State versus civil society? A non-binary model of domination through the example of Israel

Journal of Historical Sociology

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 370-396

  Ben Eliezer, Uri ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0032221613     PISSN: 09521909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-6443.00068     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. For example, in the works of Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. 1967 Israeli Society, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Fein, Leonard 1967 Politics in lsrael, Boston: Little Brown; Perlmutter, Amos 1969 Military and Politics in Israel: Nation-Building and Role Expansion, New York: Frederick A Praeger Publications.
2. For example, in the works of Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. 1967 Israeli Society, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Fein, Leonard 1967 Politics in lsrael, Boston: Little Brown; Perlmutter, Amos 1969 Military and Politics in Israel: Nation-Building and Role Expansion, New York: Frederick A Praeger Publications.
3. For example, in the works of Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. 1967 Israeli Society, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Fein, Leonard 1967 Politics in lsrael, Boston: Little Brown; Perlmutter, Amos 1969 Military and Politics in Israel: Nation-Building and Role Expansion, New York: Frederick A Praeger Publications.
4. Among these articles: Liebman, Charles 1988 "Conceptions of 'State of Israel' in Israeli Society," The Jerusalem Quarterly, 47:95-107; Swirski, Shlomo 1976 "Community and the Meaning of the Modern State: The Case of Israel," Jewish Journal of Sociology, 18:123-140; Sprinzak, Ehud 1986 Illegalism in Israeli Society, Tel-Aviv: Hapoalim Pub. [Hebrew]; Peri, Yoram 1988 "From Political Nationalism to Ethnic Nationalism: The Case of Israel," in Yehuda Lukas and A.R. Bella (eds.), The Arab-Israeli Conflict, Coloardo: Westview Press, 41-54.
5. Among these articles: Liebman, Charles 1988 "Conceptions of 'State of Israel' in Israeli Society," The Jerusalem Quarterly, 47:95-107; Swirski, Shlomo 1976 "Community and the Meaning of the Modern State: The Case of Israel," Jewish Journal of Sociology, 18:123-140; Sprinzak, Ehud 1986 Illegalism in Israeli Society, Tel-Aviv: Hapoalim Pub. [Hebrew]; Peri, Yoram 1988 "From Political Nationalism to Ethnic Nationalism: The Case of Israel," in Yehuda Lukas and A.R. Bella (eds.), The Arab-Israeli Conflict, Coloardo: Westview Press, 41-54.
6. Among these articles: Liebman, Charles 1988 "Conceptions of 'State of Israel' in Israeli Society," The Jerusalem Quarterly, 47:95-107; Swirski, Shlomo 1976 "Community and the Meaning of the Modern State: The Case of Israel," Jewish Journal of Sociology, 18:123-140; Sprinzak, Ehud 1986 Illegalism in Israeli Society, Tel-Aviv: Hapoalim Pub. [Hebrew]; Peri, Yoram 1988 "From Political Nationalism to Ethnic Nationalism: The Case of Israel," in Yehuda Lukas and A.R. Bella (eds.), The Arab-Israeli Conflict, Coloardo: Westview Press, 41-54.
7. Among these articles: Liebman, Charles 1988 "Conceptions of 'State of Israel' in Israeli Society," The Jerusalem Quarterly, 47:95-107; Swirski, Shlomo 1976 "Community and the Meaning of the Modern State: The Case of Israel," Jewish Journal of Sociology, 18:123-140; Sprinzak, Ehud 1986 Illegalism in Israeli Society, Tel-Aviv: Hapoalim Pub. [Hebrew]; Peri, Yoram 1988 "From Political Nationalism to Ethnic Nationalism: The Case of Israel," in Yehuda Lukas and A.R. Bella (eds.), The Arab-Israeli Conflict, Coloardo: Westview Press, 41-54.
8. Kimmerling, Baruch 1985 "Between the Primordial and the Civil Definitions of the Collective Identity: Eretz Israel or the State of Israel?" in Erik Cohen et al., eds. Comparative Social Dynamics, Colorado: Westview Press, 262-283; Cohen, Erik 1989 "The Changing Legitimations of the State of Israel" in Peter Medding, ed. Israel: State and Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 148-165.
9. Kimmerling, Baruch 1985 "Between the Primordial and the Civil Definitions of the Collective Identity: Eretz Israel or the State of Israel?" in Erik Cohen et al., eds. Comparative Social Dynamics, Colorado: Westview Press, 262-283; Cohen, Erik 1989 "The Changing Legitimations of the State of Israel" in Peter Medding, ed. Israel: State and Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 148-165.
10. Geertz, Clifford 1963 "Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States" in his (ed.), Old Societies and New States, N.Y.: Free Press, 105-157.
