Terrorist crisis management in Japan: Historical development and changing response (1970-1997)

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 23-52

  Miyaoka, Taiji ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032267659     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546559808427456     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. David H. Bayley, Forces of Order: Police in Japan and the United Stales (NY: University of California Press, 1976).
2. Peter J. Katzemstein and Yutaka Tsujinaka, Defending the Japanese State; Structures, Norms and the Political Responses to Terrorism and Violent Social Protest in the 1970s and 1980s (NY: East Asia Program, Cornell University, 1991) p. 157.
3. Lester A. Sobel, Political Terrorism Volumes 1 and 2 (Oxford: Clio Press, 1975) pp. 62-63
4. Sobel (note 3) pp. 62-63.
5. Sobel (note 3) pp. 217-219, 225-227, and Heisei 9nendo-ban Keisatu Hakusho (the Policing White Paper), (Tokyo; Keisatsu-chou, 1997) p. 14.
6. Sobel (note 3) pp. 217-219, 225-227.
7. Sobel (note 3) pp. 217-219, 225-227.
8. Sean Anderson and Stephen Sloan, Historical Dictionary of Terrorism (London: The Scarecrow Press, 1995) pp. 1-3.
9. William Farrell, Blood and Rage: The Story of the Japanese Red Army (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1990) p. 27, Patricia G. Steinhoff, Deadly Ideology: The Lod Airport Massacre and the Rengo Sekigun Purge (unpublished manuscript, University of Hawaii, n. d.) p. 112, and Hiroshi Takigawa, Kagekiha Kaimetsu Sakusen (The Operations of Annihilating Radicals) (Tokyo: Sanichi Shobo, 1973) pp. 164-179.
10. William Farrell, Blood and Rage: The Story of the Japanese Red Army (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1990) p. 27, Patricia G. Steinhoff, Deadly Ideology: The Lod Airport Massacre and the Rengo Sekigun Purge (unpublished manuscript, University of Hawaii, n. d.) p. 112, and Hiroshi Takigawa, Kagekiha Kaimetsu Sakusen (The Operations of Annihilating Radicals) (Tokyo: Sanichi Shobo, 1973) pp. 164-179.
11. William Farrell, Blood and Rage: The Story of the Japanese Red Army (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1990) p. 27, Patricia G. Steinhoff, Deadly Ideology: The Lod Airport Massacre and the Rengo Sekigun Purge (unpublished manuscript, University of Hawaii, n. d.) p. 112, and Hiroshi Takigawa, Kagekiha Kaimetsu Sakusen (The Operations of Annihilating Radicals) (Tokyo: Sanichi Shobo, 1973) pp. 164-179.
12. Sobel (note 3) pp. 217-219, 225-227.
13. Henry W. Degenhardt, Political Dissident: An International Guide to Dissident: ExtraParliamentary Guerrilla and Illegal Political Movements (Essex: Longman, 1983) pp. 104-106.
14. "Japan Cowers Before the Red Army", Far Eastern Economic Review, October 14 1977, pp. 15-16.
15. Anderson and Sloan (note 8) pp. 1-3.
16. Tokushima Shimbun, October 17, 1977, and Degenhardt (note 11) pp. 104-106.
17. Degenhardt (note 11) pp. 104-106.
18. L. Craig Jr. Parker, The Japanese Police System Today: An American Perspective (Tokyo: Kodansya International, 1984) p. 131.
19. See the Policing White Paper of 1997 (noteS) pp. 37-38.
20. Katzemstein and Tsujinaka (note 2) p. 156.
21. Degenhardt (note 11) pp. 104-106.
22. David Williams, "The lesson of Aum Supreme Truth: Constitution Creates Vulnerability", Los Angels Times, July 9 1995.
23. See The Policing White Paper of 1997 (note 5) pp. 39-41, 44-45.
24. Article 9, Renunciation of War, in Chapter says: Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized.
25. This White Paper suggests (1) the development of intelligence organization which can collect and evaluate domestic and international related information with any incidents, (2) the development of cooperative networks with other ministries for exchange of information and each analysis, (3) the establishment of Committee for Analysis of the Situation of Public peace, (4) the regular meeting to evaluate any threat around ministries and embassies, and (5) the establishment of Research Committee of Telecommunications in order to maintain and utilize secret system of Tel-communications in emergency situation.
26. Alex P. Schmid, "Force or Conciliation? An Overview of Some Problems Associated with Current Anti-Terrorist Response Strategies, Violence, Aggression and Terrorism 2/2 (May 1988) pp. 149-178.
27. Richard H. Shultz Jr., Responding to the Terrorist Threat: Security and Crisis Management (New York: Pergamon Press, 1980), pp. 115-116, and Paul Gilbert, Terrorism, Security and Nationality: An introductory study in applied political philosophy (London: Routledge, 1994) pp. 159-172.
