Adaptability of Bos taurus cattle under hot arid conditions

Annals of Arid Zone

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 253-281

  Marai, I Fayez M ^a   Habeeb, A Alnaimy M ^b  

^a Zagazig University   (Egypt)

^b NUCLEAR RESEARCH CENTER   (Egypt)

Author keywords

Adaptability; Bos taurus; Hot arid conditions

Indexed keywords

BOS TAURUS;

EID: 0032243654     PISSN: 05701791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (178)

1. Abdel-Samee, A.M. 1982. The role of water metabolism in the heat stress syndrome with the use of radioisotopes in cattle. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
2. Abdel-Samee, A.M. 1987. The role of cortisol in improving productivity of heat-stressed farm animals with different techniques. Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zaggazig, Egypt.
3. Abdel-Samee, A.M., Habeeb, A.M., Kamal, T.H. and Abdel-Razik, M.A. 1989. The role of urea and mineral mixtrue supplementation in improving productivity of heat-stressed Friesian calves in the sub-tropics. Proceedings of 3rd Egyptian-British Conference on Animal, Fish and Poultry Production, Alexandria, Egypt, Vol. 2: 636-641.
4. Abded-Samee, A.M. and Marai, I.F.M. 1997. Females management under hot climate conditions. Proceedings of the International Conference on Animal, Poultry, Rabbits and Fish Production and Health, Cario, Egypt.
5. Abdel-Samee, A.M., Marai, I.F.M. and Zeidan, A.E.B. 1997. Males reaction and management under hot climate conditions. Proceedings of the International Conference on Animal, Poultry, Rabbits and Fish Production and Healh, Cairo, Egypt.
6. Abily, T.A. 1974. Environmental heat studies on bovine adreno-ovarian function. Dires, Abst. Nt. B. 35: 1000.
7. Aboul-Naga, A.I. 1983. The role of heat induced physiological changes of mineral metabolism in the heat stress syndrome in cattle. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
8. Aboul-Naga, A.I. 1987. The role of aldosterone in improving productivity of heat-stressed farm animals with different techniques. Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt.
9. Akpokodje, J.U., Dede, T.I. and Odili, P.I. 1985. Seasonal variations in seminal characteristics of West African dwarf sheep in the humid tropics. Tropics Veterinarian 3: 61-65.
10. Alvarez, M.B. and Johnson, H.D. 1970. Urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in cattle during heat and cold exposure. Journal of Dairy Science 53: 928-930.
11. Alvarez, M.B. and Johnson, H.D. 1973. Effects of environment heat exposure on cattle plasma catecholamine and glucocorticoids. Journal of Dairy Science 56: 189-194.
12. Ames, D.R. and Brink, D.R. 1977. Effect of temperature on lamb performance and protein efficiency ratio. Journal of Animal Science 44: 136-140.
13. Ames, D.R. and Ray, D.E. 1983. Environmental manipulation to improve animal productivity. Journal of Animal Science 57 (Supplement): 209-220.
14. Amir, D. and Volcani, R. 1965. Seaonal fluctuations in the sexual activity of Awassi. German Mutton, Merino, Corriedale, Border- Liecester and Dorset Horn rams. I. Seasonal changes in semen plasma volume and its fructose and citric acid concentrations. Journal of Agricultural Science 64: 115-120.
15. Ax, R.L., Gilbert, G.R. and Shook, G.E. 1987. Sperm in poor quality semen from bulls during heat stress have a lower affinity for binding hydrogen-3 heparin. Journal of Dairy Science 70: 195-200.
16. Azzam, S.M., Kinder, J.E. and Nielssen, M.K. 1989. Conception rate at first insemination in beef catte. Effects of season, age and previous reproductive performance. Journal of Animal Science 67: 1405-1410.
17. Badinga, L., Collier, R.J., Thatcher, W.W. and Wilcox, C.J. 1985. Effects of climate and management factors on conception rate in dairy cattle in subtropical environments. Journal of Dairy Science 68: 78-85.
18. Benezra, M.V. 1954. A new index for measuring the adaptability of cattle to tropical conditions. Journal of Animal Sciences 13: 1115-1119.
19. Bianca, W. 1963. Rectal temperature and respiratory rate as indicators of heat tolerance in cattle. Journal of Agricultural Science 60: 113-120.
20. Bianca, W. 1985. Reviews of the progress of dairy science. Cattle in a hot environment. Journal of Dairy Research 32: 291-339.
21. Biggers, B.G., Geisert, R.D., Wettemen, R.P. and Buchanan, D.S. 1987. Effect of heat stress on early embryonic development in the beef cow. Journal of Animal Science 64: 1512-1518.
