Don't confuse me with the facts: More on the Irish Republican Army and sectarianism

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 164-189

  White, Robert W ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032263842     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546559808427487     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Ireland and the Irish Question (Moscow: Progress Publishers 1978) p.158.
2. R.W. White, 'The Irish Republican Army: An Assessment of Sectarianism', Terrorism and Political Violence (hereafter TPV) 9/1 (Spring 1997) pp.20-55. This article primarily focuses on the IRA in the years 1969-93. The article was written prior to public knowledge of the Continuity IRA, formed in 1986, and prior to another split in the Republican movement in late 1997, which led to a third IRA, whose members consider it to be the 'Real' IRA. The IRA referred to in 'IRA Assessment' is, properly, the Provisional IRA, as established in December 1969.
3. S. Brace, 'Victim Selection in Ethnic Conflict: Motives and Attitudes in Irish Republicanism', TPV 9/1 (Spring 1997) pp.56-71.
4. R.W. White, 'The Irish Republican Army and Sectarianism: Moving Beyond the Anecdote', TPV 9/2 (Summer 1997) pp. 120-31.
5. J. Dingley, 'A Reply to White's Non-Sectarian Thesis of PIRA Targeting', TPV 10/2 (Summer 1998), pp.106-17.
6. Ibid., p.106.
7. See the discussion in Alex P. Schmid and Albert J. Jongman, Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories and Literature (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing 1988) pp.1-38. See also P.A. Sproat, 'The Quantitative Results of a Questionnaire on State Terrorism', TPV 8/3 (Autumn 1996) pp.64-86, and 'Can the State Commit Acts of Terrorism?: An Opinion and Some Qualitative Replies to a Questionnaire', TPV 9/4 (Winter 1997) pp. 117-50.
8. See the discussion in Alex P. Schmid and Albert J. Jongman, Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories and Literature (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing 1988) pp.1-38. See also P.A. Sproat, 'The Quantitative Results of a Questionnaire on State Terrorism', TPV 8/3 (Autumn 1996) pp.64-86, and 'Can the State Commit Acts of Terrorism?: An Opinion and Some Qualitative Replies to a Questionnaire', TPV 9/4 (Winter 1997) pp. 117-50.
9. See the discussion in Alex P. Schmid and Albert J. Jongman, Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories and Literature (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing 1988) pp.1-38. See also P.A. Sproat, 'The Quantitative Results of a Questionnaire on State Terrorism', TPV 8/3 (Autumn 1996) pp.64-86, and 'Can the State Commit Acts of Terrorism?: An Opinion and Some Qualitative Replies to a Questionnaire', TPV 9/4 (Winter 1997) pp. 117-50.
10. Dingley (note 5) p. 107.
11. See, for example, Michael Pearson, Those Damned Rebels: The American Revolution as Seen Through British Eyes (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons 1972) p.75; on the 'Sons of Liberty' see David C. Rapoport, Assassination and Terrorism (Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1971) p.46; the interested reader may also consider James Thomas Flexner, George Washington: The Forge of Experience (1732-1775) (Boston: Little, Brown 1965) pp.336, 339; and Jim Redden, 'George Washington was a terrorist: A brief history of terrorism in America', http://www.rdrop.com/-pdxs/v06n09/01_lead.html.
12. See, for example, Michael Pearson, Those Damned Rebels: The American Revolution as Seen Through British Eyes (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons 1972) p.75; on the 'Sons of Liberty' see David C. Rapoport, Assassination and Terrorism (Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1971) p.46; the interested reader may also consider James Thomas Flexner, George Washington: The Forge of Experience (1732-1775) (Boston: Little, Brown 1965) pp.336, 339; and Jim Redden, 'George Washington was a terrorist: A brief history of terrorism in America', http://www.rdrop.com/-pdxs/v06n09/01_lead.html.
13. See, for example, Michael Pearson, Those Damned Rebels: The American Revolution as Seen Through British Eyes (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons 1972) p.75; on the 'Sons of Liberty' see David C. Rapoport, Assassination and Terrorism (Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1971) p.46; the interested reader may also consider James Thomas Flexner, George Washington: The Forge of Experience (1732-1775) (Boston: Little, Brown 1965) pp.336, 339; and Jim Redden, 'George Washington was a terrorist: A brief history of terrorism in America', http://www.rdrop.com/-pdxs/v06n09/01_lead.html.