11. Crozier, Michel, Samuel Huntington, et al. 1975 The Crisis of Democracy, New York: New York University Press, 1975.
12. Tilly, Charles, ed. 1975 The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975; Skocpol, Theda 1985 "Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research" in Peter B. Evans et al., eds. Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-37; Nordlinger, Erik 1981 On the Autonomy of the Democratic State, Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press; Mann, Michael 1988 "The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results," in his State, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1-32; Heper, Metin 1992 "The Strong State as a Problem for the Consolidation of Democracy: Turkey and Germany," Comparative Political Studies, 25(2): 169-194; Migdal, Joel 1988 Strong Societies, Weak States, Princeton: Princeton University Press; Rothchild, Donald and Naomi Chazan (eds.) 1988 The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, Bourlder: Westview Press, 121-148
13. Tilly, Charles, ed. 1975 The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975; Skocpol, Theda 1985 "Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research" in Peter B. Evans et al., eds. Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-37; Nordlinger, Erik 1981 On the Autonomy of the Democratic State, Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press; Mann, Michael 1988 "The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results," in his State, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1-32; Heper, Metin 1992 "The Strong State as a Problem for the Consolidation of Democracy: Turkey and Germany," Comparative Political Studies, 25(2): 169-194; Migdal, Joel 1988 Strong Societies, Weak States, Princeton: Princeton University Press; Rothchild, Donald and Naomi Chazan (eds.) 1988 The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, Bourlder: Westview Press, 121-148
14. Tilly, Charles, ed. 1975 The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975; Skocpol, Theda 1985 "Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research" in Peter B. Evans et al., eds. Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-37; Nordlinger, Erik 1981 On the Autonomy of the Democratic State, Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press; Mann, Michael 1988 "The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results," in his State, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1-32; Heper, Metin 1992 "The Strong State as a Problem for the Consolidation of Democracy: Turkey and Germany," Comparative Political Studies, 25(2): 169-194; Migdal, Joel 1988 Strong Societies, Weak States, Princeton: Princeton University Press; Rothchild, Donald and Naomi Chazan (eds.) 1988 The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, Bourlder: Westview Press, 121-148
15. Tilly, Charles, ed. 1975 The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975; Skocpol, Theda 1985 "Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research" in Peter B. Evans et al., eds. Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-37; Nordlinger, Erik 1981 On the Autonomy of the Democratic State, Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press; Mann, Michael 1988 "The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results," in his State, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1-32; Heper, Metin 1992 "The Strong State as a Problem for the Consolidation of Democracy: Turkey and Germany," Comparative Political Studies, 25(2): 169-194; Migdal, Joel 1988 Strong Societies, Weak States, Princeton: Princeton University Press; Rothchild, Donald and Naomi Chazan (eds.) 1988 The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, Bourlder: Westview Press, 121-148
16. Tilly, Charles, ed. 1975 The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975; Skocpol, Theda 1985 "Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research" in Peter B. Evans et al., eds. Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-37; Nordlinger, Erik 1981 On the Autonomy of the Democratic State, Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press; Mann, Michael 1988 "The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results," in his State, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1-32; Heper, Metin 1992 "The Strong State as a Problem for the Consolidation of Democracy: Turkey and Germany," Comparative Political Studies, 25(2): 169-194; Migdal, Joel 1988 Strong Societies, Weak States, Princeton: Princeton University Press; Rothchild, Donald and Naomi Chazan (eds.) 1988 The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, Bourlder: Westview Press, 121-148
17. Tilly, Charles, ed. 1975 The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975; Skocpol, Theda 1985 "Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research" in Peter B. Evans et al., eds. Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-37; Nordlinger, Erik 1981 On the Autonomy of the Democratic State, Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press; Mann, Michael 1988 "The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results," in his State, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1-32; Heper, Metin 1992 "The Strong State as a Problem for the Consolidation of Democracy: Turkey and Germany," Comparative Political Studies, 25(2): 169-194; Migdal, Joel 1988 Strong Societies, Weak States, Princeton: Princeton University Press; Rothchild, Donald and Naomi Chazan (eds.) 1988 The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, Bourlder: Westview Press, 121-148
18. Tilly, Charles, ed. 1975 The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975; Skocpol, Theda 1985 "Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research" in Peter B. Evans et al., eds. Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-37; Nordlinger, Erik 1981 On the Autonomy of the Democratic State, Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press; Mann, Michael 1988 "The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results," in his State, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1-32; Heper, Metin 1992 "The Strong State as a Problem for the Consolidation of Democracy: Turkey and Germany," Comparative Political Studies, 25(2): 169-194; Migdal, Joel 1988 Strong Societies, Weak States, Princeton: Princeton University Press; Rothchild, Donald and Naomi Chazan (eds.) 1988 The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, Bourlder: Westview Press, 121-148
19. Poggi, Gianfranco 1978 The Development of the Modern State, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 98.
20. Keane, John, ed. 1988 Civil Society and the State, N.Y: Verso; Seligman, Adam 1992 The Idea of Civil Society, New York: Free Press; Hall, John 1995 Civil Society, Theory, History, Comparison, Cambridge: Polity Press; Cohen, Jean and Andrew Arato 1995 Civil Society and Political Theory, Cambridge: MIT Press.
21. Keane, John, ed. 1988 Civil Society and the State, N.Y: Verso; Seligman, Adam 1992 The Idea of Civil Society, New York: Free Press; Hall, John 1995 Civil Society, Theory, History, Comparison, Cambridge: Polity Press; Cohen, Jean and Andrew Arato 1995 Civil Society and Political Theory, Cambridge: MIT Press.
22. Keane, John, ed. 1988 Civil Society and the State, N.Y: Verso; Seligman, Adam 1992 The Idea of Civil Society, New York: Free Press; Hall, John 1995 Civil Society, Theory, History, Comparison, Cambridge: Polity Press; Cohen, Jean and Andrew Arato 1995 Civil Society and Political Theory, Cambridge: MIT Press.
23. Keane, John, ed. 1988 Civil Society and the State, N.Y: Verso; Seligman, Adam 1992 The Idea of Civil Society, New York: Free Press; Hall, John 1995 Civil Society, Theory, History, Comparison, Cambridge: Polity Press; Cohen, Jean and Andrew Arato 1995 Civil Society and Political Theory, Cambridge: MIT Press.
24. As Offe points out, see Offe, Claus 1985 "New Social Movements: Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics," Social Research, 52(4): 818-819.
25. For example, King, Roger 1986 The State in Modern Society, London: Macmillan Press, 115-140.
26. Smith, Anthony D. 1986 "State-Making and Nation-Building," in John A. Hall, ed. States in History, Oxford: Blackwell, 228-263; Breuilly, John 1993 "Nationalism and the State," in Roger Michener, ed. Nationality, Patriotism and Nationalism, Minnesota: Paragon House, 19-48.
27. Smith, Anthony D. 1986 "State-Making and Nation-Building," in John A. Hall, ed. States in History, Oxford: Blackwell, 228-263; Breuilly, John 1993 "Nationalism and the State," in Roger Michener, ed. Nationality, Patriotism and Nationalism, Minnesota: Paragon House, 19-48.
28. For example, Risse-Kappen, Thomas, ed. 1995 Bringing Transnational Relations Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Clark, Ann Marie 1995 "Non-Governmental Organizations and their Influence on International Societies," Journal of International Affair 48(2): 507-525.
29. For example, Risse-Kappen, Thomas, ed. 1995 Bringing Transnational Relations Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Clark, Ann Marie 1995 "Non-Governmental Organizations and their Influence on International Societies," Journal of International Affair 48(2): 507-525.
30. Mitchell, Timothy 1991 "The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and Their Critics," American Political Science Review 85(1): 77-96.
31. The important role of non-materialist factors, such as the role of ideas as a means for social change is shared by both Weber and Gramsci. See, Bocock, Robert 1986 Hegemony, Chichester: Ellis Horwood Limited, 83-103.
32. Gramsci, Antonio 1971 Selections from Prison Notebook, ed. by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, London, 239; 261; Anderson, Perry 1976 "The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci," New Left Review 100: 5-78.
33. Gramsci, Antonio 1971 Selections from Prison Notebook, ed. by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, London, 239; 261; Anderson, Perry 1976 "The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci," New Left Review 100: 5-78.