28. Richard H. Shultz Jr., Responding to the Terrorist Threat: Security and Crisis Management (New York: Pergamon Press, 1980), pp. 115-116, and Paul Gilbert, Terrorism, Security and Nationality: An introductory study in applied political philosophy (London: Routledge, 1994) pp. 159-172.
29. See for example, the contributors to Alex P. Schmid and Ronald D. Crelinsten (eds) Western Responses to Terrorism (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1993).
30. Philip C. Wilcox, Jr. describes about more details of the US's counter-terrorism policy in Patterns of Global Terrorism 1996 that it aims 1. to make no deals with terrorists and do not submit to blackmail, 2. to treat terrorists as criminals, pursue them aggressively, and apply the rule of law, and 3. to apply maximum pressure on states that sponsor and support terrorists by imposing economic, diplomatic and political sanctions and by urging other states to do likewise.
31. Ronald D. Crelinsten, Power and Meaning: Terrorism as a Struggle over Access to the Communication Structure, in Paul Wilkinson and A. M. Stewart (eds.), Contemporary Research on Terrorism (Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen Press, 1987) pp. 19-50.
32. Crelinsten (note 28) pp. 19-50.
33. Katuo Kawami, 'Koutei Totunyu to Nihon Gaikou (The storming to the Japanese embassy and Japanese diplomacy)' Sekai (Tokyo: Iwanami Syoten) July 1997, pp. 40-54
34. See Paul Wilkinson, 'The Role of the Military in Combating Terrorism in a Democratic Society', Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 8, No. 3 (London: Frank Cass, Autumn 1996) pp. 1-11.
35. Shultz (note 25) pp. 115-116.
36. Christopher Hewitt, The Effectiveness of Anti-Terrorist Policies (NY: University Press of America, 1984) pp. 85N
37. Alex P. Schmid and Ronald D. Crelinsten, Western Responses to Terrorism, (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1993) p. 311.
38. Peter C. Sederberg, Terrorist Myths: Illusion, Rhetoric, and Reality (NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989) pp. 104-106.
39. Brian M. Jenkins, J. Johnson and D. Ronfeldt, 'Numbered Lives: Some Statistical Observations from Seventy-Seven International Hostage Episodes', Conflict 1/1 (1978) pp. 71-111.
40. Gilbert (note 25) pp. 1-11.
41. Shumpei Kumon, 'Some Principles Governing the Thought and Behavior of Japanists (Contextualists)', Journal of Japanese Studies, 8/1 (1982), p. 15.
42. Katzemstein and Tsujinaka (note 2) pp. 115-140.
43. Karel Van Wolfren, The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation (NY: Knopf, 1989) p. 202.
44. Advisory Group on Defense Issues in Japan, The Modality of the Security and Defense Capability of Japan: The Outlook for the 21st Century, August 12 1994, p. 11.
45. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., International Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990) p. 251.
46. Sobel (note 3) pp. 252-258.
47. Philip C. Wilcox, Jr., Testimony: Combating International Terrorism, Washington, DC, March 5, 1996.
48. 1996 The White paper of Japanese Police, The White paper of Marine Security.
49. Nick Lewer and Steven Schofield, 'Non-lethal Weapons of UN Military Operations' International Peacekeeping, Vol. 4, Autumn 1997, No. 3, pp.73-6. Non-lethal weapons broadly imply lasers, optical munitions, acrostic, microwave, chemicals, biologicals and so on.
50. Richard Clutterbuck, Living with terrorism (London: Faber, 1977) pp. 335-344.
51. According to James H. Hansen in his essay, 'Japanese intelligence-The competitive edge (Washington DC: US, 1996)', the Japanese intelligence organizations have over $3 billion annually as a budget to collect information in the US. To achieve this, they use Japanese businessmen or other private citizens in the US. Their activity is simply to collect information over legal process, not covert acquisition.
52. Enders W, Sandler, 'The Effectiveness of Anti-terrorism Policies', American Political Science Review, Vol. 87, No. 4 (December 1993) pp. 829-844.
53. The FBI Domestic Counterterrorism Program, The Center for National Security Studies, April 26 1995.
54. William Clifford, Crime Control in Japan, (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1976) p. 27.
55. According to Patterns of Global Terrorism 1996, international counter-terrorist meetings were held in 1996: The Philippines and Japan hosted Asia and Pacific conferences on terrorism, the first kind in Asia.
56. Members of NSC include: the President, Vice President, Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, Director of the CIA and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
57. Ken Brown and Bethami A. Dobkin, 'Tales of Terror: Television News and the Construction of the Terrorist Threat in the Terrorism on the Evening News', Vol. 47, Journal of International Affairs, June 1 1993, pp. 311.
58. Larry Sloan, Second Hand Terrorism Revisited, the Terrorism Research Center.
59. Ronald D. Crelinsten, 'Terrorism and the Media: Problems, Solutions, and Counter-problems', Political Communication and Persuasion 6/3 (1989) p. 312.
60. Neil C. Livingstone, Proactive Responses to Terrorism: Reprisals, Preemption, and Retribution, edited by Kegley, (note 42) pp. 219-245.