14. See, for example, Michael Pearson, Those Damned Rebels: The American Revolution as Seen Through British Eyes (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons 1972) p.75; on the 'Sons of Liberty' see David C. Rapoport, Assassination and Terrorism (Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1971) p.46; the interested reader may also consider James Thomas Flexner, George Washington: The Forge of Experience (1732-1775) (Boston: Little, Brown 1965) pp.336, 339; and Jim Redden, 'George Washington was a terrorist: A brief history of terrorism in America', http://www.rdrop.com/-pdxs/v06n09/01_lead.html.
15. Dingley (note 5) p. 107.
16. Ibid., pp. 107, 114.
17. Anthony M. Orum, Introduction to Political Sociology, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall 1983)p.113.
18. See for example, J.J. Lee, Ireland 1912-1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge: CUP 1989) pp.43-4; J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army: 1916- (Dublin: Academy Press 1979) p.19; F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine (Glasgow: Fontana Press 1973) pp.398-400.
19. See for example, J.J. Lee, Ireland 1912-1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge: CUP 1989) pp.43-4; J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army: 1916- (Dublin: Academy Press 1979) p.19; F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine (Glasgow: Fontana Press 1973) pp.398-400.
20. See for example, J.J. Lee, Ireland 1912-1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge: CUP 1989) pp.43-4; J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army: 1916- (Dublin: Academy Press 1979) p.19; F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine (Glasgow: Fontana Press 1973) pp.398-400.
21. Bell (note 13) pp.19-22; F.S.L. Lyons, (note 13) pp.405, 430, 436-8.
22. John Whyte, Interpreting Northern Ireland (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1990) pp. 163-4.
23. Malcolm Sutton, An Index of Deaths From the Conflict in Ireland, 1969-1993 (Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications 1994) p.204.
24. Dingley (note 5) p.108.
25. Asmal Kader (Chairman), Geoffrey Bindman, John Brittain, and Machel Zavrian, Shoot to Kill: International Lawyers' Inquiry Into the Lethal Use of Firearms by the Security Forces in Northern Ireland (Cork: Mercier Press 1985) p.23.
26. See Irish Information Agenda: Irish Information Partnership: Agenda Information Service on Northern Ireland and Anglo-Irish Relations, 6th ed. (London: Irish Information Partnership 1990) pp.94-103; Robert White, Provisional Irish Republicans: An Oral and Interpretive History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1993) pp.90-95.
27. See Irish Information Agenda: Irish Information Partnership: Agenda Information Service on Northern Ireland and Anglo-Irish Relations, 6th ed. (London: Irish Information Partnership 1990) pp.94-103; Robert White, Provisional Irish Republicans: An Oral and Interpretive History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1993) pp.90-95.
28. 'Double standards of British "justice"', Saoirse: Irish Freedom (July 1995) p. 1.
29. W.D. Flackes and Sidney Elliott, Northern Ireland: A Political Directory, 1968-1993 (Belfast: Blackstaff Press 1994) pp.139-40.
30. Ibid., p.95; see also Peter Taylor, Beating the Terrorists? Interrogation in Omagh, Gough and Castlereagh (Middlesex, England: Penguin 1980) especially pp.64-81 on 'Getting Results'.
31. Ibid., p.95; see also Peter Taylor, Beating the Terrorists? Interrogation in Omagh, Gough and Castlereagh (Middlesex, England: Penguin 1980) especially pp.64-81 on 'Getting Results'.
32. John McGuffin, Internment! (Tralee: Anvil Books 1973) p.22; 'Death of Seán Keenan', Saoirse: Irish Freedom (March 1993) p.1; see also R. White and T.F. White, 'Repression and the Liberal State: The Case of Northern Ireland, 1969-72', Journal of Conflict Resolution 39 (1995) pp.330-52.
33. John McGuffin, Internment! (Tralee: Anvil Books 1973) p.22; 'Death of Seán Keenan', Saoirse: Irish Freedom (March 1993) p.1; see also R. White and T.F. White, 'Repression and the Liberal State: The Case of Northern Ireland, 1969-72', Journal of Conflict Resolution 39 (1995) pp.330-52.
34. John McGuffin, Internment! (Tralee: Anvil Books 1973) p.22; 'Death of Seán Keenan', Saoirse: Irish Freedom (March 1993) p.1; see also R. White and T.F. White, 'Repression and the Liberal State: The Case of Northern Ireland, 1969-72', Journal of Conflict Resolution 39 (1995) pp.330-52.