22. Blincoc, C. and Brody, S. 1951. The influence of temperature on blood composition of cattle. Missouri Agricultural Experimental Station, Research Bulletin, No. 488.
23. Bober, M.A., Beeker, B.A., Valtorta, S.E., Katt, P., Mertsching, H., Johnson, H.D. and Shanklin, M.D. 1980. The relationship of growth hormone and thyroxine to milk production under heat in Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science 51 (Supplement): 261-268.
24. Bond, J.M., Curry, R.E. and Warmic, E.J. 1960. Reproductive performance of milking Shorthorn heifers as affected by constant high environmental temperature. Journal of Animal Science 19: 1317-1326.
25. Bonsma, J.C. 1955. The improvement of indigenous breeds in tropical environments. In Breeding Beef Cattle in Unfavourable Environments (Ed. A.O. Rhoad), pp. 170-186. University of Texas Press, Austin U.S.A.
26. Boots, L.R., Crist, W.L., Davis, D.R., Brum, E.W. and Ludwick, T.M. 1969. Effect of age, body weight, stage of gestation and sex on plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities in immature cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 52: 211-216.
27. Brown, W.H., Shanklin, M.D., Habn, G.L. and Johnson, H.D. 1969. Rate of rectal temperature rise as an index of heat sensitivity. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineering 12: 225-227, 230.
28. Chase, C.C., Larsen, R.E., Hammond, A.C. and Randel, R.D. 1991. Effect of energy intake on reproductive performance of Senepol and Angus bulls in Florida: Florida Beef Cattle Research Report, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Gainsville, pp. 19-23.
29. Chou, I.P., Chuan, L. and Chen-Chao, C. 1974. Effect of heating on rabbit spermatogenesis. Chinese Medical Journal 6: 365-367.
30. Christison, G.I. and Johnson, H.D. 1972. Cortisol turnover in heat-stressed cows. Journal of Animal Science 53: 1005-1010.
31. 1, Brahman x Friesian and Brahman heifers. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 23: 717-725.
32. Collier, R.J., Breede, D.K., Thatcher, W.W., Israel, L.A. and Wilcox, C.J. 1982. Influence of enviornment and its modification on dairy animal health and production. Journal of Dairy Science 65: 2213-2227.
33. Collier, R.J., Simerl, N.A. and Wilcox, C.J. 1980. Effect of month of calving on birth weight, milk yield and birth weight milk-yield interrelationships (Abstract). Journal of Dairy Science 63 (Supplement 1): 90.
34. Collins, K.H. and Weiner, H.S. 1968. Endocrinological aspects of exposure to high environmental temperature. Physiological Reviews 48: 785-794.
35. Coser, A.M.L., Godinho, H.P. and Fonseea, V.O. 1979. Effect of high temperatures on spermatogenesis in Brazilian Wooless rams under experimental conditions. Arquivos ad Escola de Veterinaria da Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais 31: 147-154.
36. Daader, A.H., Marai, I.F.M., Habeeb, A.A. and Yousef, H.M. 1989. Improvement of growth performance of Friesian calves under Egyptian sub-tropical conditions. I. Internal cooling technique using diuretics and drinking cool water. Proceedings of Egyptian-British Conference on Animal, Fish and Poultry Production, Alexandria, Egypt, 2: 595-605.
37. Dobinson, J. 1952. Heat tolerance in European breeds of cattle exposed to high environmental temperature. Nature 168: 882.
38. Dojeseva, M., Szojanov, T. and Tunesev, T. 1979. Comparative study on fructose and citric acid level of bull semen in various seasons. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 34: 243-248.
39. Drost, M. and Thatcher, W.W. 1987. Heat stress in dairy cows. Its effect on reproduction. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practices 3: 609-618.
40. Dutt, R.H. and Jabaro, C.K. 1976. Gestation stage and embryo loss in ewes heat-stressed during the placentrogenesis. Journal of Animal Science 43: 382-389.
41. El-Azab, A.I. 1980. The interaction of season and nutrition on semen quality in buffalo bulls. Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
42. El-Fouly, H.A. and Kamal, T.H. 1979. Effect of shot-term heat exposure on urinary allantoin-N in Friesian calves. World Review of Animal Production 15: 61-64.
43. El-Fouly, H.A., Kamal, T.H., Abou-Akkada, A.R. and Abou-Raya, A.K. 1978. Protein catabolism in heat-stressed sheep. Isotope and Radiation Research 10 (Supplement): 145 (Abstract).
