Germany's Party of Democratic Socialism in Comparative Perspective

East European Politics and Societies

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 500-525

  Patton, David F ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0032260591     PISSN: 08883254     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0888325498012003005     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Between October 1989 and December 1990, SED-PDS membership fell from 2,300,000 to 283,882. By December 1992, it was below 150,000. Today, the PDS has around 100,000 members.
2. In 1990, the party relinquished most of its accumulated SED assets. Its efforts to transfer funds into the Soviet Union illegally led to a much-publicized finance scandal in 1990. See Heinrich Bortfeldt, Von der SED zur PDS: Wandlung zur Demokratie? (Bonn: Bouvier Verlag, 1992), 231-45.
3. Henry Krisch, "From SED to PDS: The Struggle to Revive a Left Party," in Russell J. Dalton, ed., The New Germany Votes (Providence, R. L. Berg Publishers, 1993), 185.
4. According to electoral laws in the Federal Republic, a party must win 5 percent of the vote nationally in order to be represented in the Bundestag. This hurdle is waived, however, if the party secures at least three direct mandates in the first ballot voting. The PDS won only 4.3 percent nationally but captured four direct seats in East Berlin. See Gero Neugebauer, "1994 im Aufschwung Ost: Die PDS. Eine Bilanz," Gegenwartskunde 43:4 (1994): 439.
5. "Ostwähler reagieren heftiger: Eine Bilanz der Forschungsgruppe Mannheim," tageszeitung, 28 April 1998, 4.
6. See, for instance, Rainer-Olaf Schultze, "Wiedersprüchliches, Ungleichzeitiges und kein Ende in Sicht: Die Bundestagswahl vom 16 Oktober 1994," Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 2/95 (1995): 344. Schultze concludes, "The PDS is, simply put, the party of the unification losers." See also Patrick Moreau and Viola Neu, Die PDS zwischen Linksextremismus und Linkspopulismus Interne Studien 76/1994 (Sankt Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 1994), 81.7. Thomas von Winter, "Wählerverhalten in den östlichen Bundesländern: Wahlsoziologische Erklärungsmodelle auf dem Prüfstand," Zeitschrift fürs Parlamentsfragen 2/96 (May 1996): 315. See also Peter O'Brien, "Germany's Newest Aliens: The East Germans," East European Quarterly XXX (January 1997).
7. See, for instance, Rainer-Olaf Schultze, "Wiedersprüchliches, Ungleichzeitiges und kein Ende in Sicht: Die Bundestagswahl vom 16 Oktober 1994," Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 2/95 (1995): 344. Schultze concludes, "The PDS is, simply put, the party of the unification losers." See also Patrick Moreau and Viola Neu, Die PDS zwischen Linksextremismus und Linkspopulismus Interne Studien 76/1994 (Sankt Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 1994), 81.7. Thomas von Winter, "Wählerverhalten in den östlichen Bundesländern: Wahlsoziologische Erklärungsmodelle auf dem Prüfstand," Zeitschrift fürs Parlamentsfragen 2/96 (May 1996): 315. See also Peter O'Brien, "Germany's Newest Aliens: The East Germans," East European Quarterly XXX (January 1997).
8. See, for instance, Rainer-Olaf Schultze, "Wiedersprüchliches, Ungleichzeitiges und kein Ende in Sicht: Die Bundestagswahl vom 16 Oktober 1994," Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 2/95 (1995): 344. Schultze concludes, "The PDS is, simply put, the party of the unification losers." See also Patrick Moreau and Viola Neu, Die PDS zwischen Linksextremismus und Linkspopulismus Interne Studien 76/1994 (Sankt Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 1994), 81.7. Thomas von Winter, "Wählerverhalten in den östlichen Bundesländern: Wahlsoziologische Erklärungsmodelle auf dem Prüfstand," Zeitschrift fürs Parlamentsfragen 2/96 (May 1996): 315. See also Peter O'Brien, "Germany's Newest Aliens: The East Germans," East European Quarterly XXX (January 1997).
9. See, for instance, Rainer-Olaf Schultze, "Wiedersprüchliches, Ungleichzeitiges und kein Ende in Sicht: Die Bundestagswahl vom 16 Oktober 1994," Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 2/95 (1995): 344. Schultze concludes, "The PDS is, simply put, the party of the unification losers." See also Patrick Moreau and Viola Neu, Die PDS zwischen Linksextremismus und Linkspopulismus Interne Studien 76/1994 (Sankt Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 1994), 81.7. Thomas von Winter, "Wählerverhalten in den östlichen Bundesländern: Wahlsoziologische Erklärungsmodelle auf dem Prüfstand," Zeitschrift fürs Parlamentsfragen 2/96 (May 1996): 315. See also Peter O'Brien, "Germany's Newest Aliens: The East Germans," East European Quarterly XXX (January 1997).