34. Bocock 1986, 35-36.
35. Laclau, Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe 1985 Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, Toward a Radical Democratic Politics, London: Verso Press; Mouffe, Chantal 1979 "Hegemony and Ideology in Gramsci," in her Gramsci and Marxist theory, London: Routledge and Kegan, 168-204. Laclau and Mouffe's constructionist approach represents a critique to essentialist and structuralist approaches, such as the one of Althusser.
36. Laclau, Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe 1985 Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, Toward a Radical Democratic Politics, London: Verso Press; Mouffe, Chantal 1979 "Hegemony and Ideology in Gramsci," in her Gramsci and Marxist theory, London: Routledge and Kegan, 168-204. Laclau and Mouffe's constructionist approach represents a critique to essentialist and structuralist approaches, such as the one of Althusser.
37. Interestingly, the constructionist interpretation of Gramsci resembles Foucault's ideas. For example, the idea that domination can sometimes manifest itself in inter-human practices, assertions, and disciplines. Another example is the type of fusion of knowledge and power which becomes a self evident and ostensibly essential "truth." Foucault, Michel 1984 "The Subject and Power", in Brian Wallis, ed. Art After Modernism, N.Y.: The New Museum of Contemporary Art, 417-432; Waltzer, Michael 1984 "The Politics of Michel Foucault," in David C. Hoy, ed. Foucault: A Critical Reader, Oxford: Blackwell, 51-67; Foucault, Michel 1991 "Politics and the Study of Discourse," in Graham Burrchell et al., eds. The Foucault Effect, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 53-72.
38. Interestingly, the constructionist interpretation of Gramsci resembles Foucault's ideas. For example, the idea that domination can sometimes manifest itself in inter-human practices, assertions, and disciplines. Another example is the type of fusion of knowledge and power which becomes a self evident and ostensibly essential "truth." Foucault, Michel 1984 "The Subject and Power", in Brian Wallis, ed. Art After Modernism, N.Y.: The New Museum of Contemporary Art, 417-432; Waltzer, Michael 1984 "The Politics of Michel Foucault," in David C. Hoy, ed. Foucault: A Critical Reader, Oxford: Blackwell, 51-67; Foucault, Michel 1991 "Politics and the Study of Discourse," in Graham Burrchell et al., eds. The Foucault Effect, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 53-72.
39. Interestingly, the constructionist interpretation of Gramsci resembles Foucault's ideas. For example, the idea that domination can sometimes manifest itself in inter-human practices, assertions, and disciplines. Another example is the type of fusion of knowledge and power which becomes a self evident and ostensibly essential "truth." Foucault, Michel 1984 "The Subject and Power", in Brian Wallis, ed. Art After Modernism, N.Y.: The New Museum of Contemporary Art, 417-432; Waltzer, Michael 1984 "The Politics of Michel Foucault," in David C. Hoy, ed. Foucault: A Critical Reader, Oxford: Blackwell, 51-67; Foucault, Michel 1991 "Politics and the Study of Discourse," in Graham Burrchell et al., eds. The Foucault Effect, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 53-72.
40. Achad Ha-am 1921 At the Crossroads, Berlin: Judischer Verlag, xiv; Birnbaum Pierre 1988 "Nation, State and Culture: The Example of Zionism," in his States and Collective Action, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 156-169.
41. Achad Ha-am 1921 At the Crossroads, Berlin: Judischer Verlag, xiv; Birnbaum Pierre 1988 "Nation, State and Culture: The Example of Zionism," in his States and Collective Action, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 156-169.
42. Meinecke, Friedrich 1970 (1907) Cosmopolitanism and the National State, New Jersey: Princeton University.
43. Frankel, Jonathan 1981 Prophecy and Politics, Socialism, Nationalism and the Russian Jews 1862-1917, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. Baradin, Shlomo, Pioneer Youth in Palestine, New York: Block Pub., 1932; Near, Henry 1984 The Kibbutz and Society, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Pub. [Hebrew]; Near, Henry 1990 "Redemption of the Soil and of Man: Pioneering in Labor Zionist Ideology, 1904-1935," in Ruth Kark, ed. Redemption of the Land of Eretz-Israel, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi, 33-50 [Hebrew]; Kimmerling, Baruch 1983 Zionism and Territory, The Socio-Territorial Dimensions of Zionist Politics, Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 201-202; Kellerman, Aharon 1993 Society and Settlement, Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century, New York: SUNY, 33-62; On the pioneering woman, see Bernstein, Deborah 1992 Pioneers and Homemakers, Jewish Women in PreState Israel, New York: SUNY Press.
45. Baradin, Shlomo, Pioneer Youth in Palestine, New York: Block Pub., 1932; Near, Henry 1984 The Kibbutz and Society, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Pub. [Hebrew]; Near, Henry 1990 "Redemption of the Soil and of Man: Pioneering in Labor Zionist Ideology, 1904-1935," in Ruth Kark, ed. Redemption of the Land of Eretz-Israel, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi, 33-50 [Hebrew]; Kimmerling, Baruch 1983 Zionism and Territory, The Socio-Territorial Dimensions of Zionist Politics, Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 201-202; Kellerman, Aharon 1993 Society and Settlement, Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century, New York: SUNY, 33-62; On the pioneering woman, see Bernstein, Deborah 1992 Pioneers and Homemakers, Jewish Women in PreState Israel, New York: SUNY Press.
46. Baradin, Shlomo, Pioneer Youth in Palestine, New York: Block Pub., 1932; Near, Henry 1984 The Kibbutz and Society, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Pub. [Hebrew]; Near, Henry 1990 "Redemption of the Soil and of Man: Pioneering in Labor Zionist Ideology, 1904-1935," in Ruth Kark, ed. Redemption of the Land of Eretz-Israel, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi, 33-50 [Hebrew]; Kimmerling, Baruch 1983 Zionism and Territory, The Socio-Territorial Dimensions of Zionist Politics, Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 201-202; Kellerman, Aharon 1993 Society and Settlement, Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century, New York: SUNY, 33-62; On the pioneering woman, see Bernstein, Deborah 1992 Pioneers and Homemakers, Jewish Women in PreState Israel, New York: SUNY Press.
