Establishing political authority in peace-maintenance

Global Governance

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 19-40

  Knight, W Andy ^a  

^a BISHOP'S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032221403     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00401003     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. See Adam Roberts, "The Crisis in UN Peacekeeping," in Chester A. Crocker and Fen Osler Hampson, with Pamela Aall, eds., Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996), pp. 297-319.
2. John Gerard Ruggie, "Wandering in the Void: Charting the U.N.'s New Strategic Role," Foreign Affairs 12, no. 5 (November-December 1993): 26.
3. See Roland Paris, "Blue Helmet Blues: The End of the UN as a Security Organization?" The Washington Quarterly 20, no. 1 (1996): 191-206.
4. Other scholars and practitioners are thinking along similar lines of developing more systematic approaches for the prevention of deadly conflict, although with different emphases. See for example, Andrew J. Goodpastor, When Diplomacy is not Enough: Managing Multinational Military Interventions, A Report of the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, July 1996); Michael S. Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996); and Crocker et al., Managing Global Chaos.
5. Other scholars and practitioners are thinking along similar lines of developing more systematic approaches for the prevention of deadly conflict, although with different emphases. See for example, Andrew J. Goodpastor, When Diplomacy is not Enough: Managing Multinational Military Interventions, A Report of the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, July 1996); Michael S. Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996); and Crocker et al., Managing Global Chaos.
6. Other scholars and practitioners are thinking along similar lines of developing more systematic approaches for the prevention of deadly conflict, although with different emphases. See for example, Andrew J. Goodpastor, When Diplomacy is not Enough: Managing Multinational Military Interventions, A Report of the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, July 1996); Michael S. Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996); and Crocker et al., Managing Global Chaos.
7. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1992).
8. See David R. Black, "Towards Multilateral Conflict Prevention and Resolution," in David R. Black and Susan J. Rolston, eds., Peacemaking and Preventive Diplomacy in the New World (Dis) Order (Halifax, N.S.: Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Dalhousie University, July 1995), p. 3.
9. For a recent review of the literature on this point, see Keith Krause and Michael Williams, "Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies: Politics and Methods," Mershon International Studies Review 40, supplement 2 (October 1996): 229-254.
10. See Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics In Transition (Boston, Mass.: Little Brown, 1977).
11. For an excellent study of this phenomenon of failed states, see I. William Zartman, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995).
12. For a good overview of several examples of these, see John Tessitore and Susan Woolfson, eds., A Global Agenda: Issues Before the 51st General Assembly of the United Nations (New York: University Press of America, 1996); Jarat Chopra, Åge Eknes, and Toralv Nordbø, Fighting for Hope in Somalia (Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 1995); James S. Sutterlin, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security: A Challenge to be Met (London: Praeger, 1995); Janet E. Heininger, Peacekeeping in Transition: The United Nations in Cambodia (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1994).
13. For a good overview of several examples of these, see John Tessitore and Susan Woolfson, eds., A Global Agenda: Issues Before the 51st General Assembly of the United Nations (New York: University Press of America, 1996); Jarat Chopra, Åge Eknes, and Toralv Nordbø, Fighting for Hope in Somalia (Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 1995); James S. Sutterlin, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security: A Challenge to be Met (London: Praeger, 1995); Janet E. Heininger, Peacekeeping in Transition: The United Nations in Cambodia (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1994).
14. For a good overview of several examples of these, see John Tessitore and Susan Woolfson, eds., A Global Agenda: Issues Before the 51st General Assembly of the United Nations (New York: University Press of America, 1996); Jarat Chopra, Åge Eknes, and Toralv Nordbø, Fighting for Hope in Somalia (Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 1995); James S. Sutterlin, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security: A Challenge to be Met (London: Praeger, 1995); Janet E. Heininger, Peacekeeping in Transition: The United Nations in Cambodia (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1994).
15. For a good overview of several examples of these, see John Tessitore and Susan Woolfson, eds., A Global Agenda: Issues Before the 51st General Assembly of the United Nations (New York: University Press of America, 1996); Jarat Chopra, Åge Eknes, and Toralv Nordbø, Fighting for Hope in Somalia (Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 1995); James S. Sutterlin, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security: A Challenge to be Met (London: Praeger, 1995); Janet E. Heininger, Peacekeeping in Transition: The United Nations in Cambodia (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1994).
