Slavery and the multiple self

New Left Review

Volumn , Issue 231, 1998, Pages 94-131

  Bull, Malcolm ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032221729     PISSN: 00286060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (157)

1. C. Taylor, Source of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity, Cambrigde, MA 1989.
2. A. MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, London 1981, p. 22.
3. Taylor, Sources, p. 5.
4. Ibid., p. 34.
5. Ibid., p. 35.
6. MacIntyre, After Virtue, p. 205.
7. Taylor, Sources, p. 50.
8. MacIntyre, After Virtue, p. 191 and p. 203.
9. Taylor, Sources, p. 51.
10. W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, New York 1989, p. 165 and p. 5.
11. David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1863-1919, New York 1993, p. 96.
12. Ibid., p. 199. See also E.J. Sundquist, To Wake The Nations: Race in the Making of America Literature, Cambridge, MA 1993, and P. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, London 1993.
13. Ibid., p. 199. See also E.J. Sundquist, To Wake The Nations: Race in the Making of America Literature, Cambridge, MA 1993, and P. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, London 1993.
14. Ibid., p. 199. See also E.J. Sundquist, To Wake The Nations: Race in the Making of America Literature, Cambridge, MA 1993, and P. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, London 1993.
15. See L. Hanke, Aristotle and the American Indians, London 1959.
16. Quoted in P.A. Brunt, 'Aristotle and Slavery' in Studies in Greek History and Thought, Oxford 1993, p. 351.
17. Aristotle, Politics, trans. H. Rackham, Cambridge, MA 1932, p. 27 (1255a, 25-8).
18. Aristotle, Politics, p. 27 (12553, 31-2).
19. Ibid., p. 17 (1253b, 23-12543, 8).
20. Ibid., p. 23 (1254b, 25-6).
21. Ibid., p. 17(1254a, 8-13).
22. Ibid., p. 29(1255b, 11-2).
23. Ibid., p. 23(1254b, 27ff.).
24. Ibid., p. 63 (1260a,12).
25. Ibid., p. 567 (1327b, 27-9).
26. Ibid., p. 23 (1254b, 22-3).
27. Ibid., pp. 21-3 (1254b, 15-20).
28. My analysis here follows that in R. Schlaifer, 'Greek Theories of Slavery from Homer to Aristotle' ,in M.I. Finley, ed., Slavery in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge 1960, p. 195f.
29. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans. J.A.K. Thompson, Harmondsworth 1976, p. 276 (1160b, 29-30).
30. Aristotle,Politics, p. 21 (1254b, 4-5).
31. Ibid., p. 203(1278b,33ff).
32. Aristotle, Nic. Ethics, p. 90 (1102b, 34-5).
33. Aristotle, Politics, p. 67 (1260b, 5-7).
34. Aristotle, Nic. Ethics, p. 278 (1161a, 32-1161b, 6).
35. Aristotle On the Soul, trans. W.S. Hett, Cambridge, MA 1936, p. 43 (407b, 20ff.).
36. Ibid., p. 63 (411b, 10).
37. Aristotle, Nic. Ethics, p. 275 (1160a, 36-1160b, 1)
38. Aristotle, Politics, p. 249 (1285a, 20f.).
39. Ibid., p. 327 (1295a, 23).
40. MOst recently by Steven B. Smith in 'Hegel on Slavery and Domination', Review of Metaphysics 46, 1992, pp. 97-124.
41. For example, C. Arthur, 'Hegel's Master-Slave Dialectic and a Myth of Marxology' NLR 142, November-December 1983, pp. 67-75; P. Osborne, The Politics of Time, Verso London 1995, p. 72.
42. For example, C. Arthur, 'Hegel's Master-Slave Dialectic and a Myth of Marxology' NLR 142, November-December 1983, pp. 67-75; P. Osborne, The Politics of Time, Verso London 1995, p. 72.
43. Die Politik des Aristotles, 2 vols, trans. C. von Garve, edited with notes by G. G. Fülleborn, Breslau 1799-1802,1, pp. 14, 18, 58.
44. Ibid., II, p. 69.
45. 'Eigene Gedanken über Sclaverei und Despotie', Ibid., II, pp. 135-165.
46. On Hegel's earlier use of Garve's works see H.S. Harris, Hegel's Development: Toward the Sunlight, 1770-1801, Oxford 1972, pp. 35-8, and L. Dickey, Hegel: Religion, Economics. and the Politics of Spirit, 1770-1807, Cambridge 1987 pp. 188-94.
47. On Hegel's earlier use of Garve's works see H.S. Harris, Hegel's Development: Toward the Sunlight, 1770-1801, Oxford 1972, pp. 35-8, and L. Dickey, Hegel: Religion, Economics. and the Politics of Spirit, 1770-1807, Cambridge 1987 pp. 188-94.
48. Aristotle, Politics, p. 65 (1260a, 34-1260b, 5).
49. Die Politik, II, pp. 142-3. (The translation is by John Baildam).
50. Ibid., p. 143.
51. G.W.F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A.V. Miller, Oxford 1977, p. 119 (196). In references to Hegel the page number in the translation quoted is given first, followed by the section number.
