Cannabis use and psychosis

Drug and Alcohol Review

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 433-444

  Hall, Wayne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cannabis; Psychosis; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032260534     PISSN: 09595236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09595239800187271     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Bromet EJ, Dew A, Eaton W. Epidemiology of psychosis with special reference to schizophrenia. In: Tsuang MT, Tohen M, Zahner GEP, eds. Textbook in psychiatric epidemiology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995.
2. Donnelly N, Hall W. Patterns of cannabis use in Australia, National Drug Strategy Monograph Series no. 27. Canberra: Australian Government Publication Service, 1994.
3. Hall W, Solowij N, Lemon J. The health and psychological effects of cannabis use, National Drug Strategy Monograph Series No. 25. Canberra: Australian Government Publication Service, 1994.
4. Thornicroft G. Cannabis and psychosis: Is there epidemiological evidence for association. Br J Psychiatr 1990;157:25-33.
5. Hall W. A simplified logic of causal inference. Aust NZ J Psychiatr 1987;21:507-513.
6. Carney MWP, Bacelle L, Robinson B. Psychosis after cannabis use. Br Med J 1984;288:1047.
7. Drummond L. Cannabis psychosis: a case report. Br J Addict 1986;81:139-140.
8. Bernardson G, Gunne LM. Forty-six cases of psychosis in cannabis abusers. Int J Addict 1972;7:9-16.
9. Chopra GS, Smith JW. Psychotic reactions following cannabis use in East Indians. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1974;30:24-27.
10. Cohen S, Johnson K. Psychosis from alcohol or drug abuse. Br Med J 1988;297:1270-1271.
11. Eva J. Cannabis psychosis. Psychiatric Bull 1992;16:310-311.
12. Kolansky H, Moore RT. Effects of marihuana on adolescents and young adults. J Am Med Assoc 1971;216:486-492.
13. Onyango RS. Cannabis psychosis in young psychiatric inpatients. Br J Addict 1986;81:419-423.
14. Solomons K, Neppe VM, Kuyl JM. Toxic cannabis psychosis is a valid entity. South African Med J 1990;78:476-481.
15. Talbott JA, Teague JW. Marihuana psychosis: Acute toxic psychosis associated with the use of cannabis derivatives. J Am Med Assoc 1969;210:299-302.
16. Tennant FS, Groesbeck CJ. Psychiatric effects of hashish. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1972;27:133-136.
17. Tunving K. Psychiatric aspects of cannabis use in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrician 1987;14:83-91.
18. Wylie AS, Scott RTA, Burnett SJ. Psychosis due to "skunk". B Med J 1995;311:125.
19. Harding T, Knight F. Marijuana-modified mania. Arch Gen Psychiatrt 1973;29:635-637.
20. Spencer DJ. Cannabis-induced psychosis. Int J Addict 1971;6:323-326.
21. Palsson A, Thulin SO, Tunviung K. Cannabis psychoses in South Sweden. Acta Psych Scand 1982;66:311-321.
22. Lewis A. A review of the international clinical literature. In: Report of the Advisory Committee on Drug Dependence. Cannabis. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1968.
23. Gruber AJ, Pope HG. Cannabis psychotic disorder. Does it exist? Am J Addict 1994;3:72-83.
24. Poole R, Brabbins C. Drug induced psychosis. Br J Psychiatr 1996;168:135-138.
25. Schuckit MA. Can marijuana cause a long-lasting psychosis? Drug Abuse Alcohol Newslett 1994;23:1-4.
26. Thacore VR, Shukla SRP. Cannabis psychosis and paranoid schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1976;33:383-386.
27. Rottanburg D, Robins AH, Ben-Arie O, Teggin A, Elk R. Cannabis-associated psychosis with hypomanic features. Lancet 1982;2:1364-1366.
28. Chaudry HR, Moss HB, Bashir A, Suliman T. Cannabis psychosis following bhang ingestion. Br J Addict 1991;86:1075-1081.
29. Mathers DC, Ghodse H, Caan AW, Scott SA. Cannabis use in a large sample of acute psychiatric admissions. Br J Addict 1991;86:779-784.
30. Rolfe M, Tang CM, Sabally S, Todd JE, Sam EB, Hatib N'Jie AB. Psychosis and cannabis abuse in The Gambia: a case-control study. Br J Psychiatr 1993;163:789-801.
31. Imade AGT, Ebie JC. A retrospective study of symptom patterns of cannabis-induced psychosis. Acta Psych Scand 1991;8:134-136.
32. Thornicroft G, Meadows G, Politi P. Is "cannabis psychosis" a distinct category? Eur Psychiatr 1992;7:271-282.
33. McGuire P, Jones R, Harvey I, Bebbington P, Toone B, Lewis S, Murray, R. Cannabis and acute psychosis. Schizophrenia Res 1994;13:161-168.
34. McGuire P, Jones R, Harvey I, Williams M, McGuffin P, Murray R. Morbid risk of schizophrenia for relatives of patients with cannabis associated psychosis. Schizophrenia Res 1995;15:277-281.