10. See Markus Klein and Claudio Caballero, "Rückwärtsgewandt in die Zukunft. Die Wähler der PDS bei der Bundestagswahl 1994," Politische Viertelsjahresschrift 37:2 (June 1996). See also Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, "Wenig Neigung zur Demokratie: Ein demoskopisches Porträt der PDS-Anhänger" Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 28 June 1994.
11. See Markus Klein and Claudio Caballero, "Rückwärtsgewandt in die Zukunft. Die Wähler der PDS bei der Bundestagswahl 1994," Politische Viertelsjahresschrift 37:2 (June 1996). See also Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, "Wenig Neigung zur Demokratie: Ein demoskopisches Porträt der PDS-Anhänger" Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 28 June 1994.
12. Gero Neugebauer, "Die Position der PDS im Parteiensystem der Bundesrepublik," Pressedienst PDS 46 (15 November 1996): 17.
13. See, for instance, Michael Brie, "Das politische Projekt PDS-eine unmögliche Möglichkeit," in Michael Brie, Martin Herzig, and Thomas Koch, eds., Die PDS: Empirische Befunde & kontroverse Analysen (Cologne: PapyRossa, 1995), esp. 13-18. See also Thomas Koch, "Die PDS im Vereinigungsprozeß," Die PDS, 181-99.
14. See, for instance, Michael Brie, "Das politische Projekt PDS-eine unmögliche Möglichkeit," in Michael Brie, Martin Herzig, and Thomas Koch, eds., Die PDS: Empirische Befunde & kontroverse Analysen (Cologne: PapyRossa, 1995), esp. 13-18. See also Thomas Koch, "Die PDS im Vereinigungsprozeß," Die PDS, 181-99.
15. "Partei der Senioren," die tageszeitung (taz), 16 April 1997, 4.
16. An exception is found in Dieter Segert and Csilla Machos, Parteien in Osteuropa (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1995), 203-30.
17. See Rolf Reißig, "Ostdeutschland-Der 'deutsche Sonderweg' der Transformation," WeltTrends 3 (June 1994). See also Helmut Wiesenthal, "Die neuen Bundesländer als Sonderfall der Transformation in den Ländern Ostmitteleuropas," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 40/96 (20 September 1996): 46-54; and Lutz Niethammer, "Erfahrungen und Strukturen. Prolegomena zu einer Geschichte der Gesellschaft der DDR," Sozialgeschickte der DDR (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1994), 114-15.
18. See Rolf Reißig, "Ostdeutschland-Der 'deutsche Sonderweg' der Transformation," WeltTrends 3 (June 1994). See also Helmut Wiesenthal, "Die neuen Bundesländer als Sonderfall der Transformation in den Ländern Ostmitteleuropas," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 40/96 (20 September 1996): 46-54; and Lutz Niethammer, "Erfahrungen und Strukturen. Prolegomena zu einer Geschichte der Gesellschaft der DDR," Sozialgeschickte der DDR (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1994), 114-15.
19. See Rolf Reißig, "Ostdeutschland-Der 'deutsche Sonderweg' der Transformation," WeltTrends 3 (June 1994). See also Helmut Wiesenthal, "Die neuen Bundesländer als Sonderfall der Transformation in den Ländern Ostmitteleuropas," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 40/96 (20 September 1996): 46-54; and Lutz Niethammer, "Erfahrungen und Strukturen. Prolegomena zu einer Geschichte der Gesellschaft der DDR," Sozialgeschickte der DDR (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1994), 114-15.
20. Even those, such as András Kováks, who question the economic losers thesis still recognize that many within hard-hit groups turned toward the Hungarian post-communists in the early 1990s. The post-communists gained because they acquired the trust of those who were disillusioned with economic liberalism. See András Kováks, "Did the Losers Really Win? An Analysis of Electoral Behavior in Hungary in 1994," Social Research 63 (Summer 1996): 522.