52. Ibid., p. 118 (195).
53. G.W.F. Hegel, Philosophy of Mind, (Part III of the Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences) trans. W. Wallace and A.V. Millar, Oxford 1971, p. 174 (434z). Hereafter abbreviated as Enc. III. The Zusätze are based on lecture notes used by Hegel or taken by his students in courses for which the Encyclopedia was the textbook. Although not prepared for publication by Hegel himself, they provide a good indication of the overall structure of this thinking and the analogeis perceived between it and other historical devlopments.
54. Ibid., p. 175 (435z).
55. G.W.F. Hegel, Letures on the Philosophy of World History, trans. H.B. Nisbet, Cambridge 1975, p. 183.
56. Ibid., p. 177.
57. Ibid., p. 183; cf. Aristotle, Politics, p. 7 (1252b, 5f.).
58. Ibid., p. 183; cf. Aristotle, Politics, p. 7 (1252b, 5f.).
59. Ibid., p. 182; cf. Aristotle, Politics, p. 249(1285a, 20f.).
60. Ibid., p. 182; cf. Aristotle, Politics, p. 249(1285a, 20f.).
61. For the historical background see R. Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776-1848, Verso, London 1988.
62. Hegel, LPWH., p. 184.
63. Hegel, Enc. III, p. 92 (402Z).
64. Ibid., p. 146 (410z).
65. Die Politik, 1, p. 19.
66. Hegel, Enc. III, p. 144 (410z).
67. Ibid., p. 176 (436).
68. Hegel, LPWH, p. 184.
69. Ibid., p. 177.
70. Ibid., p. 178 Enc. III, p. 165 (424z).
71. Ibid., p. 178 Enc. III, p. 165 (424z).
72. Ibid., p. 176 (436z).
73. Ibid., p. 174 (433z).
74. Ibid., p. 43 (393Z). D.B. Davis relates this event to the master-slave dialectic in The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823, Ithaca 1975, pp. 557-64.
75. Ibid., p. 43 (393Z). D.B. Davis relates this event to the master-slave dialectic in The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823, Ithaca 1975, pp. 557-64.
76. There is an extensive secondary literature on the dialectic, some of the best known readings are gather in J. O'Neill, ed., Hegel's Dialectic of Desire and Recognition, Albany 1996.
77. G.A. Kelly, 'Notes on Hegel's "Lordship and Bondage"', Review of Metaphysics, 19, 1966, p. 784. See also J. Royce, The Spirit of Modern Philosophy, Boston 1892, pp. 209ff.
78. G.A. Kelly, 'Notes on Hegel's "Lordship and Bondage"', Review of Metaphysics, 19, 1966, p. 784. See also J. Royce, The Spirit of Modern Philosophy, Boston 1892, pp. 209ff.
79. Hegel, Phenomenology, p. 112 (182).
80. G.W.F. Hegel, System of Ethical Life and First Philosophy of Spirit, trans. H.S. Harris and T.M. Knox, Albany 1979, p. 125.
81. Hegel, System, p. 125.
82. Aristotle, On the Soul, p. 87 (415b, 9).
83. Hegel, Propaedeutic, p. 62 (35).
84. C.A.F. Kluge, Versuch einer Darstellung des animalischen Magnetismus, als Heilmittel, Berlin 1815. A list of references is given in the index, p. 475.
85. Hegel, Enc. III, p. 104 (406).
86. Ibid., p. 116 (406z).
87. Ibid., p. 95 (405).
88. Ibid., p. 97 (405z).
89. P. F. von Walther, Physiologie des Menschen, 2 vols., Landshut 1807-8, II, p. 363.
90. Hegel discusses this possibility in the Encyclopaedia, p. 121 (406z).
91. Walther, Physiologie, II, p. 363.
92. Ibid., pp. 109-110(406z).
93. Ibid.,p. 110 (406z).
94. Hegel, ibid., p. 103 (406); Phenomenology, p. 117 (193).
95. Hegel, ibid., p. 103 (406); Phenomenology, p. 117 (193).
96. Hegel, Phenomenology, p. 117 (194).
97. Hegel, Enc. III, p. 109 (406z); cf. p. 105 (406).
98. Hegel, Enc. III, p. 109 (406z); cf. p. 105 (406).
99. Hegel, Propaedeutic, p. 63 (38).
100. Hegel, Phenomenology, p. 120 (197).
101. Ibid., p. 126 (206 and 207).
102. Hegel, Propaedeutic, p. 63 (38).
103. Hegel, Enc. III, p. 176 (436).
104. Ibid., p. 177 (436z).
105. Aristotle, Politics, p. 213 (1280a, 32).
106. Quoted in A. Crabtree, From Mesmer to Freud: Magnetic Sleep and the Roots of Psychological Healing, New Haven 1993, p. 42. Although it pays little attention to the early nineteenth century German sources, Crabtrees is the best available history of animal magnetism and its relationship to double consciousness and multiple personality.