47. Baradin, Shlomo, Pioneer Youth in Palestine, New York: Block Pub., 1932; Near, Henry 1984 The Kibbutz and Society, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Pub. [Hebrew]; Near, Henry 1990 "Redemption of the Soil and of Man: Pioneering in Labor Zionist Ideology, 1904-1935," in Ruth Kark, ed. Redemption of the Land of Eretz-Israel, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi, 33-50 [Hebrew]; Kimmerling, Baruch 1983 Zionism and Territory, The Socio-Territorial Dimensions of Zionist Politics, Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 201-202; Kellerman, Aharon 1993 Society and Settlement, Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century, New York: SUNY, 33-62; On the pioneering woman, see Bernstein, Deborah 1992 Pioneers and Homemakers, Jewish Women in PreState Israel, New York: SUNY Press.
48. Baradin, Shlomo, Pioneer Youth in Palestine, New York: Block Pub., 1932; Near, Henry 1984 The Kibbutz and Society, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Pub. [Hebrew]; Near, Henry 1990 "Redemption of the Soil and of Man: Pioneering in Labor Zionist Ideology, 1904-1935," in Ruth Kark, ed. Redemption of the Land of Eretz-Israel, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi, 33-50 [Hebrew]; Kimmerling, Baruch 1983 Zionism and Territory, The Socio-Territorial Dimensions of Zionist Politics, Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 201-202; Kellerman, Aharon 1993 Society and Settlement, Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century, New York: SUNY, 33-62; On the pioneering woman, see Bernstein, Deborah 1992 Pioneers and Homemakers, Jewish Women in PreState Israel, New York: SUNY Press.
49. Baradin, Shlomo, Pioneer Youth in Palestine, New York: Block Pub., 1932; Near, Henry 1984 The Kibbutz and Society, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Pub. [Hebrew]; Near, Henry 1990 "Redemption of the Soil and of Man: Pioneering in Labor Zionist Ideology, 1904-1935," in Ruth Kark, ed. Redemption of the Land of Eretz-Israel, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi, 33-50 [Hebrew]; Kimmerling, Baruch 1983 Zionism and Territory, The Socio-Territorial Dimensions of Zionist Politics, Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 201-202; Kellerman, Aharon 1993 Society and Settlement, Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century, New York: SUNY, 33-62; On the pioneering woman, see Bernstein, Deborah 1992 Pioneers and Homemakers, Jewish Women in PreState Israel, New York: SUNY Press.
50. Jonathan Frankel 1981; Venturi, Franco 1966 Roots of Revolution, A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in 19th Century Russia, New York: Universal Library Edition, chapters 3, 18, 26.
51. Jonathan Frankel 1981; Venturi, Franco 1966 Roots of Revolution, A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in 19th Century Russia, New York: Universal Library Edition, chapters 3, 18, 26.
52. Near, Henry 1987 Frontiersmen and Halutzim (Discussion Paper), Haifa: University of Haifa, the Kibbutz University Center. On the power of Ahdut Ha'avodah, see Shapiro, Yonathan 1976 The Formative Years of the Israeli Labor Party, London: Sage Publications.
53. Near, Henry 1987 Frontiersmen and Halutzim (Discussion Paper), Haifa: University of Haifa, the Kibbutz University Center. On the power of Ahdut Ha'avodah, see Shapiro, Yonathan 1976 The Formative Years of the Israeli Labor Party, London: Sage Publications.
54. On nationalism which overshadowed socialism in the Yishuv see, Sternhell, Zeev 1996 Aux Origines d'Israel: Entre Nationalisme et Socialisme, Paris: Fayard. Also available in Hebrew 1996 Nation-Building or New Society? The Zionist Labor Movement (1904-1940) and the Origins of Israel, Tel-Aviv: Am-Oved. A different perspective can be found in Shapira, Anita 1996 New Jews Old Jews, Tel-Aviv: Am-Oved, 298-317 [Hebrew].
55. On nationalism which overshadowed socialism in the Yishuv see, Sternhell, Zeev 1996 Aux Origines d'Israel: Entre Nationalisme et Socialisme, Paris: Fayard. Also available in Hebrew 1996 Nation-Building or New Society? The Zionist Labor Movement (1904-1940) and the Origins of Israel, Tel-Aviv: Am-Oved. A different perspective can be found in Shapira, Anita 1996 New Jews Old Jews, Tel-Aviv: Am-Oved, 298-317 [Hebrew].
56. On nationalism which overshadowed socialism in the Yishuv see, Sternhell, Zeev 1996 Aux Origines d'Israel: Entre Nationalisme et Socialisme, Paris: Fayard. Also available in Hebrew 1996 Nation-Building or New Society? The Zionist Labor Movement (1904-1940) and the Origins of Israel, Tel-Aviv: Am-Oved. A different perspective can be found in Shapira, Anita 1996 New Jews Old Jews, Tel-Aviv: Am-Oved, 298-317 [Hebrew].
57. Shafir, Gershon 1989 Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 59-60.
58. Turner, Frederick J. 1962 [1920] The Frontier in American History, New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 306.
59. Beilinson in Gorni, Yoseph 1973 Achdut Haavoda 1919-1930, The Ideological Principles and the Political System, Ramat-Gan: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, p. 177 [Hebrew]. On the importance of the "general will" within the Israeli democracy, see Ben-Eliezer, Uri 1993 "The Meaning of Political Participation in a Nonliberal Democracy: The Israeli Experience," Comparative Politics, 25(4): 397-412.
60. Beilinson in Gorni, Yoseph 1973 Achdut Haavoda 1919-1930, The Ideological Principles and the Political System, Ramat-Gan: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, p. 177 [Hebrew]. On the importance of the "general will" within the Israeli democracy, see Ben-Eliezer, Uri 1993 "The Meaning of Political Participation in a Nonliberal Democracy: The Israeli Experience," Comparative Politics, 25(4): 397-412.
61. On the myth of frontier individualism in America, see Boatright Mody C. 1968 "The Myth of Frontier Individualism," in Richard Hofstadter and Seymour Martin Lipset Turner and the Sociology of the Frontier, N.Y.: Basic Books, 43-64. As for criticism, see, for example, Billington, Ray Allen 1965 The American Frontier, Washington: Service Center for Teachers of History, 2-5.
62. On the myth of frontier individualism in America, see Boatright Mody C. 1968 "The Myth of Frontier Individualism," in Richard Hofstadter and Seymour Martin Lipset Turner and the Sociology of the Frontier, N.Y.: Basic Books, 43-64. As for criticism, see, for example, Billington, Ray Allen 1965 The American Frontier, Washington: Service Center for Teachers of History, 2-5.