35. See Irish Information Agenda (note 19) pp.340-59, esp. pp.346, 350, 355.
36. Flackes and Elliott (note 21 ) p.74.
37. Dingley (note 5) p.107; White, 'IRA and Sectarianism' (note 4) p.125.
38. Dingley (note 5) pp.107-8.
39. See B. O'Neill, 'British soldier shot dead at border post', The Irish News, Global Ed., World Wide Web Archive. http://www.irishnews.com/k_archive/130297/newsl.html.
40. Personal communication via a telephone call to Barrett Firearms Manufacturing, Inc., and P. McAleer, "'Supergun" claims in killings saga', The Irish News Global Edition, http://www.irishnews.com/k_archive/130297/news2.html.
41. See White, 'IRA Assessment' (note 2) p.47, Table 7.
42. David Barzilay, The British Army in Ulster, Vol. 4 (Belfast: Century Books 1981)p.17.
43. Calculations are based on information found in Irish Information Agenda (note 19).
44. See 'The British Military Garrison in Ireland', An Phoblacht/Republican News, n.d.
45. White, 'IRA Assessment' (note 2) p.36.
46. J.B. Bell, 'Career Moves: Reflections on the Irish Gunman', Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 15/1 (1992) pp.69-88; esp. pp.77, 82.
47. White, 'IRA and Sectarianism' (note 4) p.125.
48. See Anthony Orum (note 12) pp.122-4, for a comparison of totalitarian and democratic rule. Raising the possibility that the British government is/was guilty of state terrorism in Northern Ireland is a serious matter. Behaviors like the widespread and indefinite detention of dissidents who are not charged with a crime (some of whom are subjected to torture; see McGufffin (note 23) pp.115-27), and the shooting dead of civilian protesters in order to limit future protest (see Eamonn McCann, Bloody Sunday in Deny: What Really Happened (Dingle, Co. Kerry: Brandon 1992)) are certainly consistent with definitions of state terrorism as presented in P.A. Sproat, 'Can the State Commit Acts of Terrorism?' (note 7).
49. Seán Cronin, Irish Nationalism: A History of its Roots and Ideology (Dublin: The Academy Press 1980) p.3.
50. Dingley (note 5) p.112 and also his note 13.
51. Seán Cronin, Irish Nationalism (note 38) p.6.
52. R.F. Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600-1972 (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books 1988 [1989 reprint]) p.11 (emphasis added).
53. Ibid., pp.282-5.
54. See also Tom Garvin, 1922: The Birth of Irish Democracy (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan 1996) pp. 10-18.
55. Seán Cronin (note 38) p.21.
56. See R.F. Foster, Modern Ireland (note 41) pp.284-5.
57. Dingley (note 5) p. 110.
58. Padraig O'Snodaigh, Hidden Ulster: Protestants and the Irish Language (Belfast: Lagan Press 1995) p.19.
59. Ibid., pp.47-51; 85; 129-30; see also R.F. Foster (note 41) pp.447-8.
60. Ibid., p.95.
61. R.F. Foster (note 41) pp.444-5.
62. John Whyte (note 15) p. 175.
63. F.S.L. Lyons (note 13) pp.367, 376-7.
64. See Margaret Ward, Unmanageable Revolutionaries: Women and Irish Nationalism (London: Pluto Press 1983) p.136; Cronin (note 38) pp.130, 147; F.S.L. Lyons (note 13) p.406; Margaret Ward, Hannah Sheehy Skeffington: A Life (Cork: Attic Press 1997) pp.227-8.
65. See Margaret Ward, Unmanageable Revolutionaries: Women and Irish Nationalism (London: Pluto Press 1983) p.136; Cronin (note 38) pp.130, 147; F.S.L. Lyons (note 13) p.406; Margaret Ward, Hannah Sheehy Skeffington: A Life (Cork: Attic Press 1997) pp.227-8.
66. See Margaret Ward, Unmanageable Revolutionaries: Women and Irish Nationalism (London: Pluto Press 1983) p.136; Cronin (note 38) pp.130, 147; F.S.L. Lyons (note 13) p.406; Margaret Ward, Hannah Sheehy Skeffington: A Life (Cork: Attic Press 1997) pp.227-8.
67. See Margaret Ward, Unmanageable Revolutionaries: Women and Irish Nationalism (London: Pluto Press 1983) p.136; Cronin (note 38) pp.130, 147; F.S.L. Lyons (note 13) p.406; Margaret Ward, Hannah Sheehy Skeffington: A Life (Cork: Attic Press 1997) pp.227-8.