107. C.A. von Eschenmayer, Versuch die scheinbare Magie des thierischen Magnetismus, Vienna 1816, p. 57 and p. 56.
108. Hegel, Enc. III, p. 103 (406).
109. Ibid., p. 104 (406).
110. R. Darnton, Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France, Cambridge, MA 1968.
111. For an account of George Eliot's independent but parallel use of animal magnetism to create a master-slave dialectic see M. Bull, 'Mastery and Slavery in The Lifted Veil', Essays in Criticism, 48, 1998, pp. 244-61.
112. Du Bois, Souls, p. 5.
113. The best and most recent study, which contains references to all the earlier literature, is S. Zamir, Dark Voices: W.E.B. Du Bois and American Thought, 1888-1903, Chicago 1995.
114. This is Zamir's approach in Dark Voices, pp. 113 ff. Zamir provides much valuable information on Du Bois's interest in Hegel (he studied with Royce and Santayana at Harvard) and on nineteenth-century American Hegelianism, but ignores the Encyclopaedia and so does not note the parallels between Hegel and Du Bois discussed below.
115. Du Bois, Souls, p. 170.
116. Ibid., pp. 164-5.
117. Hegel, Enc. III, p. 176 (436).
118. Du Bois, Souls, p. 178. On Du Bois's identification of Crummell's personal odyssey with emancipation from slavery see Sundquist, To Wake, p. 518.
119. Du Bois, Souls, p. 178. On Du Bois's identification of Crummell's personal odyssey with emancipation from slavery see Sundquist, To Wake, p. 518.
120. Although it may therefore be true that the condition of double consciousness is experienced more acutely in proportion to the extent of integration into white society, there seems little basis for Zamir's claim that double consciousness is confined to a black middle-class elite (Dark Voices, p. 116).
121. W. Gregory, Letters to a Candid Enquirer on Animal Magnetism, London 1851, p. 78.
122. Hegel, Enc. III, p. 103 (406). Wallace's translation was first published in 1894 and would therefore have been available to Du Bois.
123. Ibid., p. 112. (406z). The Zusätze were not translated by Wallace, but were included in the collected German edition of 1845 which Du Bois, who spent two years in Berlin, would have been quite capable of reading.
124. Ibid., p. 113 (406z).
125. O. Patterson, Slavery and Social Death, Cambridge, MA 1982, pp. 35-76. See also D.B. David, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture, Ithaca 1966.
126. O. Patterson, Slavery and Social Death, Cambridge, MA 1982, pp. 35-76. See also D.B. David, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture, Ithaca 1966.
127. See K. Miller, Doubles, Oxford 1985, and I. Hacking, Rewriting the Soul: Maltiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory, Princeton 1995.
128. See K. Miller, Doubles, Oxford 1985, and I. Hacking, Rewriting the Soul: Maltiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory, Princeton 1995.
129. C. Taylor, 'Interpretation and the Sciences of Man', Review of Metaphysics, 25, 1971 p. 47.
130. Taylor, Sources, p. 69.
131. MacIntyre, After Virtue, p. 205.
132. Ibid., p. 209.
133. Ibid., p. 152.
134. Taylor, 'Interpretation', p. 47.
135. F. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, trans. W. Kaufmann, New York 1956, 244 (references to Nietzsche's works are to sections not page numbers). The quotation 'two souls...' is from Goethe's Faust.
136. Ibid., 260.
137. F. Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals, trans. D. Smith, Oxford 1996, I. 11.
138. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, 257.
139. Ibid., 258.
140. Nietzsche, Genealogy, I. 16.
141. Du Bois, Souls, p. 5.
142. G. Parkes, Composing the Soul: Reaches of Nietzsche's Psychology, Chicago 1995, p. 348.
143. Despite the fact that both are independently recognised to have been responding to Hegel, the comparison between Nietzsche and Du Bois awaits serious exploration. However, the contrast should not be overstated: Nietzsche acknowledges the creativity of slave morality; Du Bois idealizes aristocracy within his own racial community.
144. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, 260.
145. Ibid., 264.
146. Nietzsche, Genealogy, I. 10; Beyond Good and Evil, 260.
147. Nietzsche, Genealogy, I. 10; Beyond Good and Evil, 260.
148. Nietzsche, Genealogy, I. 10.
149. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, 212.
150. F. Nietzsche, The Will to Power, trans. W. Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale, New York 1967, 778.
151. Ibid., 384.
152. F. Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols, trans. R.J. Hollingdale, Harmondsworth 1968,49.
153. See W. Kaufmann, Nietzsche, 4th ed., Princeton 1974, pp. 382-4.
154. MacIntyre, After Virtue, p. 240.
155. F. Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, trans. M. Faber and S. Lehmann, Harmondsworth 1995, 45.
156. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, 260.
157. See C. Lemert, 'Dark Thoughts about the Self, in C. Calhoun, ed., Social Theory and the Politics of Identity, Oxford 1994, pp. 100-29.