21. See Timothy Garton Ash, "Neo-Pagan' Poland," New York Review of Books, 11 January 1996.
22. See István Deák, "Post-Post-Communist Hungary," New York Review of Books, 11 August 1994.
23. Heinz Timmermann, "Die KP-Nachfolgeparteien in Osteuropa: Aufschwung durch Anpassung an nationale Bedingungen und Aspirationen," Gegenwartskunde 43 (3 March 1994): 323. See also Alison Mahr and John Nagle, "Resurrection of the Successor Parties and Democratization in East-Central Europe," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 28:4 (December 1995).
24. Heinz Timmermann, "Die KP-Nachfolgeparteien in Osteuropa: Aufschwung durch Anpassung an nationale Bedingungen und Aspirationen," Gegenwartskunde 43 (3 March 1994): 323. See also Alison Mahr and John Nagle, "Resurrection of the Successor Parties and Democratization in East-Central Europe," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 28:4 (December 1995).
25. See Attila Agh, "Partial Consolidation of the East-Central European Parties: The Case of the Hungarian Socialist Party," Party Politics 1:4 (1995): 499-500; and Michael Waller, "Adaptation of the Former Communist Parties of East-Central Europe: A case of Social-Democratization?" Party Politics 1:4 (1995): 481-83.
26. See Attila Agh, "Partial Consolidation of the East-Central European Parties: The Case of the Hungarian Socialist Party," Party Politics 1:4 (1995): 499-500; and Michael Waller, "Adaptation of the Former Communist Parties of East-Central Europe: A case of Social-Democratization?" Party Politics 1:4 (1995): 481-83.
27. "Angst vor Machtmißbrauch," Die Zeit, 24 November 1995, 9. Csilla Machos, "Die Nachfolgepartei als linke 'Volkspartei'? Überlegungen am Beispiel der Ungarischen Sozialistischen Partei," in Dieter Segert, ed., Spätsozialismus und Parteienbildung in Osteuropa nach 1989 (Berlin: Berliner Debatte Wissenschaftsverlag, 1996), 208-10.
28. "Angst vor Machtmißbrauch," Die Zeit, 24 November 1995, 9. Csilla Machos, "Die Nachfolgepartei als linke 'Volkspartei'? Überlegungen am Beispiel der Ungarischen Sozialistischen Partei," in Dieter Segert, ed., Spätsozialismus und Parteienbildung in Osteuropa nach 1989 (Berlin: Berliner Debatte Wissenschaftsverlag, 1996), 208-10.
29. Miklos Haraszti, "Animal Farm Scenarios: The Comeback of the Former Communists and Why It Is No Reason to Worry," Constellations 2:1 (1995): 88. Markowski and Toka concur, noting, "It was not any leftist socioeconomic ideology in Polish society that caused the disproportional . . . growth for the SLD," 86.
30. Miklos Haraszti, "Animal Farm Scenarios: The Comeback of the Former Communists and Why It Is No Reason to Worry," Constellations 2:1 (1995): 88. Markowski and Toka concur, noting, "It was not any leftist socioeconomic ideology in Polish society that caused the disproportional . . . growth for the SLD," 86.
31. When successor parties have been unable or unwilling to develop credible social-democratic profiles, they have performed badly at the polls. For example, a hard-line group in Hungary rejected the formation of the MSzP in October 1990, choosing instead to refound the ruling Hungarian Socialist Workers' party (later the Workers' party). Along with the more orthodox Czech successor party (the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia) and hard-line groups in Poland, this group has also foundered.
32. See Hans Timmermann, "A Dilemma for the Socialist International: The Communist Parties' Successors in East-Central Europe," in Michael Waller, Bruno Coppieters, and Kris Deschouwer, eds., Social Democracy in a Post-Communist Europe (Essex, UK: Frank Cass, 1994), 171-87.
33. Timmermann, "Die KP-Nachfolgeparteien in Osteuropa," 328.
34. Dieter Segert, Spätsozialismus und Parteienbildung in Osteuropa nach 1989 (Berlin: Berliner Debatte Wissenschafts Verlag, 1996), 16.
35. "Entstasifizierung auf polnisch," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 14 April 1997.
36. Dieter Segert and Csilla Machos, Parteien in Osteuropa: Kontext und Akteure (Opladen: Westdeutscher Velag, 1995), 305. For a discussion of the previous cleavage, see György G. Márkus, ́Parties, Camps and Cleavages in Hungary,́ Social Democracy in a Post-Communist Europe.
37. Dieter Segert and Csilla Machos, Parteien in Osteuropa: Kontext und Akteure (Opladen: Westdeutscher Velag, 1995), 305. For a discussion of the previous cleavage, see György G. Márkus, ́Parties, Camps and Cleavages in Hungary,́ Social Democracy in a Post-Communist Europe.