68. Seán Cronin (note 38) pp.157-9; Bell (note 13) pp.99-141; Seán Cronin, Frank Ryan: The Search for the Republic (Dublin: Repsol Publishing 1980).
69. Seán Cronin (note 38) pp.157-9; Bell (note 13) pp.99-141; Seán Cronin, Frank Ryan: The Search for the Republic (Dublin: Repsol Publishing 1980).
70. Seán Cronin, Irish Nationalism (note 38) p.189.
71. Henry Patterson, The Politics of Illusion: Republicanism and Socialism in Modern Ireland (London: Hutchinson Radius 1989) p.200; R. Munck, 'Marxism and Northern Ireland', The Review of Radical Political Economics 13/3 (Fall 1981) pp.58-63.
72. Henry Patterson, The Politics of Illusion: Republicanism and Socialism in Modern Ireland (London: Hutchinson Radius 1989) p.200; R. Munck, 'Marxism and Northern Ireland', The Review of Radical Political Economics 13/3 (Fall 1981) pp.58-63.
73. Dingley (note 5) p.114, emphasis added; see also Patterson (note 56) pp.194-210, esp. pp. 196-8.
74. Dingley (note 5) p.111.
75. Ibid., pp. 108-9, 114.
76. Robert White, Provisional Irish Republicans (note 19) pp. 180-81.
77. See: http:://www.workers-party.org/wphome.htm.
78. '15 Are Held in Curragh', The United Irishman (Mean Foghmhair 1957) p.8.
79. See 'Sinn Féin President's Address', The United Irishman (Nollaig 1962) p.3, and 'The Workers Party Main Political Address by Cllr. Tomás MacGiolla, T.D', 23 May 1992 (Printed by Repsol Limited, n.d.).
80. See 'Sinn Féin President's Address', The United Irishman (Nollaig 1962) p.3, and 'The Workers Party Main Political Address by Cllr. Tomás MacGiolla, T.D', 23 May 1992 (Printed by Repsol Limited, n.d.).
81. Dingley (note 5) p.114.
82. Pádraig Ó Snodaigh, Two Godfathers of Revisionism: 1916 in the Revisionist Canon (Dublin: Fulcrum Press 1991) p.21.
83. See John Whyte (note 15) pp. 179-81. Michael Farrell, Northern Ireland: The Orange State (London: Pluto Press 1976). Eamonn McCann, War and an Irish Town (London: Pluto Press 1980).
84. See John Whyte (note 15) pp. 179-81. Michael Farrell, Northern Ireland: The Orange State (London: Pluto Press 1976). Eamonn McCann, War and an Irish Town (London: Pluto Press 1980).
85. See John Whyte (note 15) pp. 179-81. Michael Farrell, Northern Ireland: The Orange State (London: Pluto Press 1976). Eamonn McCann, War and an Irish Town (London: Pluto Press 1980).
86. Farrell (note 66) pp.12,332; see R. Munck, 'Marxism and Northern Ireland' (note 56) pp.58-63.
87. Farrell (note 66) pp.12,332; see R. Munck, 'Marxism and Northern Ireland' (note 56) pp.58-63.
88. John Whyte (note 15) pp.182-7.
89. Dingley (note 5) p.111.
90. Dingley (note 5) p. 116.
91. See Patrick Bishop and Eamonn Mallie, The Provisional IRA (Aylesbury, England: Corgi 1987 [1989 edition]) pp.327-30.
92. Éire Nua: The Social and Economic Programme of Sinn Féin (Dublin: Sinn Féin 1974) p.56.
93. Ibid., p.55.
94. See Éire Nua: A New Democracy (Dublin: Sinn Féin Poblachtach 1990).
95. Dingley (note 5) pp. 110, 115-16, emphasis added.
96. John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary, Explaining Northern Ireland (Oxford: Blackwell 1995) p.112.
97. Dingley (note 5) p.110.
98. John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary (note 76) p.114 (emphasis in the original).
99. Dingley (note 5) p. 109.
100. Ibid., pp. 116-17 (his note 13).
101. Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: CUP 1990, revised ed.) pp.29-30.
102. Dingley (note 5) p.111.
103. J.E. Doherty and D.J. Hickey, A Chronology of Irish History Since 1500 (Savage, MD: Barnes and Noble Books 1990) p. 173.