44. El-Keraby, F., Mahmoud, S., Darwish, M.Y. and Mohamed, E. 1980. Growth and reproductive performance of Friesian calves fed rations containing different sources of NPN: 3. Chemical properties of seman. Journal of Agricultural Research, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
45. El-Masry, K.A. 1987. The role of thyroxine in improving productivity of heat-stressed animals with different techniques. Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Zagzig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
46. El-Masry, K.A. and Habeeb, A.A. 1989. Thyroid function in lactating Firesian cows and water buffaloes under winter and summer Egyptian conditions. Proceedings of 3rd Egyptian-British Conference on Animal, Fish and Poultry Production, Alexandria, Egypt, Vol. 2: 613-620.
47. El-Nouty, F.D., Elbanna, I.M., Davis, T.P. and Johnson, H.D. 1980. Aldosterone and ADH response to heat and dehydration in cattle. Journal of Applied Physiology 48: 249-255.
48. El-Saidy, B.E.I. 1988. Studies on reproductive physiology in male goats. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoutra University, Mansoura, Egypt.
49. El-Sawaf, S.A. and Schmidt, K. 1962. Morphological changes in normal and abnormal ovaries of buffaloes with special reference to their function. Veterinary Medicine Journal, Cairo University 8: 249-257.
50. El-Sawaf, S.A., Shalaby, A.S. and Kamal, T.H. 1979. The effect of heat stress on the reproductive performance of Firesian heifers. Zagazig Veterinary Journal 2: 185-192.
51. El-Shamaa, I.S.M. 1983. Effect of frequency of ejaculation and season on some physical and chemical characteristics of mature Friesian bulls. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
52. El-Sherbiny, A.M. 1987. Seasonal variation in seminal characteristics of rabbits. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Ain- Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
53. El-Sherry, M.I., El-Naggar, M.A. and Nassar, S.M. 1980. Experimental study of summer stress in rabbits 2. The quantitiative pathogenesis spermatogenic cell cycle in rabbits. Assiut Veterinary Medicine Journal 7: 17-31.
54. Everett, R.W., Bean, B. and Foote, R.H. 1978. Sources of variation of semen output. Journal of Dairy Science 61: 90-95.
55. Fawzy, S.A.H. 1982. Effect of feeding elephant grass to bulls on their performance and semen quality. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture. Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
56. Fields, M.J., Burns, W.C. and Warmick, A.C. 1979. Age season and breed effects on tesicular volume and semen traits in young beef bulls. Journal of Animal Science 48: 1299-1304.
57. Finch, V.A. 1986. Body temperature in beef cattle: its control and relevance to production in the tropics. Journal of Animal Science 62: 531-542.
58. Gamcik, P., Mesaros, P. and Schvare, F. 1979. The effect of season on some semen characters in Slovakian Merino rams. Zivocisna Vyrobo 24: 625-630.
59. Gili, R.S., Gangwar, P.C. and Takkar, O.P. 1974. Seminal attributes in buffalo bulls as affected by different seasons. Indian Journal of Animal Science 44: 415-418.
60. Gomes, W.R., Buttler, W.R. and Johnson, A.D. 1971. Effects of elevated ambient temperature on testis and blood levels and in vitro biosynthesis of testosterone in the ram. Journal of Animal Science 33: 804-807.
61. Gross, T.S., Thatcher, W.W. and Hansen, P.J. 1988. Prostaglandin secretion towards the myometrial and luminal sides at day 17 postestrus as altered by pregnancy. Prostaglandins 35: 343-358.
62. Gwazdauskas, F.C. 1985. Effects of climate on reproduction in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 68: 1568-1578.
63. 2α induced luteal regression in heifers. Theriogenology 16: 271-277.
64. Gwazdauskas, F.C., Thatcher, W.W. and Wilcox, C.J. 1973. Physiological, environmental and hormonal factors at insemination which may affect conception. Journal of Dairy Science 56: 873-881.
65. Gwazdauskas, F.C. and Vinson, W.E. 1979. Adrenal response to adrenocorticortropin in Holstein heifers exposed to a cool environment. Journal of Dairy Science 62: 1811-1813.
66. Gwazdauskas, F.C., Wilcx, C.J. and Thatcher, W.W. 1975. Environmental and managerial factors affecting conception rate in a subtropical climate. Journal of Dairy Science 58: 88-92.
67. Habeeb, A.A.M. 1981. Comparison of different tracer techniques of assessment of body fluids in animals. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture. Cairo University, Egypt.
68. Habeeb, A.A.M. 1987. The role of insulin in improving productivity of heat-stressed farm animals with different techniques Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
69. Habeeb, A.A.M., Abdel-Samee, A.M. and Kamal, T.H. 1989. Effect of heat stress, feed supplementation and cooling technique on milk- yield, milk composition and some blood constituents in Friesian cows, under Egyptian conditions. Proceedings of 3rd Egyptian- British Conference on Animal, Fish and Poultry Production, Alxendria, Egypt. 2: 629-635.