38. David S. Bell, ́Post-Communism in Western Europe,́ Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 12:3 (June 1996): 251.
39. Martin J. Bull, ́The West European Communist Movement in the Late Twentieth Century,́ West European Politics 18:1 (January 1995): 80-84.
40. Even the moderate PDS still features a miniature hammer and sickle on its party flag.
41. Michele Salvati, ́The Crisis of Government in Italy,́ New Left Review 213 (September/October 1995): 90.
42. For instance, Plaid Cymru has its electoral strongholds in the Welsh-speaking areas of northwestern Wales. It lobbies for the rights of Welsh speakers.
43. Tom Gallagher, ́The SNP and the Scottish Working Class,́ in Tom Gallagher, ed., Nationalism in the Nineties, (Edinburgh: Polygon, 1991), 107. As Gallagher notes, SNP support plummeted in the late 1970s and early 1980s at a time when the number of manufacturing jobs in Scotland declined by nearly one-third, 104-5.
44. Tom Gallagher, ́The SNP and the Scottish Working Class,́ in Tom Gallagher, ed., Nationalism in the Nineties, (Edinburgh: Polygon, 1991), 107. As Gallagher notes, SNP support plummeted in the late 1970s and early 1980s at a time when the number of manufacturing jobs in Scotland declined by nearly one-third, 104-5.
45. See Carlo E. Ruzza and Oliver Schmidtke, ́Roots of Success of the Lega Lombarda: Mobilization Dynamics and the Media,́ West European Politics 16:2 (April 1993); and Keith Archer and Faron Ellis, ́Opinion Structure of Party Activists: The Reform Party of Canada,́ Canadian Journal of Political Science 27:2 (June 1994).
46. See Carlo E. Ruzza and Oliver Schmidtke, ́Roots of Success of the Lega Lombarda: Mobilization Dynamics and the Media,́ West European Politics 16:2 (April 1993); and Keith Archer and Faron Ellis, ́Opinion Structure of Party Activists: The Reform Party of Canada,́ Canadian Journal of Political Science 27:2 (June 1994).
47. Whereas the Northern League and the Reform party backed tax cuts and a smaller bureaucracy, the left-of-center SNP opposed Thatcherite economic policies.
48. For a discussion of the crisis of partitiocrazia, see Mark Donovan, ́A Party System in Transformation: The April 1992 Italian Election,́ West European Politics 15:4 (October 1992).
49. David Laycock, ́Reforming Canadian Democracy? Institutions and Ideology in the Reform Party Project,́ Canadian Journal of Political Science, 27:2 (June 1994), 221-23.
50. In Great Britain, the constitutional debate was twofold, centering around the devolution of power to regional assemblies and Britain's place in the European Union. The SNP gained with its demand that Scotland be ́Independent in Europe,́ arguing that the anti-European English were not representing Scottish interests in the EU.
51. Helmut Wiesenthal, ́Die neuen Bundesländer als Sonderfall der Transformation in den Ländern Ostmitteleuropas,́ Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 40/96 (20 September 1996): 49.
52. See, for instance, Rainer-Olaf Schultze, ́Wiedersprüchliches, Ungleichzeitiges und kein Ende in Sicht: Die Bundestagswahl vom, 16 Oktober 1994,́ Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen (February 1995): 344.
53. Wiesenthal, ́Die neuen Bundesländer als Sonderfall der Transformation in den Ländern Ostmitteleuropas," 49.
54. It has subsequently declined to a sluggish 2 percent annual growth, leading even the optimiststs in Bonn to favor the more sober term "Build-up East" (Aufbau Ost) in place of "Upswing East" (Aufschwung Ost).
55. Markus Klein and Claudio Caballero, "Rückwärtsgewandt in die Zukunft," 243.
56. "Ostwähler reagieren heftiger: Eine Bilanz der Forschungsgruppe Mannheim," tageszeitung, 28 April 1998, 4.
57. Jürgen W. Falter and Markus Klein, "Die Wähler der PDS bei der Bundestagswahl 1994," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 51-52 (23 December 1994): 28. According to election studies, the PDS did twice as well among the East German middle class than among the working class. See also Russell J. Dalton and Wilhelm Bürklin, "The Two German Electorates: The Social Bases of the Vote in 1990 and 1994," German Politics and Society 13:1 (Spring 1995): 84.
