Two Different Worlds: The Relationship Between Elite and Mass Opinion on American Foreign Policy

Political Communication

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 323-345

  Isaacs, Maxine ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

American Foreign Policy Content Analysis Elite Opinion Gorbachev Media Press Public Opinion Tiananmen Square

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032222125     PISSN: 10584609     EISSN: 10917675     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/105846098198920     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Almond, Gabriel A. (1950). The American people and foreign policy. New York: H arcourTBrace.
2. BennetTLance W. (1990, Spring). Toward a theory of press-state relations in the Unit ed States. Journal of Communication, 40, 103-125.
3. BennetTLance W. (1992, April 3-4). The media and the foreign policy process. Paper prepared for Fifth Thomas P. O'Neill Symposium on the Politics of American Foreign Policy, Boston.
4. Bennett, Lance W., & Paletz, David L., (1994). Taken by storm: The media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Caspary, William. (1970, June). The "mood" theory: A study of public opinion and foreign policy. American Political Science Review, 64(2), 536-547.
6. Cohen, Bernard C. (1970). The relationship between public opinion and foreign policy maker. In Melvin Small, Public opinion and historians: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Detroit, Ml: Wayne University Press.
7. Cohen, Bernard C. (1983). The public's impact on foreign policy. New York: University Press of America. (Orig. ed. 1973)
8. Cohen, Yoel. (1986). Media diplomacy: The foreign office in the mass communication age. London: Frank Cass.
9. Gowing, Nik. (1994). Real-time television coverage of armed conflicts and diplomatic crises: Does it pressure or distort foreign policy decisions? (Working Paper 94-1). Cambridge, MA: Joan Shorenstein Barone Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy.
10. Graber, Doris A. (In press). Making sense of televised international News: Can citizens meet the challenge?
11. Graham, Thomas W. (1989). The politics of failure: Strategic nuclear arms control, public opinion and domestic politics in the Unit ed States—1945-1980. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
12. Hinckley, Ronald H. (1988). Public attitudes toward key foreign policy events. Journal of ConflicTResolution 32, 295-318.
13. Holsti, Ole. (1992). Public opinion and foreign policy: Challenges to the Almond-Lippmann consensus. International Studies Quarterly, 36, 439-466.
14. Holsti, Ole, & Rosenau, James N. (1990). The structure of foreign policy attitudes among American readers. Journal of Politics, 52(1), 94-125.
15. Hurwit z, Jon, & Peffley, Mark. (1987). How are foreign policy attitudes structured? A hierarchical model. American Political Science Review, 57(4), 1099-1120.
16. Isaacs, Maxine. (1994). The independenTAmerican public: The relationship between elit e and mass opinion on American foreign policy in the mass communications age. Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland College Park.
17. Iyengar, Shanto, & Kinder, Donald R. (1987). News that masters: Television and American opinion. Chicago University of Chicago Press.
18. Iyengar, Shanto, Peters, Mark D., & Kinder, Donald R. (1982). Experimental demonstrations of the "not-so-minimal" consequences of television New s programs. American Political Science Review, 76, 848-858.
19. Jentleson, Bruce W. (1992). The pretty prudent public: Post post-Vietnam American opinion on the use of military force. International Studies Quarterly, 36, 49-74.
20. Just, Marlon, Crigler, Ann, Alger, Dean, Cook, Timothy, Montague, Kern, & West, Darrell. (1996). Crosstalk: Cit izens, candidates, and the media in a presidential campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
21. Key, V. O., JL (1963). Public opinion and American democracy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
22. Linsky, Martin. (1986). Impact : HoWthe press affects federal policymaking. New York: W.W. Norton.
23. Llppmann, Walter. (1922). Public opinion. New York: Harcourt Brace.
24. Lippmann, Walter. (1925). The phantom public. New York: Harcourt Brace.
25. Llppmann, Walter. (1956). Essays in the public philosophy. New York: New American Library.
26. Modigliani, Andre. (1972). Hawks and doves, isolationism and Political distrust: An analysis of public opinion on military policy. American Political Science Review, 66(3), 960-978.
27. Moffett, George D., III. (1985). The limit s of victory: The ratification of the Panama Canal treaties. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
28. Mueller, John E. (1973). War, presidents and public opinion. New York: Wiley.
29. Neuman, W. Russell. (1986). The paradox of mass politics: Knowledge and opinion in the American electorate. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
30. Neuman, W. Russell. (1991). The future of the mass audience. New York: Cambridge University Press.
31. Neuman, W. Russell, Just, Marlon R., & Crigler, Ann N. (1992). Common knowledge: New s and the construction of Political meaning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
32. O'Neill, Michael J. (1993). The roar of the crow d: How television and people power are changing the world. New York: Times Books.
33. Page, Benjamin I., & Shapiro, Robert Y. (1992). The rational public: Fifty years of trends in Americans' policy preferences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
34. Page, Benjamin I., Shapiro, Robert Y., & Dempsey, Glenn R. (1987). What moves public opinion? American Political Science Review, 67(1), 23-43.
35. Powlick, Philip J (1991). The attitudinal bases for responsiveness to public opinion among foreign policy officials. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35(4), 611-641.
36. Rogers, Willlam C., Stuhler, Barbara, & Koenig, Donald A. (1967). A comparison of informed and general public opinion on U.S. foreign policy. Public Opinion Quarterly, 31.
37. Rosenau, James N. (1964). Public opinion and foreign policy. New York: Random House.
38. Russett, Bruce. (1990). Controlling the sword: The democratic governance of national security. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
39. Schneider, Willicm. (1984). Public opinion. In Joseph S. Nye, J\, The making of America's Soviet policy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
40. Schneider, William. (1987). Rambo and reality: Having it both ways. In Kenneth A. Oye et al., Eagle resurgent: The Reagan era in American foreign policy. Boston: Lit tle, Brow n.
41. Schudson, Michael. (1995). The power of New s. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
42. Sigal, Leon V. (1973). Reporters and officials: The organization and politics of New s making. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
43. Simmie, Scott, & Nixon, Bob. (1989). Tiananmen Square. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
44. Steel, Ronald. (1981). Walter Lippmann and the American century. New York: Vintage Books.
45. Turmoil attiananmen: A study of U.S. press coverage of the Beijing spring of 1989. (1992). Cambridge, MA: The Joan Shorenstein Barone Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy.
46. Waltz, Kenneth. (1967). Foreign policy and democratic politics: The American and Brit ish experience. Boston: Little, Brown.
47. Wit tkopf, Eugene R. (1991). Faces of internationalism: Public opinion and American foreign policy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.