70. Habeeb, A.A.M., El-Marsy, K.A., Aboulnaga, A.I. and Kamal, T.H. 1996. The effect of hot summer climate under level of milk yield on blood biochemistry and circulating thyroid and progesterone hormones in Friesian cows. Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications 29: 161-173.
71. Habeeb, A.A.M., Ibrahim, M.Kh. and Hiekal, A.H. 1991. Environmental heat exposure effect on biosynthesis of milk components and some hormones in Friesian cows. Egyptian Journal of Dairy Science 19: 131-144.
72. 3, hormone in high and low yielding Friesian cows under mild and hot climatic conditions. Egyptian Journal of Dairy Science 21: 45-82.
73. Habeeb, A.A.M., Marai, I.F.M. and Kamal, T.H. 1992. In Farm Animals and the Environment (Eds. C. Philips and D. Piggins), pp. 27-47. C.A.B. International, U.K.
74. Habeeb, A.A.M., Marai, I.F.M., Kamal, T.H. and Owen, J.B. 1997. Genetic improvement of livestock for heat adaptation in hot climates. International Conference on Animal, Poultry, Rabbits and Fish Production and Health. Cairo, Egypt, pp. 11-16.
75. Hafez, E.S.E. 1965. Environment and reproduction in farm animals. World Review of Animal Production 1: 118-128.
76. Hafez, E.S.E. 1968. Sexual behaviour in farm animals. In Reproduction in Farm Animals (Eds. E.S.E. Hafez), 2nd Edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, U.S.A.
77. Head, H.H., Schick, P.O. and Wilcox, C.J. 1981. Interrelationships of physical measures of placenta, cow and calf. Journal of Dairy Science 64 (Supplement): 161-172.
78. Herbein, J.H., Aiello, R.J., Eckler, L.I., Pearson, R.E. and Akers, R.M. 1985. Glucagon, insulin, growth hormone and glucose concentrations in blood plasma of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 68: 320-325.
79. Ibrahim, S.T. 1969. The correlations between certain constituents of blood and semen in buffaloes and cattle. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
80. Johnson, H.D. 1974. Tracer studies in environmental adaptation. In Tracer Techniques in Tropical Animal Production. Proceedings of International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp. 89-97.
81. Johnson, H.D., Shanklin, M.D. and Hahn, L. 1988. Short-term heat acclimation effects on hormonal profile of lactating cows. Missouri Agricultural Experimental Station, Research Bulletin, No. 1061.
82. Kamal, T.H. 1975. Heat stress concept and new tracer methods for heat tolerance in domestic animals. 1st Science Conference on Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy for Scientific and Economic Development, Baghdad, Iraq. Proceedings of International Atomic Energy Agency/Food and Agriculture Organization, Vienna.
83. Kamal, T.H. 1976. Indices for heat adaptability of domestic animals. In The Effect of Weather and Climate on Animals (Eds. H.D. Johnson, Swets and Zeitlinger, Amesterdam) 1: 470-475. Amesterdam.
84. Kamal, T.H. 1982. Tritiated water heat-tolerance index to predict the growth rate in calves in hot desert. In Use of Tritiated Water in Studies of Production and Adaptation in Ruminanls, pp. 49-61. Vienna.
85. Kamal, T.H. and Abdelaal, A.F. 1972. Seasonal changes in P-32 and Ca-45 metabolism in Friesians and water buffaloes. Symposium on Isotopes Studies on the Physiology of Domestic Animals, Athens, Greece. Proceedings of IAEA, Vienna, pp. 95-102.
86. Kamal, T.H., El-Banna, I.M., Kotby, E.A. and Ayaad, M.A. 1978. Effect of hot climate and management on water requirements and body water in farm animals using tritiated water. Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Application 11: 160-184.
87. Kamal, T.H., Habeeb, A.A., Abdel-Samee, A.M. and Abdel-Razik, M.A. 1989a. Supplementation of heat-stressed Friesian cows with urea and mineral mixture and its effect on the milk production, in subtropics. Proceedings of International Symposium on the Constraints and Possibilities of Ruminant Production in the Dry Subtropics. Cairo, Egypt, pp. 183-185.
88. Kamal, T.H., Habeeb, A.A., Abdel-Samee, A.M. and Marai, I.F.M. 1989b. Milk production of heat-stressed Friesian cows and its improvement in the subtropics. Porceedings of International Symposium on the Constraints and Possibilities of Ruminants Production in the Dry Subtropics. Cairo, Egypt, pp. 156-158.