104. See Virginia E. Glandon, Arthur Griffith and the Advanced Nationalist Press Ireland, 1900-1922 (New York: Peter Lang 1985) p.43.
105. See F.S.L. Lyons (note 13) pp.381, 389-92; or R.F. Foster (note 41) pp.488-9.
106. Robert Briscoe (with Alden Hatch), For the Life of Me (Boston: Little, Brown 1958) pp.50, 258-9.
107. Dingley (note 5) p.111.
108. Lyons (note 13) p.453.
109. Ibid., p.417.
110. R.F. Foster (note 41) p.497.
111. Tom Garvin (note 43) p.47.
112. See, for example, Bell (note 13) p.23.
113. It would appear that significantly more Protestant civilians were killed in the North of Ireland in 1919-23 than in the South and West. Michael Farrell's research shows that between July 1920 and July 1922, 453 people were killed in Belfast and at least 104 were killed'Outside Belfast'. The exact geographic area that is Outside Belfast' is unclear. Of the 557 people killed, 477 were civilians: 303 Catholics, 172 Protestants and two people of unknown religion. Unfortunately, Farrell does not indicate how many of these people were killed by the IRA. See Michael Farrell (note 66) pp.62-4. Again, if Dingley has detailed information on this, it would be helpful.
114. Dorothy MacArdle, The Irish Republic: A Documented Chronicle of the Anglo-Irish Conflict and the Partitioning of Ireland, with a Detailed Account of the Period 1916-1923 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 1965) p.705.
115. Charles Tilly, European Revolutions: 1492-1992 (Oxford: Blackwell 1993) p.115.
116. F.S.L. Lyons (note 13) p.411, emphasis added.
117. R.F. Foster (note 41) p.494.
118. For an interesting account of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, see David Humphreys Miller, Custer's Fall: The Native American Side of the Story (New York: Meridian 1992).
119. See R.F. Foster (note 41) pp.490-91; McGarry and O'Leary (note 76) pp.36-7.
120. Evidence supporting this is available from a number of sources, including R.F. Foster (note 41)pp.494-9.
121. Dingley (note 5) p.111.
122. Ibid., p.115.
123. Seán Cronin, Irish Nationalism (note 38) pp.231-2.
124. R.F. Foster (note 41) p.85.
125. White, 'IRA Assessment' (note 2) p.33; see also R.L. Berke, 'Irish feel fierce crosswinds as fateful vote nears', The New York Times, 20 May 1998, p.A3.
126. White, 'IRA Assessment' (note 2) p.33; see also R.L. Berke, 'Irish feel fierce crosswinds as fateful vote nears', The New York Times, 20 May 1998, p.A3.
127. See John J. Macionis, Sociology 6th edition (NJ: Prentice Hall 1997) p.329.
128. Dingley (note 5) p. 108.
129. Ibid., p. 106.
130. C. Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination (London: Oxford University Press 1959) pp.25-75.
131. The interested reader may check David Knoke and George W. Bohrnstedt, Basic Social Statistics (Itasca, IL: F.E. Peacock Publishers 1991) pp.53, 154, or any other of a number of such sources.
132. Mills (note 109) pp.57, 74, 69, 70 (n. 13), 72; White, 'IRA Assessment' (note 2) p.22.
133. Dingley (note 5) p. 115.
134. Ibid.,p.108.
135. Ibid., p.115.
136. Ibid., p.116.
137. See 'IRA Assessment' (note 2) p.33.
138. Dingley (note 5) p.115.
139. White, 'IRA Assessment' (note 2) p.34.
140. Ibid., see pp.46 and 48, Tables 7 and 8.
141. Dingley (note 5) p. 115.
142. See the discussion of 'Understanding' and 'Verstehen' in Talcott Parsons, Max Weber: The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press 1947) and H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press 1946).
143. See the discussion of 'Understanding' and 'Verstehen' in Talcott Parsons, Max Weber: The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press 1947) and H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press 1946).
144. Rep. Earl Landgrebe, of Indiana's 2nd Congressional District, was one of Nixon's strongest supporters. Landgrebe was interviewed by the Associated Press on 7 Aug. 1974. Stephen McShane records Landgrebe: "Don't confuse me with the facts, I've got a closed mind. I will not vote for impeachment.' Nixon resigned on 9 Aug. 1974. Stephen G. McShane, "'We'll stick with Dick": Earl Landgrebe, Watergate, and the Vocal Minority', Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History 6 (Fall 1994) pp.30-39.