel Unionism" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Davis, 1997).
15. Tiffany, The Decline of American Steel, 129-131. See also Robert W. Crandall, The United States Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World (Washington, D.C., 1981), 72. Industry, vols. 1 and 2 (New York, 1937); Horace B. Davis, Labor and Steel (New York, 1933); Harvey O'Connor, Steel-Dictator (New York, 1935); Robert R. R. Brooks, As Steel Goes, . . . Unionism in a Basic Industry (New Haven, Conn., 1940); John Bodnar, Workers' World: Kinship, Community, and Protest in an Industrial Society, 1900-1940 (Baltimore, 1982); Dennis Dickerson, Out of the Crucible: Black Steelworkers in Western Pennsylvania, 1875-1980 (Albany N.Y., 1986). For the Duquesne Works in the 1920s and 1930s, see Joel Sabadasz, "Duquesne Works: Overview History," unpublished manuscript, summer 1991; James D. Rose, "The United States Steel Duquesne Works, 1886-1941: The Rise of Steel Unionism" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Davis, 1997).
16. Tiffany, The Decline of American Steel, 129-131. See also Robert W. Crandall, The United States Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World (Washington, D.C., 1981), 72. Industry, vols. 1 and 2 (New York, 1937); Horace B. Davis, Labor and Steel (New York, 1933); Harvey O'Connor, Steel-Dictator (New York, 1935); Robert R. R. Brooks, As Steel Goes, . . . Unionism in a Basic Industry (New Haven, Conn., 1940); John Bodnar, Workers' World: Kinship, Community, and Protest in an Industrial Society, 1900-1940 (Baltimore, 1982); Dennis Dickerson, Out of the Crucible: Black Steelworkers in Western Pennsylvania, 1875-1980 (Albany N.Y., 1986). For the Duquesne Works in the 1920s and 1930s, see Joel Sabadasz, "Duquesne Works: Overview History," unpublished manuscript, summer 1991; James D. Rose, "The United States Steel Duquesne Works, 1886-1941: The Rise of Steel Unionism" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Davis, 1997).
17. Rose, "The United States Steel Duquesne Works," 113-116, 149-203, 222-252. At a National Labor Relations Board hearing deciding the legality of US Steel's ERPs in 1937, Board members expressed bewilderment at the sweeping nature of the management rights clause. A US Steel attorney, after repeated questioning, had to admit that because of the clause, nothing else in the ERP constitution limited managements authority in any way. See Testimony 11 Jan. 1937, 629-636, National Labor Relations Board (hereafter cited as NLRB) Case C-142, United States Steel Corporation and Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation v. Steel Workers Organizing Committee and Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers, NLRB Records (RG 25), Administrative Division, Files and Dockets Section, Transcripts and Exhibits, Box 115, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland.
18. Rose, "The United States Steel Duquesne Works," 257-262.
19. See Duquesne Works grievances 17-38-U, 30-39-U, A-46-40, and A-56-40, United States Steel Corporation (Duquesne Works) Payroll Ledgers and Records of the Personnel Division 1904-1980 (hereafter cited as US Steel Records), Box 26, UE/Labor Archives, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Grievances at the Duquesne Works between 1937-1940 centered primarily on wage and tonnage rates, and seniority. The contract, however, did not allow for changes in working conditions that impaired the health and safety of workers.
20. Rose, "The US Steel Duquesne Works," 270-273; Rose, "'What Every Supervisor Dreads': Women Workers at the US Steel Duquesne Works during World War II," Labor History 36 (Winter 1995): 24-51. World War II wildcat strike reports for Duquesne are found in US Steel Records, Box 28, File S-5(b). Development of Management Guides," 23 Feb. 1953. See also W. L. Lohrentz, "Comments and Suggested Points for Consideration in Development of Management Guides in View of 2-B Arbitration Awards," 23 Feb. 1953. Both in US Steel Records, Box 9, File Section 2-B.
21. Rose, "The US Steel Duquesne Works," 270-273; Rose, "'What Every Supervisor Dreads': Women Workers at the US Steel Duquesne Works during World War II," Labor History 36 (Winter 1995): 24-51. World War II wildcat strike reports for Duquesne are found in US Steel Records, Box 28, File S-5(b). Development of Management Guides," 23 Feb. 1953. See also W. L. Lohrentz, "Comments and Suggested Points for Consideration in Development of Management Guides in View of 2-B Arbitration Awards," 23 Feb. 1953. Both in US Steel Records, Box 9, File Section 2-B.
22. John A. Stephens, "Significance of the Contract Between the Steel-Producing Subsidiaries of U.S. Steel and the United Steelworkers," in American Management Association, Developing Public and Industrial Relations Policy (New York, 1947; reprint, New York, 1967), 3-14.