89. Kamal, T.H. and Ibrahim, I.I. 1969. The effect of the natural climate of the Sahara and controlled climate on thyroid gland activity in Friesian cattle and water buffaloes. International Journal of Biometrology 13: 275-285.
90. Kamal, T.H. and Johnson, H.D. 1970. Whole body K loss as a predictor of heat tolerance in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 53: 1734-1738.
91. Kamal, T.H. and Johnson, H.D. 1971. Total body solids as a measure of a short-term heat stress in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 32: 306-311.
92. Kamal, T.H. and Johnson, H.D. 1977. Effect of high environmental temperature and age on trace elements metabolism in cattle. Symposium on Trace Elements in Drinking Water, Agriculture and Human Life, Goethe Institute, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 54-68.
93. Kamal, T.H., Johnson, H.D. and Ragsdale, R.C. 1962. Metabolic reactions during thermal stress (35 to 95°F) in dairy animals acclimated at 50 and 80°F. Missouri Agricultural Experimental Station, Research Bulletin No. 785.
94. Kamal, T.H., Mehrez, A.Z., El-Shinnawi, M.M. and Aboul-Naga, A.I. 1984. Effect of high environmental temperature on minerals metabolism in Friesian cattle. Proceedings of Egyptian-British Conference on Animal and Poultry Production, Zagazig University, Egypt.
95. Kamal, T.H. and Seif, S.M. 1969. Changes in total body water and dry body weight with age and body weight in Friesians and water buffaloes. Journal of Dairy Science 32: 1650-1656.
96. Kamwanja, L.A., Schillo, K.K., Hansen, P.J., Hauser, E.R. and Dierschke, D.J. 1980. The influence of season on body weight, growth rate and feed consumption as related to puberty in heifers. Journal of Animal Science 51 (Supplement 1): 289 (Abstract).
97. Kapoor, P.D. 1973. Monthly variation in the semen quality of buffalo bulls. Indian Journal of Animal Science 43(7): 573-578.
98. Kapoor, P.D. 1982. Seasonal variations in some of the physical characteristics of Murrah buffaloes semen. Livestock Adviser, pp. 33-34.
99. Kappel, L.C., Ingraham, R.H., Morgan, E.B. and Babcock, S.E. 1984. Plasma copper concentration and packed cell volume and their relationship to fertility and milk production in Holstein cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research 45: 346-357.
100. Kelley, R.O., Matrz, F.A. and Johnson, H.D. 1968. Effect of environmental temperature on ruminal volatile fatty acids levels with controlled feed intake. Journal of Dairy Science 50: 531-533.
101. Kiatoko, M., McDowell, L.R., Bertrand, J.E., Chapman, H.L., Pate, F.M., Martin, F.G. and Conrad, J.H. 1982. Evaluating the nutritional status of beef cattle herds from four soil order regions of Florida. I. Macroelements, protein, carotene, vitamins A and E, haemoglobin and haematocrit. Journal of Animal Science 55: 28-37.
102. Kibler, H.H. 1962. Energy metabolism and related thermoregulatory reactions to thermal stress in 50 and 80°F acclimated dairy heifers. Missouri Agricultural Experimental Station, Research Bulletin No. 793.
103. Kibler, H.H., Brody, S. and Worstell, D.M. 1949. Influence of temperature, 50 to 105°F on heat production and cardiorespiratory activities in dairy cattle. Missouri Agricultural Experimental Station, Research Bulletin No. 435.
104. 2a in heifers. Biology of Reproduction 33: 1113-1119.
105. Lee, J.A., Roussell, J.D. and Beaty, J.F. 1996. Effect of temperature-season on bovine adrenal cortical function, blood cell profile and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science 59: 104-114.
106. Lee, P.H.K. and Phillips, R.W. 1948. Assessment of the adaptability of livestock to climatic stress. Journal of Animal Science 7: 391-426.
107. Lenz, R.W., Ball, G.D., Lohse, J.K., First, N.L and Ax, R.L. 1983. Chondroilin sulfate facilitates on acrosome reaction in bovine spermatozoa as evidenced by light microscopy, electron microscopy and in vitro fertilization. Biology of Reproduction 28: 683-690.
108. Lewis, G.S., Thatcher, W.W., Bliss, E.L., Drost, M. and Collier, R.J. 1984. Effect of heat stress during pregnancy on post-partum reproductive changes in Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science 58: 174-186.
109. Magdub, A.B., Johnson, H.D. and Belyea, R.L. 1982. Effect of environmental heat and dietary fiber on thyroid physiology of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 65: 2323-2329.