63. On low frontierity in pre-state Israel, see Kimmerling, Baruch 1993.
64. Giladi, Dan 1973 Jewish Palestine During the Fourth Aliya Period, 1924-1929, Tel-Aviv: Am-Oved [Hebrew]; Shapiro, Yonathan 1984 An Elite Without Successors, Tel-Aviv: Poalim Pub., 15-53 [Hebrew].
65. Giladi, Dan 1973 Jewish Palestine During the Fourth Aliya Period, 1924-1929, Tel-Aviv: Am-Oved [Hebrew]; Shapiro, Yonathan 1984 An Elite Without Successors, Tel-Aviv: Poalim Pub., 15-53 [Hebrew].
66. On the failure of the right-wing alternative in those years, see: Shavit, Yaacov 1987 The Mythologies of the Zionist Right-Wing, Kfar-Saba: Beit Berl [Hebrew]; Shapiro, Yonathan 1991 The Road To Power: Herut Party in Israel, New York: SUNY.
67. On the failure of the right-wing alternative in those years, see: Shavit, Yaacov 1987 The Mythologies of the Zionist Right-Wing, Kfar-Saba: Beit Berl [Hebrew]; Shapiro, Yonathan 1991 The Road To Power: Herut Party in Israel, New York: SUNY.
68. Kimmerling, Baruch 1983 Op.Cit.; Shafir, Gershon, 1989; Shalev, Michael 1992, Labor and Political Economy in Israel, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
69. Kimmerling, Baruch 1983 Op.Cit.; Shafir, Gershon, 1989; Shalev, Michael 1992, Labor and Political Economy in Israel, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
70. Kimmerling, Baruch 1983 Op.Cit.; Shafir, Gershon, 1989; Shalev, Michael 1992, Labor and Political Economy in Israel, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
71. Carmi, Shulamit and Henry Rosenfeld 1989 "The Emergence of Militaristic Nationalism in Israel," International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 3(1): 5-49. Criticism on that perspective, see Ben-Eliezer, Uri and Shamir, Ronen 1991 International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 4(3): 387-393.
72. Carmi, Shulamit and Henry Rosenfeld 1989 "The Emergence of Militaristic Nationalism in Israel," International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 3(1): 5-49. Criticism on that perspective, see Ben-Eliezer, Uri and Shamir, Ronen 1991 International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 4(3): 387-393.
73. Ben-Eliezer, Uri 1998 The Making of Israeli Militarism, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 19-48.
74. Nachum Sarig in a meeting of Machanot Haolim, Dec. 4, 1942, in Kafkai, Itzhak, ed. 1985 The Years of Machanot Ha'olim, Tel-Aviv: Kibbutz Hameuchad Pub., 335 [Hebrew].
75. Nachum Sarig in a meeting of Machanot Haolim, Dec. 4, 1942, in Kafkai, Itzhak, ed. 1985 The Years of Machanot Ha'olim, Tel-Aviv: Kibbutz Hameuchad Pub., 335 [Hebrew].
76. Gelber, Yoav 1981 Jewish Palestinian Volunteering in the British Army During the Second World War, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Pub., 9-13 [Hebrew].
77. Volunteering Movement Secretariat, Dec. 1941, Hagana Archive, Lectures file.
78. On the relationship between the two sociological generations, in general, see Shapiro, Yonathan 1984 An Elite Without Successors, Tel-Aviv: Hapoalim [Hebrew].
79. Hanoar Haoved (a youth movement) Council, 1942, Labor Archive, 213iv/29.
80. It was exemplified in the episode known as the Saison. There a left-wing military organization, the Palmach took action against the right -wing underground, the IZL, and informed on its members to the British. This was a problematic action because the British were considered the common enemy. The Palmach, however, soon came up with a solution to the quandary: the operations were deemed to be carried out not by order, and not through the formal military organization, but by volunteers, through the line of the "duty to volunteer. See Ben-Eliezer 1998, 115-128.
81. Conference of Machanot Haolim Graduates, 1943, Machanot Haolim Archive, 5a/5/4.
82. About the hevreman see, Ben-Eliezer 1993.
83. Medding, Peter 1990 The Founding of Israeli Democracy 1948-1967, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 134-177; Liebman, Charles and Eliezer Don-Yehiya 1983 Civil Religion in Israel, Berkeley: University of California Press, 81-122.
84. Medding, Peter 1990 The Founding of Israeli Democracy 1948-1967, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 134-177; Liebman, Charles and Eliezer Don-Yehiya 1983 Civil Religion in Israel, Berkeley: University of California Press, 81-122.
85. Mapai Council, June 19, 1948, Mapai Archive.
86. Mapai Council, June 19, 1948, Mapai Archive.
87. Mapai Central Committee, January 12, 1948, Mapai Archive
88. Mapai Central Committeee, March 16, 1949, Mapai Archive.
89. Ben-Gurion Diary, Aug. 26, 1948, Ben-Gurion Archive.
90. Ben-Eliezer 1998, 193-206; Ben-Eliezer, Uri 1995, "A Nation-in-Arms: State, Nation and Militarism in Israel's First Years," Comparative Studies in Society and History 37(2).
91. Ben-Eliezer 1998, 193-206; Ben-Eliezer, Uri 1995, "A Nation-in-Arms: State, Nation and Militarism in Israel's First Years," Comparative Studies in Society and History 37(2).
92. See Ben-Gurion's enthusiastic attitude toward the Nahal, in Mapai Central Committee, Nov. 27, 1953, Mapai Archive. On the role of the Nahal in general, see Adriana Kemp 1997 Talking Boundaries: The Making of Political Territory in Israel 1949-1957, Tel-Aviv: Ph.D. Thesis, Tel-Aviv University, 68-95 [Hebrew].
93. See Ben-Gurion's enthusiastic attitude toward the Nahal, in Mapai Central Committee, Nov. 27, 1953, Mapai Archive. On the role of the Nahal in general, see Adriana Kemp 1997 Talking Boundaries: The Making of Political Territory in Israel 1949-1957, Tel-Aviv: Ph.D. Thesis, Tel-Aviv University, 68-95 [Hebrew].
94. For example, Mapai Bureau, May 25, June 1, 1950, Mapai Archive.
95. Mordechai Bentov, Kneset Protokol [Israeli parliament], Jan. 29, 1952; Yigal Allon in Hakibbutz Hameuchad Council, April 9, 1954, Kibbutz Hameuchad Archive.