23. The following summaries of the new contract, for example, all failed to mention work rules or section 2-B: Robert Tilove, Collective Bargaining in the Steel Industry (Philadelphia, 1948); New York Times, 21 Apr. 1947; The Iron Age, 24 Apr. 1947, 98-99; S teel, 28 Apr. 1947, 67-71.
24. The following summaries of the new contract, for example, all failed to mention work rules or section 2-B: Robert Tilove, Collective Bargaining in the Steel Industry (Philadelphia, 1948); New York Times, 21 Apr. 1947; The Iron Age, 24 Apr. 1947, 98-99; S teel, 28 Apr. 1947, 67-71.
25. The following summaries of the new contract, for example, all failed to mention work rules or section 2-B: Robert Tilove, Collective Bargaining in the Steel Industry (Philadelphia, 1948); New York Times, 21 Apr. 1947; The Iron Age, 24 Apr. 1947, 98-99; S teel, 28 Apr. 1947, 67-71.
26. The following summaries of the new contract, for example, all failed to mention work rules or section 2-B: Robert Tilove, Collective Bargaining in the Steel Industry (Philadelphia, 1948); New York Times, 21 Apr. 1947; The Iron Age, 24 Apr. 1947, 98-99; S teel, 28 Apr. 1947, 67-71.
27. US Steel summary of arbitration ruling USC-278, Box 9, File Section 2-B; A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 9 Aug. 1949, Box 3, File S-3(f); A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 7 Dec. 1949, Box 2, File S-3(a); J. J. Booth to R. D. Lake, 3 May 1950, Box 3, File S-3(g); R. W. Graham to W. C. Oberg, 4 May 1950, ibid.; "Force Reduction," 14 June 1951, ibid.; "Force Reduction History and Status from 1951," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Current Proposed Future Reduction," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Schedule of Force Reductions at Duquesne Works," handwritten comments by industrial relations managers, 1951-1954, ibid., all in US Steel Records.
28. US Steel summary of arbitration ruling USC-278, Box 9, File Section 2-B; A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 9 Aug. 1949, Box 3, File S-3(f); A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 7 Dec. 1949, Box 2, File S-3(a); J. J. Booth to R. D. Lake, 3 May 1950, Box 3, File S-3(g); R. W. Graham to W. C. Oberg, 4 May 1950, ibid.; "Force Reduction," 14 June 1951, ibid.; "Force Reduction History and Status from 1951," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Current Proposed Future Reduction," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Schedule of Force Reductions at Duquesne Works," handwritten comments by industrial relations managers, 1951-1954, ibid., all in US Steel Records.
29. US Steel summary of arbitration ruling USC-278, Box 9, File Section 2-B; A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 9 Aug. 1949, Box 3, File S-3(f); A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 7 Dec. 1949, Box 2, File S-3(a); J. J. Booth to R. D. Lake, 3 May 1950, Box 3, File S-3(g); R. W. Graham to W. C. Oberg, 4 May 1950, ibid.; "Force Reduction," 14 June 1951, ibid.; "Force Reduction History and Status from 1951," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Current Proposed Future Reduction," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Schedule of Force Reductions at Duquesne Works," handwritten comments by industrial relations managers, 1951-1954, ibid., all in US Steel Records.
30. US Steel summary of arbitration ruling USC-278, Box 9, File Section 2-B; A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 9 Aug. 1949, Box 3, File S-3(f); A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 7 Dec. 1949, Box 2, File S-3(a); J. J. Booth to R. D. Lake, 3 May 1950, Box 3, File S-3(g); R. W. Graham to W. C. Oberg, 4 May 1950, ibid.; "Force Reduction," 14 June 1951, ibid.; "Force Reduction History and Status from 1951," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Current Proposed Future Reduction," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Schedule of Force Reductions at Duquesne Works," handwritten comments by industrial relations managers, 1951-1954, ibid., all in US Steel Records.
31. US Steel summary of arbitration ruling USC-278, Box 9, File Section 2-B; A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 9 Aug. 1949, Box 3, File S-3(f); A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 7 Dec. 1949, Box 2, File S-3(a); J. J. Booth to R. D. Lake, 3 May 1950, Box 3, File S-3(g); R. W. Graham to W. C. Oberg, 4 May 1950, ibid.; "Force Reduction," 14 June 1951, ibid.; "Force Reduction History and Status from 1951," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Current Proposed Future Reduction," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Schedule of Force Reductions at Duquesne Works," handwritten comments by industrial relations managers, 1951-1954, ibid., all in US Steel Records.
32. US Steel summary of arbitration ruling USC-278, Box 9, File Section 2-B; A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 9 Aug. 1949, Box 3, File S-3(f); A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 7 Dec. 1949, Box 2, File S-3(a); J. J. Booth to R. D. Lake, 3 May 1950, Box 3, File S-3(g); R. W. Graham to W. C. Oberg, 4 May 1950, ibid.; "Force Reduction," 14 June 1951, ibid.; "Force Reduction History and Status from 1951," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Current Proposed Future Reduction," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Schedule of Force Reductions at Duquesne Works," handwritten comments by industrial relations managers, 1951-1954, ibid., all in US Steel Records.
