The European Community's Recognition of New States in Yugoslavia: The Strategic Implications

Journal of Strategic Studies

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 24-45

  Caplan, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032262469     PISSN: 01402390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402399808437725     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. The European Union (EU) superseded the European Community (EC) with the coming into force of the Treaty on European Unon on 1 Nov. 1993.
2. Susan L. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War (Washington DC: Brookings 1995) p. 156; Misha Glenny, 'Germany Fans the Flames of War', New Statesman & Society, 20-27 Dec. 1991, pp.14-15; the Rt Hon Lord Carrington, 'Turmoil in the Balkans: Developments and Prospects', RUSI Journal 137/5 (Oct. 1992) p.2; David Owen, Balkan Odyssey (New York: Harcourt Brace 1995) p.46.
3. Susan L. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War (Washington DC: Brookings 1995) p. 156; Misha Glenny, 'Germany Fans the Flames of War', New Statesman & Society, 20-27 Dec. 1991, pp.14-15; the Rt Hon Lord Carrington, 'Turmoil in the Balkans: Developments and Prospects', RUSI Journal 137/5 (Oct. 1992) p.2; David Owen, Balkan Odyssey (New York: Harcourt Brace 1995) p.46.
4. Susan L. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War (Washington DC: Brookings 1995) p. 156; Misha Glenny, 'Germany Fans the Flames of War', New Statesman & Society, 20-27 Dec. 1991, pp.14-15; the Rt Hon Lord Carrington, 'Turmoil in the Balkans: Developments and Prospects', RUSI Journal 137/5 (Oct. 1992) p.2; David Owen, Balkan Odyssey (New York: Harcourt Brace 1995) p.46.
5. Susan L. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War (Washington DC: Brookings 1995) p. 156; Misha Glenny, 'Germany Fans the Flames of War', New Statesman & Society, 20-27 Dec. 1991, pp.14-15; the Rt Hon Lord Carrington, 'Turmoil in the Balkans: Developments and Prospects', RUSI Journal 137/5 (Oct. 1992) p.2; David Owen, Balkan Odyssey (New York: Harcourt Brace 1995) p.46.
6. Janez Janša, The Making of the Slovenian State, 1988-1992 (Ljubljana: Založba Mladinska knjiga 1994) p.91.
7. Interview with the author, Ljubljana, 4 June 1997.
8. Janša (note 3), p.92.
9. Author interview with Peterle, Ljubljana, 3 June 1997.
10. Author interview with Kosin, Ljubljana, 4 June 1997.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. The day the war began, the only EC politician to call Peterle to offer support was the former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher.
14. Das Parlament, Nr. 40 (1 Oct. 1993) p. 14.
15. Henry Wynaendts, L'engrenage: chroniques yougoslaves, juillet 1991-août 1992 (Paris: Denoël 1993) pp.99-100.
16. Rupel interview for the BBC television series, 'The Death of Yugoslavia , Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives (LHCMA), King's College London, undated, Box 18, File 4, p.2.
17. Author interview with Kosin (note 7).
18. See 'Le Conseil de securité âpprouve à l'unanimité la nouvelle mission de Mr Cyrus Vance', Le Monde, 29 Nov 1991; 'M. Perez de Cuellar espère régler rapidement les "détails techniques" du déploiement d'une force de paix', Le Monde, 30 Nov. 1991; and 'Eyskens: Anerkennung auf "EG-Niveau'", Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 30 Nov. 1991.
19. See 'Le Conseil de securité âpprouve à l'unanimité la nouvelle mission de Mr Cyrus Vance', Le Monde, 29 Nov 1991; 'M. Perez de Cuellar espère régler rapidement les "détails techniques" du déploiement d'une force de paix', Le Monde, 30 Nov. 1991; and 'Eyskens: Anerkennung auf "EG-Niveau'", Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 30 Nov. 1991.
20. See 'Le Conseil de securité âpprouve à l'unanimité la nouvelle mission de Mr Cyrus Vance', Le Monde, 29 Nov 1991; 'M. Perez de Cuellar espère régler rapidement les "détails techniques" du déploiement d'une force de paix', Le Monde, 30 Nov. 1991; and 'Eyskens: Anerkennung auf "EG-Niveau'", Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 30 Nov. 1991.
21. Interview with the author, Zagreb, 14 July 1997.
22. James Gow, 'Deconstructing Yugoslavia', Survival 33/4 (July/Aug. 1991 ) pp.305-6.
23. Patrick J. Garrity, Why the Gulf War Still Matters: Foreign Perspectives on the War and the Future of International Security (Los Alamos CA: Center for National Security Studies 1993) p.35.
24. Federal Foreign Office, Bonn, 'Recognition of the Yugoslav Successor States', mimeo, 10 March 1993.
25. UN Security Council Resolution 678, 29 Nov. 1990.
26. 'Yugoslavia Fears Grow as Army Goes on Alert', The Times, 8 May 1991.
27. Author interview with Zimmermann, New York, 20 Nov. 1996.
28. Wynaendts (note 12) p.77.
29. Author interview with Šeparović (note 16).
30. UN Doc. S/23169, 25 Oct. 1991, para. 21.