58. Jürgen W. Falter and Markus Klein, "Die Wähler der PDS bei der Bundestagswahl 1994," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 51-52 (23 December 1994): 28. According to election studies, the PDS did twice as well among the East German middle class than among the working class. See also Russell J. Dalton and Wilhelm Bürklin, "The Two German Electorates: The Social Bases of the Vote in 1990 and 1994," German Politics and Society 13:1 (Spring 1995): 84.
59. Falter and Klein, "Die Wähler der PDS bei der Bundestagswahl 1994." See also Thomas Koch, "Unternehmer als Klientel der PDS," Die PDS.
60. Falter and Klein, "Die Wähler der PDS bei der Bundestagswahl 1994." See also Thomas Koch, "Unternehmer als Klientel der PDS," Die PDS.
61. Christopher Flockton, "Economic Management and the Challenge of Reunification," in Gordon Smith, William E. Paterson, and Stephen Padgett, eds., Developments in German Politics 2 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), 226.
62. Brie, "Das politische Projekt PDS," 14.
63. Ostdeutschland-Herausforderung und Chance, released by the PDS Parteivorstand on 2 October 1996 (Berlin: 1996): 14.
64. The CDU and the FDP, both of which absorbed the party structures and membership rolls of former satellite parties of the SED, also shared some of the organizational advantages that the newly founded parties in eastern Germany, particularly the Social Democratic party and the Buendnis 90, did not have.
65. Patrick Moreau and Jürgen P. Lang, "Aufbruch zu neuen Ufern?," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte June/1996 (2 February 1996): 55.
66. Hellmut Wollmann, "Der Systemwechsel in Ostdeutschland, Ungarn, Polen und Rußland," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte (24 January 1997). For a discussion of this process, see Heidrun Abromeit, "Die 'Vertretungslücke.' Probleme im neuen deutschen Bundesstaat," Gegenwartskunde 42:3 (1993). See also Wade Jacoby, The Politics of Institutional Transfer: Two Postwar Reconstructions in Germany, 1945-1995, Department of Political Science, (Cambridge: MIT 1996); Klaus König, "Bureaucratic Integration by Elite Transfer: The Case of the Former GDR," Governance 6:3 (July 1993); and Dorothy Rosenberg, "The Colonization of East Germany," Monthly Review, 43:4 (September 1991).
67. Hellmut Wollmann, "Der Systemwechsel in Ostdeutschland, Ungarn, Polen und Rußland," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte (24 January 1997). For a discussion of this process, see Heidrun Abromeit, "Die 'Vertretungslücke.' Probleme im neuen deutschen Bundesstaat," Gegenwartskunde 42:3 (1993). See also Wade Jacoby, The Politics of Institutional Transfer: Two Postwar Reconstructions in Germany, 1945-1995, Department of Political Science, (Cambridge: MIT 1996); Klaus König, "Bureaucratic Integration by Elite Transfer: The Case of the Former GDR," Governance 6:3 (July 1993); and Dorothy Rosenberg, "The Colonization of East Germany," Monthly Review, 43:4 (September 1991).
68. Hellmut Wollmann, "Der Systemwechsel in Ostdeutschland, Ungarn, Polen und Rußland," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte (24 January 1997). For a discussion of this process, see Heidrun Abromeit, "Die 'Vertretungslücke.' Probleme im neuen deutschen Bundesstaat," Gegenwartskunde 42:3 (1993). See also Wade Jacoby, The Politics of Institutional Transfer: Two Postwar Reconstructions in Germany, 1945-1995, Department of Political Science, (Cambridge: MIT 1996); Klaus König, "Bureaucratic Integration by Elite Transfer: The Case of the Former GDR," Governance 6:3 (July 1993); and Dorothy Rosenberg, "The Colonization of East Germany," Monthly Review, 43:4 (September 1991).
69. Hellmut Wollmann, "Der Systemwechsel in Ostdeutschland, Ungarn, Polen und Rußland," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte (24 January 1997). For a discussion of this process, see Heidrun Abromeit, "Die 'Vertretungslücke.' Probleme im neuen deutschen Bundesstaat," Gegenwartskunde 42:3 (1993). See also Wade Jacoby, The Politics of Institutional Transfer: Two Postwar Reconstructions in Germany, 1945-1995, Department of Political Science, (Cambridge: MIT 1996); Klaus König, "Bureaucratic Integration by Elite Transfer: The Case of the Former GDR," Governance 6:3 (July 1993); and Dorothy Rosenberg, "The Colonization of East Germany," Monthly Review, 43:4 (September 1991).