33. US Steel summary of arbitration ruling USC-278, Box 9, File Section 2-B; A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 9 Aug. 1949, Box 3, File S-3(f); A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 7 Dec. 1949, Box 2, File S-3(a); J. J. Booth to R. D. Lake, 3 May 1950, Box 3, File S-3(g); R. W. Graham to W. C. Oberg, 4 May 1950, ibid.; "Force Reduction," 14 June 1951, ibid.; "Force Reduction History and Status from 1951," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Current Proposed Future Reduction," 20 May 1952, ibid.; "Schedule of Force Reductions at Duquesne Works," handwritten comments by industrial relations managers, 1951-1954, ibid., all in US Steel Records.
34. E. Robert Livernash, Collective Bargaining in the Basic Steel Industry: A Study of the Public Interest and the Role of Government (Washington, D.C., 1961), 127. For incentive programs, see Duquesne Works Industrial Relations Department (hereafter cited as DWIRD), "New or Changed Incentive Plans and Force Reduction Proposals which Involve Labor Relations Problems," 16 Apr. and 16 May 1952, US Steel Records, Box 3, File S-3(g). For the saw case, see J. J. Booth to R. D. Lake, 3 May 1950, and supporting documents, US Steel Records, Box 3, File S-3(g).
35. A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 12 Oct. 1949, Box 2, File S-3(a); DWIRD, "Total Number of Men Laid Off Reducing Force," 4 Oct. 1949, Box 3, File S-3(f); DWIRD, "Tabulation of Force Reduction, Furloughing, and Vacation," 21 June 1949, ibid., all in US Steel Records.
36. A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 12 Oct. 1949, Box 2, File S-3(a); DWIRD, "Total Number of Men Laid Off Reducing Force," 4 Oct. 1949, Box 3, File S-3(f); DWIRD, "Tabulation of Force Reduction, Furloughing, and Vacation," 21 June 1949, ibid., all in US Steel Records.
37. A. L. Norman to K. H. McLaurin, 12 Oct. 1949, Box 2, File S-3(a); DWIRD, "Total Number of Men Laid Off Reducing Force," 4 Oct. 1949, Box 3, File S-3(f); DWIRD, "Tabulation of Force Reduction, Furloughing, and Vacation," 21 June 1949, ibid., all in US Steel Records.
38. Willis, ed., "Steel Arbitration Digest: Basic Steel Arbitration Information Bulletins," vol. 1, David J. McDonald Papers, Box 16, File 8, HCLA; Rulings of the Board of Arbitration, United States Steel and United Steelworkers of America, USC-846, 848, 850, 869, 10-12; Hoerr, And the Wolf Finally Came, 327.
39. Willis, ed., "Steel Arbitration Digest: Basic Steel Arbitration Information Bulletins," vol. 1, David J. McDonald Papers, Box 16, File 8, HCLA; Rulings of the Board of Arbitration, United States Steel and United Steelworkers of America, USC-846, 848, 850, 869, 10-12; Hoerr, And the Wolf Finally Came, 327.
40. USA-IEB, minutes of meeting, 30 Mar. 1952, 17-18, USA-IEB Records, Box 44, File 15.
41. Livernash, Collective Bargaining, 275; Jack Stieber, "Work Rule and Practices in Mass Production Industries," 402-403.
42. Livernash, Collective Bargaining, 275; Jack Stieber, "Work Rule and Practices in Mass Production Industries," 402-403.
43. The Iron Age, 15 May 1952, 73.
44. New York Times, 28 Feb. 1952.
45. Quoted in USA-IEB, minutes of meeting, 17 Dec. 1951, 6-8, USA-IEB Records, Box 44, File 10.
46. Ibid., 28-29.
47. US Steel, "United States Steel Corporation's Last Offer for Strike Settlement. . . ," [1960], Harold J. Ruttenberg Papers, Box 2, File 11, HCLA.
48. Steel Companies Coordinating Committee, Press release, 18 Oct. 1959, McDonald Papers, Box 105, File 6.
49. Wall Street Journal, 19 Oct. 1959.
50. 94 USA-IEB, minutes of meeting, 19 Oct. 1959, 1-6, USA-IEB Records, Box 46, File 23.
51. For a summary of the ending of the strike and contract settlement, see Libertella, "The Steel Strike of 1959," 169-231.
52. Hoerr, And the Wolf Finally Came, 326-328.
53. The Iron Age, 2 July 1959, 40; US Steel, Report of Labor Relations Meeting, 29 Apr. 1960.
54. The Iron Age, 2 July 1959, 40; US Steel, Report of Labor Relations Meeting, 29 Apr. 1960.