31. Carrington (note 2) p.2.
32. UN Doc. S/23169, paras. 27 and 29.
33. Carrington interview for 'The Death of Yugoslavia', 4 April 1995, LHCMA, Box 18, File 1, p.2.
34. Remarks delivered at the Department of War Studies, King's College London, 1 Nov. 1995.
35. Kostić interview for 'The Death of Yugoslavia', 8 Aug. 1994, LHCMA, Box 18, File 2, p.24.
36. Tudjman interview for The Death of Yugoslavia', undated, LHCMA, Box 18, File 4, p.16.
37. Author interview with Tus, Zagreb, 11 July 1997.
38. Author interviews with Šeparović (note 16), Budiša (Zagreb, 11 July 1997), and Letica (Zagreb, 12 and 13 July 1997).
39. EC 'Declaration on Yugoslavia' (Brussels), EPC Press Release P. 129/91, 16 Dec. 1991.
40. Babić interview for 'The Death of Yugoslavia', undated, LHCMA, Box 18, File 1, p. 19.
41. V.P. Gagnon Jr 'Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia', International Security 19/3 (Winter 1994/95) p.155, fn.78. Moreover, some 70 per cent of Croatian Serbs voted for Croatia's independence in the May 1991 referendum.
42. Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS)-EEU-90-123, 26 June 1990, p.57.
43. FBIS-EEU-90-124, 27 June 1990, p.83.
44. 'Primjedbe na Nacrt Ustava Republike Hrvatske' [Comments on the Draft Croatian Constitution], memo from Jovan Rašković to Slaven Letica, 11 Dec. 1990.
45. For details concerning Yugoslav federal government and JNA arms transfers to the Krajina Serbs, see Paul Williams and Norman Cigar, A Prima Facie Case for the Indictment of Slobodan Milosevic (London: Alliance to Defend Bosnia-Herzegovina 1996) passim.
46. Laura Silber and Alan Little, The Death of Yugoslavia (London: Penguin 1995) p. 104.
47. Vukčelić interview in Srpska Reč (Belgrade), 15 Aug. 1994 cited in Williams and Cigar (note 40) p.79, fn.175.
48. Gagnon (note 36) develops this argument in his article.
49. FBIS-EEU-91-212, 1 Nov. 1991, p.26.
50. Interview with the author, Sarajevo, 19 June 1997.
51. Norman Cigar, Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of 'Ethnic Cleansing' (College Station, TX: Texas A&M UP 1995) p.44.
52. Letter from Kljuić to the author, 31 July 1998. Muhamed Filipović, a former confidant of Bosnian President Alija Izetbegović, was also shown the letter and confirmed its contents in an interview with the author. Sarajevo, 18 June 1997.
53. Borisav Jović, Poslednji dani SFRJ [The Last Days of the SFRY] (Belgrade: Politika 1995) p.277.
54. James Gow, Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War (London: Hurst 1997) p.86.
55. Jovan Divjak, 'Nastanak, Razvoj i Perspektive Armije RBiH - Vojske Federacije' [The emergence, development and the future of the Army of the Republic of B-H - the Army of the Federation] unpublished manuscript 1997, p.4.
56. Details were published in Vreme (Belgrade) on 23 Sept. 1991 and excerpted in Williams and Cigar (note 40) p.20.
57. 'Bosnia Declares Sovereignty; Serbia, Croatia Set Peace Talks', Washington Post, 16 Oct. 1991.
58. Silber and Little (note 41) p.233.
59. James Gow, 'The Role of the Military in the Yugoslav War of Dissolution', Storia delle Relazioni Internazionali 9/1 (June 1993) p.117.
60. Memo reproduced in Smail Čekić. Agresija na Bosnu i Genocid naci Bošnjacima 1991-1993 [Aggression against Bosnia and Genocide against the Bosniacs 1991-1993] (Sarajevo: Ljiljan 1994) pp.273-4.
61. My reference is to an unpublished, English translation of the document (Copy No. 096) submitted as evidence at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
62. Ibid. p.2.
63. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Former Yugoslavia Since 1991, Case No. IT-94-1-T, 7 May 1997, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic a/k/a 'Dule', URL 〈http://www.un.org/icty〉, section II.A.6.
64. Gow (note 54) p. 118.
65. Karadžić interview for 'The Death of Yugoslavia', undated, LHCMA, Box 18, File 2, p.3.
66. Ibid. p.5.
67. Rusmir Mahmutčehajić, one of the Muslim negotiators, says: 'We accepted this proposal because Cutileiro told us it was the only way the EC was willing to protect Bosnia as a sovereign state'. Cited in Tihomir Loza, 'Getting to Dayton', in Jane M.O. Sharp (ed.) Implementing Dayton (Cambridge, MA: MIT/CSIA forthcoming).
68. 'Statement of Principles for New Constitutional Arrangements for Bosnia and Hercegovina', 18 March 1992, section Al. The statement was signed by Karadžić, Izetbegović, and the Bosnian Croat leader Mate Boban.
69. Karadžić quote from Nin (Belgrade), 1 July 1994, cited in Loza (note 62).
70. Kuprešanin quote from Nin, 27 March 1992, cited ibid.
71. Kuprešanin quote from Nin, 27 March 1992, cited ibid.
72. Tadic (note 58) section II.A.4.
73. Ejup Ganić interview for 'The Death of Yugoslavia', undated, LHCMA, Box 18, File 1, pp.2-3.
74. UN Doc. S/23836, 24 April 1992, para.2.
75. Wynaendts (note 12) p.141.
76. Interview with the author, New York, 28 April 1994.