70. Hellmut Wollmann, "Der Systemwechsel in Ostdeutschland, Ungarn, Polen und Rußland," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte (24 January 1997). For a discussion of this process, see Heidrun Abromeit, "Die 'Vertretungslücke.' Probleme im neuen deutschen Bundesstaat," Gegenwartskunde 42:3 (1993). See also Wade Jacoby, The Politics of Institutional Transfer: Two Postwar Reconstructions in Germany, 1945-1995, Department of Political Science, (Cambridge: MIT 1996); Klaus König, "Bureaucratic Integration by Elite Transfer: The Case of the Former GDR," Governance 6:3 (July 1993); and Dorothy Rosenberg, "The Colonization of East Germany," Monthly Review, 43:4 (September 1991).
71. Klaus Goetz, "Rebuilding Public Administration in the New German Länder," West European Politics (October 1993): 454.
72. Goetz, "Rebuilding Public Administration in the New German Länder," 461.
73. These two faces of the PDS resemble the two faces of Italian Eurocommunism in the early 1970s, when the PCI administered at the local level and opposed at the national level.
74. Michalsk, "Wandel von einer Mitglieder-zur Wählerpartei," Berliner Morgenpost, 17 April 1997, 4.
75. "Grundsätze und Ziele der PDS bei den Wahlen 1998/1999," Beschluß der 1. Tagung des 5 Parteitages der PDS, Disput/Pressedienst (January 1997): 16-17.
76. It is interesting to note that in the early 1990s Umberto Bossi toned down the regionalism of the NL as he futilely tried to form Northern League chapters in the south of Italy. Preston Manning (RP) is presently downplaying western regionalism as the Reform party leadership seeks an eastern constituency.
77. Ostdeutschland-Herausforderung und Chance, 5. They included amnesty for easterners who are compromised by the old regime, stopping the return of eastern property to its former owner, more developmental assistance for the East, a recognition of eastern degrees, higher pensions in the East, the protection of the Soviet land reforms, an end to the present privatization policy, and support for local government.
78. "Mainzer Justizminister gegen Ost-Veto. PDS-Vorschlag ist ein "Teufelsinstrument," tageszeitung, 17 April 1998, 5.
79. Quoted in Tobias Dürr, "Abschied von der 'inneren Einheit': Das Lebensgefühl PDS und der alte Westen," Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik," (November 1996): 1352. See also Rolf Reissig, "Ein neues Wir-Gefühl," Der Spiegel (20 June 1994): 27.
80. Quoted in Tobias Dürr, "Abschied von der 'inneren Einheit': Das Lebensgefühl PDS und der alte Westen," Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik," (November 1996): 1352. See also Rolf Reissig, "Ein neues Wir-Gefühl," Der Spiegel (20 June 1994): 27.
81. Neugebauer, "1994 im Aufschwung Ost," 444.
82. C. Ostrowski and R. Weckesser, "Brief aus Sachsen," Querschnitt: Sonderausgabe (Dresden: PDS-Stadtvorstand, 1996), 3.
83. Wolfgang Gast, "Rückzug nach Osten," tageszeitung, 6 April 1998, 3.
84. Hedrun Abromeit, "Die 'Vetretungslücke.' Probleme im neuen deutschen Bun" desstaat" Gegenwartskunde 42:3 (1993): 281-92.
85. Wiesenthal, "Die neuen Bundesländer also Sonderfall der Transformation in den Län" dern Ostmitteleutopas," 52-53.
86. Seymour M. Lipset and Stein Rokkan, "Cleavage Structures Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction," in Seymour M. Lipset and Stein Rokkan, eds., Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspecttves (New York: Free Press, 1967), 42.
87. E. J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. 2nd ed. (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1992), 117.
88. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, 120.
89. During the founding of the Federal Republic, regional parties arose in Lower Saxony (German party) and Bavaria (Bavarian party and Christian Socialist Union). It is interesting that the sole survivor, the Christian Socialist Union in Bavaria, voted against the Basic Law for its excessive centralism.
90. M. Rainer Lepsius, "Parteiensystem und Sozialstruktur: zum Problem der Demokratisierung der deutschen Gesellschaft," in Gerhard A. Ritter, ed., Deutsche Parteien vor 1918 (Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1973), 69.
91. Margaret Lavinia Anderson, Windthorst: A Political Biography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), 194.
92. Anderson, Windhorst, 194.