35. Tien AY, Anthony JC. Epidemiological analysis of alcohol and drug use as risk factors for psychotic experiences. J Nerv Mental Dis 1990;178:473-480.
36. Thomas H. A community survey of adverse effects of cannabis use. Drug Alcohol Depend 1996;42:201-207.
37. Beaubruhn M, Knight F. Psychiatric assessment of 30 chronic users of cannabis and 30 matched controls. Am J Psychiatr 1973;130:309-311.
38. Stefanis C, Boulougouris J, Liakos A. Clinical and psychophysiological effects of cannabis in long-term users. In: Braude MC, Szara S, eds. The pharmacology of marihuana. New York: Raven Press, 1976.
39. Boutros NN, Bowers MB. Chronic substance-induced psychotic disorders: state of the literature. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996;8:262-269.
40. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual 4th edn. (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
41. Lishman WA. Organic psychiatry: the psychological consequences of cerebral disorder, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1987.
42. Schneier FR, Siris SG. A review of psychoactive substance use and abuse in schizophrenia: patterns of drug choice. J Nerv Mental Dis 1987;175:641-652.
43. Smith J, Hucker S. Schizophrenia and substance abuse. Br J Psychiatr 1994;165:13-21.
44. Dixon L, Haas G, Wedien PJ, Sweeney J, Frances AJ. Acute effects of drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: clinical observations and patients' self-reports. Schizophrenia Bull 1990;16:69-79.
45. Weller MPI, Ang PC, Latimer-Sayer DT, Zachary A. Drug abuse and mental illness. Lancet 1988;1:977.
46. Breakey WR, Goodell H, Lorenz PC, McHugh PR. Hallucinogenic drugs as precipitants of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1974;4:255-261.
47. Warner R, Taylor D, Wright J, Sloat A, Springett G, Arnold S, Weinberg H. Substance use among the mentally ill: prevalence, reasons for use and effects on illness. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1994;74:30-39.
48. Cuffel BJ. Prevalence estimates of substance abuse in schizophrenia and their correlates. J Nerv Mental Dis 1992;180:589-592.
49. Mueser KT, Bellack AS, Blanchard JJ. Comorbidity and substance abuse: implications for treatment. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992;60:845-856.
50. Hambrecht M, Hafner H. Substance abuse and the onset of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatr 1996;40:1155-1163.
51. Mueser KT, Yarnold PR, Levinson DF, Singh H, Bellack AS, Kee K, Morrison RL, Yadalam KG. Prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia: demographic and clinical correlates. Schizophrenia Bull 1990;16:31-56.
52. Kavanagh DJ. An intervention for substance abuse in schizophrenia. Behav Change 1995;12:20-30.
53. Cuffel BJ, Heithoff KA, Lawson W. Correlates of patterns of substance abuse among patients with schizophrenia. Hospital Commun Psychiatr 1993;44:247-251.
54. Drake RE, Wallach MA. Substance abuse among the chronic mentally ill. Hospital Commun Psychiatr 1989;4:1041-1046.
55. Anthony JC, Helzer JE. Syndromes of drug abuse and dependence. In: Robins LN, Regier DA, eds. Psychiatric disorders in America. New York: Free Press, MacMillan, 1991.
56. Arndt S, Tyrrell G, Flaum M, Andreasen NC. Comorbidity of substance abuse and schizophrenia: the role of premorbid adjustment. Psychol Med 1992;22:379-388.
57. Kovasznay B, Bromet E, Schwartz JE, Ram R, Lavelle J, Brandon L. Substance abuse and onset of psychotic illness. Hospital Commun Psychiatr 1993;44:567-571.
58. Zisook S, Heaton R, Moranville J, Kuck J, Jernigan T, Braff D. Past substance abuse and clinical course of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatr 1992;149:552-553.
59. Regier DA, Fammer ME, Rae DS, Locke BZ, Keith SJ, Judd LL, Goodwin FK. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. J Am Med Assoc 1990;264:2511-2518.
60. Helzer JE, Bumam A, McEvoy LT. Alcohol abuse and dependence. In: Robins LN, Regier DA, eds. Psychiatric disorders in America: the epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: The Free Press, 1991.
61. Bland RC, Newman SC, Orn H. Schizophrenia: lifetime co-morbidity in a community sample. Acta Psych Scand 1987;75:383-391.
62. Allebeck P. Cannabis and schizophrenia: is there a causal association? In: Nahas GG, Latour C, eds. Physiopathology of illicit drugs: cannabis, cocaine, opiates. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1991.
63. Allebeck P, Adamsson C, Engstrom, Rydberg U. Cannabis and schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of cases treated in Stockholm county. Acta Psych Scand 1993;88:21-24.
64. Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, Anker M, Korten A, Cooper JE, Day R, Bertelsen A. Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study. Psychol Med Monogr 1991; (suppl 20).
65. Andreasson S, Allebeck P, Engstrom A, Rydberg U. Cannabis and schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Lancet 1987;2:1483-1486.