96. Mordechai Bentov, Kneset Protokol [Israeli parliament], Jan. 29, 1952; Yigal Allon in Hakibbutz Hameuchad Council, April 9, 1954, Kibbutz Hameuchad Archive.
97. A description of Mapam and the state in binary terms of pioneering vs. statism can be found in Carmi, Shulamit and Henry Rosenfeld 1989.
98. Interestingly sociologists were also involved in the dispute presenting reality in terms of routinization of the charisma from voluntaristic pioneering to formal and coercive statism. See, for example, Horowitz, Dan and Moshe Lissak 1977 Origins of the Israeli Polity, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 186-195; Talmon-Gerber, Yonina 1970 The Individual and the Society in the Kibbutz, Jerusalem: Magnes, 3 [Hebrew].
99. Interestingly sociologists were also involved in the dispute presenting reality in terms of routinization of the charisma from voluntaristic pioneering to formal and coercive statism. See, for example, Horowitz, Dan and Moshe Lissak 1977 Origins of the Israeli Polity, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 186-195; Talmon-Gerber, Yonina 1970 The Individual and the Society in the Kibbutz, Jerusalem: Magnes, 3 [Hebrew].
100. Adriana Kemp, 1997.
101. Lustick, Ian 1980 Arabs in a Jewish State, Austin: University of Texas Press; Benziman, Uzi and Atallah Mansour 1992 Subtenants, Tel-Aviv: Keter Pub. [Hebrew]; Smooha, Sammy 1990 "Minority Status in an Ethnic Democracy: The Status of the Arab Minority in Israel," Ethnic and Racial Studies 13(3).
102. Lustick, Ian 1980 Arabs in a Jewish State, Austin: University of Texas Press; Benziman, Uzi and Atallah Mansour 1992 Subtenants, Tel-Aviv: Keter Pub. [Hebrew]; Smooha, Sammy 1990 "Minority Status in an Ethnic Democracy: The Status of the Arab Minority in Israel," Ethnic and Racial Studies 13(3).
103. Lustick, Ian 1980 Arabs in a Jewish State, Austin: University of Texas Press; Benziman, Uzi and Atallah Mansour 1992 Subtenants, Tel-Aviv: Keter Pub. [Hebrew]; Smooha, Sammy 1990 "Minority Status in an Ethnic Democracy: The Status of the Arab Minority in Israel," Ethnic and Racial Studies 13(3).
104. Kneset Protokol, Dec. 5, 1952.
105. Mapai Central Committee, Feb. 6, 1953, Mapai Archive; Kneset Protokol, Nov. 10, 1955.
106. Mapai Central Committee, Feb. 6, 1953, Mapai Archive; Kneset Protokol, Nov. 10, 1955.
107. Uri Ben-Eliezer 1988, 212-216.
108. Shmuel Dayan, Mapai Bureau, May 28, 1950, Mapai Archive.
109. Hermann, Tamar 1995 "New Challenges to New Authority: Israeli Grassroots Activism in the 1950s," in IlanTroen and Noah Lucas, eds. Israel: The First Decade of Independence, New York: SUNY Press, 105-122.
110. Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. 1967, 327-328.
111. Shafir, Gershon 1984 "Changing Nationalism and Israel's 'Open Frontier' on the West Bank," Theory and Society, 13(6): 803-827; Kimmerling, Baruch 1989 "Boundaries and Frontiers of the Israeli Control System: Analytical Conclusions," in his ed. The Israeli State and Society, New York: SUNY, 265-284.
112. Shafir, Gershon 1984 "Changing Nationalism and Israel's 'Open Frontier' on the West Bank," Theory and Society, 13(6): 803-827; Kimmerling, Baruch 1989 "Boundaries and Frontiers of the Israeli Control System: Analytical Conclusions," in his ed. The Israeli State and Society, New York: SUNY, 265-284.
113. An Interview with Ephraim Ben-Haim, a kibbutz member, taken from Raanan, Tsvi 1980 Gush Emunim, Tel-Aviv: Hapoalim Library, 212-221 [Hebrew].
114. Beni Marshak in Mapai Central Committee, March 17, 1971, Mapai Archive. See also Kemp, Adriana 1990 Frontier Nationalism: Labor Party Debate on Territories and Boundaries, Tel-Aviv: M.A. Thesis, Tel-Aviv University [Hebrew].
115. Beni Marshak in Mapai Central Committee, March 17, 1971, Mapai Archive. See also Kemp, Adriana 1990 Frontier Nationalism: Labor Party Debate on Territories and Boundaries, Tel-Aviv: M.A. Thesis, Tel-Aviv University [Hebrew].
116. Shafir, Gershon 1984.
117. Kibbutz Hameuchad Council, June 23, 1967, Nov, 9, 1967, Kibbutz Hameuchad Archive.
118. Kibbutz Hameuchad Convention, June 19, 1976, Kibbutz Hameuchad Archive.
119. See for example Migdal, Joel 1996 "Society-Formation and the Case of Israel," in Michael N. Barnett, ed. Israel in Comparative Perspective, New York: SUNY, 173-198.