110. Marai, I.F.M., Abdel-Samee, A.M. and El-Gaafary, M.N. 1991. Criteria of response and adaptation to high temperature for reproductive and growth traits in rabbits. Options Mediterreennes 17: 127-134.
111. Marai, I.F.M., Ayyat, M.S., Gabr, H.A. and Abdel-Monem, U.M. 1996. Effects of heat stress and its amelioration on reproduction performance of New Zealand white adult female and male rabbits, under Egyptian Conditions. World Rabbit Congress, Vol. 2, pp. 197-202. Toulouse, France.
112. Marai, I.F.M., Daader, A.M., Abdel-Samee, A.M. and Ibrahim, H. 1997a. Winter and summer effects and their amelioration on lactating Friesian and Holstein cows maintained under Egyptian conditions. Proceedings of the International Conference on Animal, Poultry, Rabbits and Fish Production and Health, Cairo, Egypt.
113. Marai, I.F.M., Daader, A.M., Abdel-Samee, A.M. and Ibrahim, H. 1997b. Lactating Friesian and Holstein cows as affected by heat stress and combination of amelioration techniques under Egyptian conditions. Proceedings of the International Conference on Animal, Poultry, Rabbits and Fish Production and Health. Cairo, Egypt.
114. Marai, I.F.M. and Habeeb, A.A.H. 1997. Management practices to ameliorate heat stress. Proceedings of the International Conference on Animal, Poultry, Rabbits and Fish Production and Health. Cairo, Egypt.
115. Marai, I.F.M., Habeeb, A.A.M., Daader, A.H. and Yousef, H.M. 1995. Effect of Egyptian subtropical conditions and the heat stress alleviation techniques of water spray and diaphoretics on the growth and physiological functions of Friesian calves. Journal of Arid Environment 30: 219-225.
116. Marai, I.F.M., Habeeb, A.A.M., Daader, A.H. and Yousef, H.M. 1997c. Effects of diet supplementation and body cooling on Friesian calves reared in high ambient temperature in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Journal of Tropical Animal Health and Production 4: 201-208.
117. McDowell, R.A., Moody, E.I.G., Van Soest, P.J., Lehmann, R.B. and Ford, G.L. 1969. Effect of heat stress on energy and water utilization of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 52: 188-194.
118. McDowell, R.E., Lee, D.H.K., Fohrman, M.H., Sykes, J.F. and Anderson, R. 1955. Rectal temperature and respiratory responses of Jersey and SindhiJersey (F1) crossbred female to a standard hot atmosphere. Journal of Dairy Science 38: 1037-1045.
119. McLean, J.A. 1963. The regional distribution of cutaneous moisture vaporization in the Ayrshire calf. Journal of Agricultural Science 61: 275-280.
120. McVeigh, J.M. and Tarrant, P.V. 1982. Behavioural stress and skeletal muscle glycogen metabolism in young bulls. Journal of Animal Science 54: 790-794.
121. Mikelsen, W.D., Paisley, L.G. and Dahmen, J.J. 1981. The effect of semen on the scortal circumference and sperm motility and morphology in rams. Theriogenology 16: 45-51.
122. Morrison, S.R. and Lofgrcen, G.P. 1979. Beef cattle response to air temperature. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineering 22: 861-862.
123. Neville, Jr. W.E. and Neathery, M.W. 1974. Effect of temperature under field conditions on the reproductive performance of ewes. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 36: 423-426.
124. Niles, M.A., Collier, R.J. and Croom, W.J. 1980. Effects of heat stress on rumen and plasma metabolite and plasma hormone concentration of Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science 5 (Supplement 1): 152 (Abstract).
125. Noall, M.W., Riggs, T.R., Walker, L.M. and Christensen, H.N. 1957: Endocrine control of amino acid transfer. Science 126: 1002-1005.
126. Oloufa, M.M., Sayed, A.A. and Badreldin, A.L. 1959. Seasonal variations in reaction time in Egyptian buffalo-bulls and physico-chemical characteristics of their semen. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 12: 10-17.
127. Osman, M.Kh.T. 1988. Seasonal variation in semen characteristics of Egyptian buffalo bulls. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
128. 2α during the oestous cycle of oxytocin treated cows. Theriogenology 22: 329-339.
129. Peterson, R.C. and Waldern, D.E. 1981. Repeat-abilities of serum constituents in Holstein-Friesians affected by feeding, age, lactation and pregnancy. Journal of Dairy Science 64: 822-831.