66. Johnson BA, Smith BL, Taylor P. Cannabis and schizophrenia. Lancet 1988;1:592-593.
67. Negrete JC. Cannabis and schizophrenia. Br J Addict 1989;84:349-351.
68. Andreasson S, Allebeck P, Rydberg U. Schizophrenia in users and nonusers of cannabis. Acta Psych Scand 1989;79:505-510.
69. Kandel D, Faust R. Sequence and stages in patterns of adolescent drug use. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1975;32:923-932.
70. Bell D. The experimental reproduction of amphetamine psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1973;29:35-40.
71. Connell PH. Amphetamine psychosis. Maudsley monograph no. 5. London: Institute of Psychiatry, Oxford University Press, 1959.
72. Gawin FH, Ellinwood EH. Cocaine and other stimulants: actions, abuse and treatment. N Eng J Med 1988;318:1173-1182.
73. Inghe G. The present state of abuse and addiction to stimulant drugs in Sweden. In: Sjoqvist F, Tottie M, eds. Abuse of central stimulants. New York: Raven Press, 1969.
74. Goldberg L. Drug abuse in Sweden. Part I. Bull Narcotics 1968;20:1-31.
75. Goldberg L. Drug abuse in Sweden. Part II. Bull Narcotics 1968;20:9-36.
76. Weil A. Adverse reactions to marihuana. N Engl J Med 1970;282:997-1000.
77. Bowers MB, Mazure CM, Nelson JC, Jatlow PI. Psychotogenic drug use and neuroleptic response. Schizophrenia Bull 1990;16:81-85.
78. Knudsen P, Vilmar T. Cannabis and neuroleptic agents in schizophrenia. Acta Psych Scand 1984;69:162-174.
79. Perkins KA, Simpson JC, Tsuang MT. Ten-year follow-up of drug abusers with acute or chronic psychosis. Hospital Commun Psychiatr 1986;37:481-484.
80. Turner WM, Tsuang MT. Impact of substance abuse on the course and outcome of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bull 1990;16:87-372.
81. Negrete JC, Knapp WP, Douglas D, Smith WB. Cannabis affects the severity of schizophrenic symptoms: results of a clinical survey. Psychol Med 1986;16:515-520.
82. Cleghorn JM, Kaplan RD, Szechtman B, Szechtman H, Brown GM, Franco S. Substance abuse and schizophrenia: effect on symptoms but not on neurocognitive function. J Clin Psychiatr 1991;52:26-30.
83. Martinez-Arevalo MJ, Calcedo-Ordonez A, Varo-Prieto JR. Cannabis consumption as a prognostic factor in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatr 1994;164:679-681.
84. Linszen DH, Dingemans PM, Lenior ME. Cannabis abuse and the course of recent-onset schizophrenic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1994;51:273-279.
85. Heather N, Tebbutt J, eds. The effectiveness of treatment for drug and alcohol problems: an overview. National Campaign Against Drug Abuse monograph series no. 11. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1989.
86. Lehman AF, Herron JD, Schwartz RP, Myers CP. Rehabilitation for adults with severe mental illness and substance use disorders: a clinical trial. J Nerv Mental Dis 1993;181:86-90.
87. Jerrell J, Ridgely MS. Comparative effectiveness of three approaches to serving people with severe mental illness and substance abuse disorders. J Nerv Mental Dis 1995;183:566-576.
88. Bergman HC, Harris M. Substance abuse among young adult chronic patients. Psychosoc Rehab J 1985;9:49-54.
89. Noordsy DL, Drake RE, Teague GB, Osher FC, Hulbut SC, Beaudett MS, Parkus TS. Subjective experiences related to alcohol use among schizophrenics. J Nerv Mental Dis 1991, 179:411-414.
90. Test MA, Wallisch LS, Allness DJ, Tripp K. Substance use in young adults with schizophrenic disorders. Schizophrenia Bull 1989;15:465-476.
91. Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Influence of cannabis abuse on schizophrenic psychopathology. Acta Psych Scand 1992;85:127-130.
92. Hamera E, Schneider JK, Deviney S. Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine and caffeine use and symptom distress in schizophrenia. J Nerv Mental Dis 1995;183:559-565.
93. Stahl SM. Essential psychopharmacology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
94. Adams IB, Martin BR. Cannabis: pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction 1996;91:1585-1514.
95. Gottesman II. Schizophrenia genesis: the origins of madness. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co, 1991.
96. Der G, Gupta S, Murray RM. Is schizophrenia disappearing? Lancet 1990;1:513-516.
97. Jablensky A. The epidemiology of schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatr 1993;6:43-52.
98. Kendell RE, Malcolm DE, Adams W. The problem of detecting changes in the incidence of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatr 1993;162:212-218.
99. Warner R, de Girolamo G. Schizophrenia. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1995.
100. Joyce PR. Changing trends in first admissions and readmissions for mania and schizophrenia in New Zealand. Aust NZ J Psychiatr 1987;21:82-86.