120. See notes 1 and 2; also Weissbroad, Lilly 1981 "From Labor Zionism to New Zionism, Ideological Change in Israel," Theory and Society, 10, 777-803; Seliktar, Ofira 1988 New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System of Israel, London: Croom Helm; Eisenstadt, Shmul N. 1985 The Transformation of Israeli Society, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 356-381; Sprinzak, Ehud 1989 "The Emergence of the Israeli Radical Right," Comparative Politics, 21: 171-192; Lustick, Ian 1988 'For the Land and the Lord', New York: Council on Foreign Relations. On the concept of a weak state, see Migdal, Joel 1988 Strong Societies; Weak States, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
121. See notes 1 and 2; also Weissbroad, Lilly 1981 "From Labor Zionism to New Zionism, Ideological Change in Israel," Theory and Society, 10, 777-803; Seliktar, Ofira 1988 New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System of Israel, London: Croom Helm; Eisenstadt, Shmul N. 1985 The Transformation of Israeli Society, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 356-381; Sprinzak, Ehud 1989 "The Emergence of the Israeli Radical Right," Comparative Politics, 21: 171-192; Lustick, Ian 1988 'For the Land and the Lord', New York: Council on Foreign Relations. On the concept of a weak state, see Migdal, Joel 1988 Strong Societies; Weak States, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
122. See notes 1 and 2; also Weissbroad, Lilly 1981 "From Labor Zionism to New Zionism, Ideological Change in Israel," Theory and Society, 10, 777-803; Seliktar, Ofira 1988 New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System of Israel, London: Croom Helm; Eisenstadt, Shmul N. 1985 The Transformation of Israeli Society, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 356-381; Sprinzak, Ehud 1989 "The Emergence of the Israeli Radical Right," Comparative Politics, 21: 171-192; Lustick, Ian 1988 'For the Land and the Lord', New York: Council on Foreign Relations. On the concept of a weak state, see Migdal, Joel 1988 Strong Societies; Weak States, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
123. See notes 1 and 2; also Weissbroad, Lilly 1981 "From Labor Zionism to New Zionism, Ideological Change in Israel," Theory and Society, 10, 777-803; Seliktar, Ofira 1988 New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System of Israel, London: Croom Helm; Eisenstadt, Shmul N. 1985 The Transformation of Israeli Society, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 356-381; Sprinzak, Ehud 1989 "The Emergence of the Israeli Radical Right," Comparative Politics, 21: 171-192; Lustick, Ian 1988 'For the Land and the Lord', New York: Council on Foreign Relations. On the concept of a weak state, see Migdal, Joel 1988 Strong Societies; Weak States, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
124. See notes 1 and 2; also Weissbroad, Lilly 1981 "From Labor Zionism to New Zionism, Ideological Change in Israel," Theory and Society, 10, 777-803; Seliktar, Ofira 1988 New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System of Israel, London: Croom Helm; Eisenstadt, Shmul N. 1985 The Transformation of Israeli Society, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 356-381; Sprinzak, Ehud 1989 "The Emergence of the Israeli Radical Right," Comparative Politics, 21: 171-192; Lustick, Ian 1988 'For the Land and the Lord', New York: Council on Foreign Relations. On the concept of a weak state, see Migdal, Joel 1988 Strong Societies; Weak States, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
125. See notes 1 and 2; also Weissbroad, Lilly 1981 "From Labor Zionism to New Zionism, Ideological Change in Israel," Theory and Society, 10, 777-803; Seliktar, Ofira 1988 New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System of Israel, London: Croom Helm; Eisenstadt, Shmul N. 1985 The Transformation of Israeli Society, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 356-381; Sprinzak, Ehud 1989 "The Emergence of the Israeli Radical Right," Comparative Politics, 21: 171-192; Lustick, Ian 1988 'For the Land and the Lord', New York: Council on Foreign Relations. On the concept of a weak state, see Migdal, Joel 1988 Strong Societies; Weak States, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
126. Sprinzak, Ehud 1981 "Gush Emunim, The Tip of the Iceberg," Jerusalem Quarterly 21: 28-47; Newman David, ed. 1985 The Impact of Gush Emunim, London: Croom Helm; Shafat Gershon 1995 Gush Emunim, The Story Behind the Scenes, Beit-El: Beit-El Library [Hebrew].
127. Sprinzak, Ehud 1981 "Gush Emunim, The Tip of the Iceberg," Jerusalem Quarterly 21: 28-47; Newman David, ed. 1985 The Impact of Gush Emunim, London: Croom Helm; Shafat Gershon 1995 Gush Emunim, The Story Behind the Scenes, Beit-El: Beit-El Library [Hebrew].
128. Sprinzak, Ehud 1981 "Gush Emunim, The Tip of the Iceberg," Jerusalem Quarterly 21: 28-47; Newman David, ed. 1985 The Impact of Gush Emunim, London: Croom Helm; Shafat Gershon 1995 Gush Emunim, The Story Behind the Scenes, Beit-El: Beit-El Library [Hebrew].
129. Shafat, Gershon 1995, 90-129.
130. Newman, David 1985.
131. Israel Galili in Mapai Central Committee, Dec. 5, 1973, Mapai Archive.
132. Newman, for example, demonstrated the way, the combination of civilian and military presence served as efficient strategies of territorial control. Newman, David 1989 "Civilians and Military Presence as Strategies of Territorial Control: The Arab-Israel Conflict," Political Geography Quarterly, 8(3): 215-227.
133. Lustick, Ian 1987 "Israeli State-Building in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip : Theory and Practice," International Organization, 41: 151-173; Lustick, Ian 1993: 383; Benvenisti, Meron 1984 The West Bank Data Project: A Survey of Israel's Polices, Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute. A typical case of cooperation between settlers and state elite was manifested during the uncovering of a Jewish terrorist underground in the territories in the mid-198Os. See Gal-Or, Naomi 1990 The Jewish Underground: Our Terrorism, Tel-Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad [Hebrew].
134. Lustick, Ian 1987 "Israeli State-Building in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip : Theory and Practice," International Organization, 41: 151-173; Lustick, Ian 1993: 383; Benvenisti, Meron 1984 The West Bank Data Project: A Survey of Israel's Polices, Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute. A typical case of cooperation between settlers and state elite was manifested during the uncovering of a Jewish terrorist underground in the territories in the mid-198Os. See Gal-Or, Naomi 1990 The Jewish Underground: Our Terrorism, Tel-Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad [Hebrew].
135. Lustick, Ian 1987 "Israeli State-Building in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip : Theory and Practice," International Organization, 41: 151-173; Lustick, Ian 1993: 383; Benvenisti, Meron 1984 The West Bank Data Project: A Survey of Israel's Polices, Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute. A typical case of cooperation between settlers and state elite was manifested during the uncovering of a Jewish terrorist underground in the territories in the mid-198Os. See Gal-Or, Naomi 1990 The Jewish Underground: Our Terrorism, Tel-Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad [Hebrew].
136. Lustick, Ian 1987 "Israeli State-Building in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip : Theory and Practice," International Organization, 41: 151-173; Lustick, Ian 1993: 383; Benvenisti, Meron 1984 The West Bank Data Project: A Survey of Israel's Polices, Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute. A typical case of cooperation between settlers and state elite was manifested during the uncovering of a Jewish terrorist underground in the territories in the mid-198Os. See Gal-Or, Naomi 1990 The Jewish Underground: Our Terrorism, Tel-Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad [Hebrew].
137. Kellerman, Aharon 1993, 273-274.
138. Chadashot [daily], Aug. 5, 1992.
139. On the concept of "political opportunity structure," see Tarrow, Sidney 1989 Struggle, Politics, and Reform: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Cycles of Protest, Cornell: Cornell University, 32-40; Tarrow, Sidney 1996 "States and Opportunities: The Political Structuring of Social Movements," in Doug McAdam et al., eds. Comparative Prespectives on Social Movements, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 41-61.