130. Petkov, G. 1971. Environmental temperature and milk production of cows. Veterinaria Sbirka 75: 23-28.
131. Raun, N.S. 1976. Beef and cattle production practices in the lowland American tropics. Animal Review 19: 18-21.
132. Ravault, J.P. 1976. Prolactin in the ram. Seasonal variations in the concentration of blood plasma from birth until three years old. Acta Endocrinologica, Copenhagen 83: 720-725.
133. Rhoad, A.O. 1944. The Iberia heat tolerance test for cattle. Tropical Agriculture 21: 162-164.
134. Rhynes, W.E. and Ewing, L.L. 1973. Testicular endocrine function in Hereford bulls exposed to high ambient temperatures. Endocrinology 92: 509-517.
135. Rodriguez, L.R., McKonnen, G., Wilcox, C.J., Martin, F.G. and Krienke, W.A. 1985. Effect of relative humidity, maximum and minimum temperature, pregnancy and stage of lactation on milk composition and yield. Journal of Dairy Science 68: 973-978.
136. Ross, A.D. and Entwistle, K.W. 1979. The effect of scrotal insulation on spermatozoal morphology and the rates of spermatogenesis and epididymal passage of spermatozoa in the bull. Theriogenology 11: 111-118.
137. Roussel, J.D. and Stallcup, O.T. 1966. Influence of age and season on phosphatase and transaminase activities in blood serum of bulls. American Journal of Veterinary Research 27: 1527-1530.
138. Rudson, S., Mullord, M., Whittlestone, W.G. and Payne, E. 1975. Diurnal variations in blood cortisol in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 58: 30-36.
139. Sahni, K.L. and Roy, A. 1967. A note on summer sterility in Romney Marsh rams under tropical conditions. Indian Journal of Verterinary Science 37: 335-338.
140. Salem, J.A. 1980. Seasonal variations in some body ractions and blood consituents in lactating buffaloes and Friesian cows. Journal of Egyptian Verterinary Medicine Association 40: 63.
141. Sano, H., Takahashi, K., Ambo, K. and Tsuda, T. 1983. Turnover and oxidation rates of blood glucose and heat production in sheep exposed to heat. Journal of Dairy Science 66: 856-861.
142. Satterlee, D.G., Roussel, J.D., Gomila, L.F. and Segura, E.T. 1977. Effect of exogenous corticotropin and climatic conditions on bovine adrenal cortical function. Journal of Dairy Science 60: 1612-1616.
143. Schams, D., Stephan, E. and Hooley, R.D. 1980. Effect of prolactin inhibition under heat exposure on water intake and excretion of urine, sodium and potassium in bulls. Acta Endocrinologica, Comphenagen 94: 315-323.
144. Segura, E.T., Roussel, J.D., Satterlee, D.G., Gomila, L.F., Shaffer, L. and Bergeron, J.C. 1979. Interaction of exogeneous corticotropin and environment on protein bound iodine and other plasma biochemical parameters. Journal of Dairy Science 62: 278-283.
145. Sejrsen, K., Fitzgerald, E.M., Tucker, H.A. and Huber, J.T. 1980. Effect of plane of nutrition on serum prolactin and insulin in pre-and post-pubertal heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 53 (Supplement 1): 326-327 (Abstract).
146. Setchell, P.B. 1970. Testicular blood supply, lymphatic drainage and secretion of fluid. In The Testis I. Development. Anatomy and Physiology (Ed. A.D. Johnson, W.R. Gomes and N.L. Van Demark), Academic Press, New York, U.S.A.
147. Shaffer, L., Roussel, J.D. and Koonce, K.L. 1981. Effect of age, tempeature season and breed on blood characteristics of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 64: 62-70.
148. Shafie, M.M. and Abdelghany, M. 1978. Structure of respiratory system of sheep as related to heat tolerance. Acta Anatomica 100: 441-460.
149. Shebaita, M.K. and Kamal, T.H. 1973. In vivo body composition in rumiants. I. Blood volume in Friesian and water buffaloes. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research 1: 329-350.
150. Shebaita, M.K. and Kamal, T.H. 1975. Lean body mass and body fat changes in lactating animals under Sahara climate. World Review of Animal Production 11: 50-57.
151. Shebaita, M.K. and Pfau, A. 1982. Changes in the electrolytes of serum and urine with heat exposure in the bovine. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Animal and Poultry Production, Zagazig University, Zazazig, Egypt 1: 261-271.
152. Silva, A.E.D.F., Dode, M.A., Porto, J.A. and Abrea, U.G.P. 1991. Seasonal sexual activity of Nellore bulls and their crossbreed with Fleckvich and Chianina. Biometric testicular characteristics. Psquisa Agriculture Brasil 26: 1745-1750.
153. Stott, G.H., Wiersma, F. and Woods, J.M. 1972. Reproductive health program for cattle subjected to high environmental temperatures. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association 161: 1339-1340.
154. Thatcher, W.W. and Collier, R.J. 1986. Effects of climate on bovine reproduction. In Current Therapy in Theriogenoloyy (Eds. D.A. Marrow and W.B. Saunder), pp. 301-309, Philadelphia Company.
155. Thatcher, W.W., Knickesbocker, J.J., Bartol, F.F., Bazer, F.W., Roberts, R.M. and Drost, M. 1985. Maternal recognitionof pregnancy in relation to the survival of transferred embryos. Endocrine aspects. Theriogenology 23: 129-143.
156. Thompson, G.E. 1973. Review of the progress of dairy science. Climatic physiology of cattle. Journal of Dairy Research 40: 441-473.
157. Thompson, R.D., Johnston, J.E., Briedenstein, C.P., Guidry, A.J., Banerjee, M.R. and Burnett, W.T. 1963. Effect of heat conditions on adrenal cortical thyroid and other metabolic responses of dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 46: 227-231.
158. Tomar, N.S. and Kanaujia, A.S. 1970. Seasonal variations in reaction time and semen characteristics of Hariana bull (Cited by A.B.A. 3264).
159. Tomar, M.S., Misra, B.S. and Johari, C.B. 1966. Seasonal varaitions in reaction time and semen production and prediction of some semen attributes of initial motility of spermatozoa in Hariana and Murrah bulls. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 19: 87-93.
160. Tucker, H.A. and Oxender, W.D. 1980. Seasonal aspects of production, growth and hormones in cattle and horses. Proceedings of Reproductive Biology 5: 155-167.
161. Ulberg, L.C. and Burfening, P.J. 1967. Embryo death resulting from adverse environment of spermatozoa or ova. Journal of Animal Science 26: 571-577.
162. Vanjonack, W.J. and Johnson, H.D. 1975. Effects of moderate heat and yield on plasma thyroxine in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 58: 507-516.
163. Webster, A.J.F. 1976. The influence of the climatic environment on metabolism in cattle. In Principles of Cattle Production (Eds. H. Swan and W.H. Broster). Butterworths, London.
164. Welt, I.D., Stretten, D. Jr., Ingle, D.J. and Morely, E.H. 1952. Effect of cortisone upon rates of glucose production and oxidation in the rat. Journal of Biological Chemistry 197: 57-67.
165. Wildeus, S. and Hammond, A.C. 1993. Testicular, semen and blood parameters in adapted and non adapted Bos taurus bulls in the semi-arid tropics. Theriogenology 40: 345-355.
166. Willet, L.B. and Erb, R.E. 1972. Short-term changes in plasma corticoids in dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Science 34: 103-109.
167. Williamson, G. and Payne, W.J.A. 1971. Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. E.L.B.S. Publication, London.
168. Winegrad, A.I. 1962. Endocrine effects on adipose tissue metabolism.
169. Wright, N.C. 1946. Report on the development of cattle breeding and milk production in Ceylon. Eastern No. 179, H.M.S.O., London.
170. Wright, N.C. 1954. The ecology of domesticated animals. In Progress in the Physiology of Farm Animals (Ed. J. Hammond) Vol. I Butterworths, London.
171. Yarney, T.A., Sanford, L.M. and Palmer, W.M. 1990. Pubertal development of ram lambs. Body weight and testicular size measurements as indices of pospubertal reproductive function. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70: 139-147.
172. Yeck, R.G. and Kibler, H.H. 1958. Predicting heat tolerance from calf vaporiztion rates. Journal of Animal Science 17: 1228-1229.
173. Yousef, H.M. 1990. Studies on adaptation of Friesian cattle, in Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
174. Yousef, H.M., Habeeb, A.A.M. and El-Kousey, H. 1997. Body weight gain and some physiological changes in Friesian calves protected with wood or reinforced concerete sheds during hot summer season of Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production 34: 89-101.
175. Yousef, H.M., Habeeb, A.A.M., Fawzy, S.A. and Zahed, S.M. 1996. Effect of direct solar radiation of hot summer season and using two types of sheds on milk yield and composition and some physiological changes in lactating Friesian cows. 7th Scientific Congress, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt, pp. 63-75.
176. Yousef, M.K. 1985. Stress Physiology in Livstock. Ungulates. Vol. 3. CRCS Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
177. Yousef, M.K. and Johnson, H.D. 1966. Calorigenesis of dairy cattle as influenced by thyroxine and environmental temperature. Journal of Animal Science 25: 150-156.
178. Zeidan, A.E.B. 1989. Physiological studies on Friesian cattle. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.