140. On the concept of "political opportunity structure," see Tarrow, Sidney 1989 Struggle, Politics, and Reform: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Cycles of Protest, Cornell: Cornell University, 32-40; Tarrow, Sidney 1996 "States and Opportunities: The Political Structuring of Social Movements," in Doug McAdam et al., eds. Comparative Prespectives on Social Movements, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 41-61.
141. Bechor, Guy 1996 Constitution For Israel, Tel-Aviv, Maariv Book [Hebrew].
142. Doron, Gideon, ed. 1996 The Electoral Revolution, Tel-Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad [Hebrew].
143. Ben-Eliezer, Uri 1996 "Is a Civil Society Emerging in Israel?" Paper Presented at a Conference "Changes Within the Israeli Society," Tel-Aviv University.
144. Shamir, Jacob and Michal Shamir 1993 "The Dynamics of Israeli Public Opinion on Peace and the Territories," Research Report no. 1, The Tami Steinmetz center for Peace Research.
145. Taube, Gadi, "A Struggle on Life and Death," Yediot Achronot [daily], May 11, 1997.
146. Williams, Raymond 1976 Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, London: Fontana Press, 144-146; Mouffe, Chantal 1979, 168-204.
147. Williams, Raymond 1976 Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, London: Fontana Press, 144-146; Mouffe, Chantal 1979, 168-204.
148. Melucci, Alberto 1985 "The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporary Movements," Social Research, 52(4): 789-816. See also Touraine, Alain 1992 "Beyond Social Movements?" Theory, Culture and Society, 9: 125-145.
149. Melucci, Alberto 1985 "The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporary Movements," Social Research, 52(4): 789-816. See also Touraine, Alain 1992 "Beyond Social Movements?" Theory, Culture and Society, 9: 125-145.
150. See Hall 1985, 12-15; Clahoun, Craig 1994 "Nationalism and Civil Society: Democracy, Diversity and Self-Determination," in his Social Theory and the Politics of Identity, Cambridge: Blackwell, 305-335.
151. See Hall 1985, 12-15; Clahoun, Craig 1994 "Nationalism and Civil Society: Democracy, Diversity and Self-Determination," in his Social Theory and the Politics of Identity, Cambridge: Blackwell, 305-335.
152. Ben-Eliezer, Uri 1997.
153. On these tendencies in both Eastern and Western Europe see, Scott, Alan 1990 Ideology and the New Social Movement, London: Unwin Hyman; Frentzel-Zagorska, Janina 1990 "Civil Society in Poland and Hungary," Soviet Studies 42(4): 759-777; Larana, Enrique 1994 New Social Movements, from Ideology to Identity, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
154. On these tendencies in both Eastern and Western Europe see, Scott, Alan 1990 Ideology and the New Social Movement, London: Unwin Hyman; Frentzel-Zagorska, Janina 1990 "Civil Society in Poland and Hungary," Soviet Studies 42(4): 759-777; Larana, Enrique 1994 New Social Movements, from Ideology to Identity, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
155. On these tendencies in both Eastern and Western Europe see, Scott, Alan 1990 Ideology and the New Social Movement, London: Unwin Hyman; Frentzel-Zagorska, Janina 1990 "Civil Society in Poland and Hungary," Soviet Studies 42(4): 759-777; Larana, Enrique 1994 New Social Movements, from Ideology to Identity, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
156. Zerubavel, Yael 1990 "New Begining, Old Past: The Collective Memory of Pioneering In Israeli Culture," in L. J. Silberstein, ed. New Perspectives on Israeli History: The Early Years of the State, New York: NYU Press, 193-215; Furer, Ruth 1984 "The Rise and Fall of the Pioneer Myth", Kivunim, 23: 5-23 [Hebrew].
157. Zerubavel, Yael 1990 "New Begining, Old Past: The Collective Memory of Pioneering In Israeli Culture," in L. J. Silberstein, ed. New Perspectives on Israeli History: The Early Years of the State, New York: NYU Press, 193-215; Furer, Ruth 1984 "The Rise and Fall of the Pioneer Myth", Kivunim, 23: 5-23 [Hebrew].
158. Roniger, Luis and Michael Feige 1992 "From Pioneer to Freier: the Changing models of Generalized Exchange In Israel," European Journal of Sociology, 33: 280-307. Another version in Hebrew, 1993 "The Culture of the Freier and the Israeli Identity," Alpaim 7-8: 118-136.
159. Roniger, Luis and Michael Feige 1992 "From Pioneer to Freier: the Changing models of Generalized Exchange In Israel," European Journal of Sociology, 33: 280-307. Another version in Hebrew, 1993 "The Culture of the Freier and the Israeli Identity," Alpaim 7-8: 118-136.
160. Maariv [daily], March 10, 1996; Yediot Achronot [daily], March 11, 1996.
161. Maariv [daily], March 10, 1996; Yediot Achronot [daily], March 11, 1996.
162. Goldman, Micha, "The Nahal as a Punching-Bag," Haaretz [daily], Dec. 17, 1995; "State Controller: a Very Harsh Report," Maariv [daily], May 8, 1997.
163. Goldman, Micha, "The Nahal as a Punching-Bag," Haaretz [daily], Dec. 17, 1995; "State Controller: a Very Harsh Report," Maariv [daily], May 8, 1997.
164. Barzilai, Amnon, "Mordechai Settlement," Haaretz, May 20, 1997.
165. Barzilai, Amnon, "Mordechai Settlement," Haaretz, May 20,1997. On the law motivation of the kibbutz youth to serve in the army see, for example, Haaretz, Aug. 20, 1996.
166. Barzilai, Amnon, "Mordechai Settlement," Haaretz, May 20,1997. On the law motivation of the kibbutz youth to serve in the army see, for example, Haaretz, Aug. 20, 1996.
167. Livne, Eliezer 1972 Israel and the Western Civilization Crisis, Jerusalem: Schocken Pub., 68-93 [Hebrew].
168. For example, Almog, Oz 1997 The Sabra: A Profile, Tel-Aviv: Hapoalim [Hebrew]; Levi, Yagil 1997 Trial and Error: Israel' s Route from War to De-Escalation, New York: SUNY Press.
169. For example, Almog, Oz 1997 The Sabra: A Profile, Tel-Aviv: Hapoalim [Hebrew]; Levi, Yagil 1997 Trial and Error: Israel' s Route from War to De-Escalation, New York: SUNY Press.