16. Jarat Chopra, øBack to the Drawing Board,ø The Bulletin of the Atomic-Scientists 51, no. 2 (March-April 1995): 29-35.
17. Jarat Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," Political Geography 15, no. 3/4 (March-April 1996): 335-357; and on the second generation of UN peace operations, see John Mackinlay and Jarat Chopra, "Second Generation Multinational Operations," The Washington Quarterly 15, no. 3 (summer 1992): 113-131.
18. Jarat Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," Political Geography 15, no. 3/4 (March-April 1996): 335-357; and on the second generation of UN peace operations, see John Mackinlay and Jarat Chopra, "Second Generation Multinational Operations," The Washington Quarterly 15, no. 3 (summer 1992): 113-131.
19. David Easton, The Political System (New York: Knopf, 1959), pp. 129-131.
20. Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," p. 338.
21. For a more in-depth examination of this case, see Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke, with Bruce Jones, Early Warning and Conflict Management: Genocide in Rwanda, Study II of the Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda (Fantoft-Bergen, Norway: CHR Michelsen Institute - Development Studies and Human Rights, September 1995).
22. See the Report of the Government of Canada, Towards a Rapid Reaction Capability for the United Nations (Ottawa: The Government of Canada, September 1995).
23. Zartman, Collapsed States, p. 1.
24. "Somalia: Where Do We Go From Here?" Africa Confidential, 32, no. 3 (8 February 1991): 1.
25. Margaret Dolley, "Somalia: Economy," Africa: South of the Sahara 1991, 20th ed. (England: Europa Publications, 1991), p. 904.
26. "Somalia: the Mayor of Mogadishu," The Economist, 29 September 1990, p. 47.
27. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, "Italian, Egyptian Diplomats On Reconciliation", FBIS, 6 May 1991, p. 10.
28. Africa Watch interview with Awyes Haji Yusuf in the presidential office of the interim government, 2 February 1992, cited in Africa Watch, Somalia: A Fight to the Death? 4, no. 2 (13 February 1992): 4.
29. On the stages of political order and state collapse, see further Jarat Chopra, "Peace-Maintenance: The Last Stage of Development," Global Society 11, no. 2 (May 1997): 185-204.
30. Norman P. Barry, An Introduction to Modern Political Theory, 2d ed. (London: Macmillan, 1989), pp. 81-89.
31. Chopra, "The space of peace-maintenance," p. 355.
32. See W. Andy Knight, "Towards a Subsidiarity Model for Peacemaking and Preventive Diplomacy: Making Chapter VIII of the UN Charter Operational," Third World Quarterly 17, no. 1 (March 1996): 31-52.
33. See Sutterlin, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security, pp. 93-112.
34. UN Security Council Resolution 836 of 4 June 1993.
35. For good reviews of this case, see Clement E. Adibe, "The Liberian Conflict and the ECOWAS-UN Partnership," Third World Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1997): 471-488; and James O. Jonah, "ECOMOG: A Successful Example of Peacemaking and Peacekeeping by a Regional Organization in the Third World," in W. Kühne, ed., Internationales Umfeld, Sicherheitsinteressen und Nationale Planung der Bundesrepublik (Ebenhausen: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 1993), pp. 197-217.
36. For good reviews of this case, see Clement E. Adibe, "The Liberian Conflict and the ECOWAS-UN Partnership," Third World Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1997): 471-488; and James O. Jonah, "ECOMOG: A Successful Example of Peacemaking and Peacekeeping by a Regional Organization in the Third World," in W. Kühne, ed., Internationales Umfeld, Sicherheitsinteressen und Nationale Planung der Bundesrepublik (Ebenhausen: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 1993), pp. 197-217.
37. Stephen Baranyi and Liisa North, Stretching the Limits of the Possible: United Nations Peacekeeping in Central America, Aurora Papers, No. 15 (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Global Security, 1992).
38. Sutterlin, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security, pp. 95-97.
39. OAU, "Declaration of the Assembly of the Heads of State and Government on the Establishment within the OAU of a Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution," AHG/Dec1.3 (xxix), rev. 1 (29th Ordinary Session in Cairo, Egypt, June 28-30, 1993), especially pp. 4-6.
40. See "National Notations," Peacekeeping & International Relations 24, no.1 (January-February 1995): 13.
41. See further, William Godwin Nhara, "Early Warning and Conflict in Africa," Institute for Defence Policy Papers, no. 1, February 1996, pp. 2-3, and generally.
42. Thomas W. Lippman, "U.S. Ready to Train African Peacekeepers," The Washington Post, 30 June 1997, p. A16. Note that the seven African states involved are: Uganda, Senegal, Tunisia, Ethiopia, Mali, Malawi and Ghana.
43. S. Neil MacFarlane and Thomas G. Weiss, "The United Nations, Regional Organizations, and Human Security: Building Theory in Central America" in Luís Guillermo Soifs et al., eds., Regional Responsibilities and the United Nations System (Providence, R.I.: Academic Council on the United Nations System, 1994), p. 25.
44. Chester A. Crocker, ́The Varieties of Intervention: Conditions for Success," in Crocker et al., Managing Global Chaos, p. 184.
45. Robert Johansen, "The Future of United Nations Peacekeeping and Enforcement: A Framework for Policymaking," Global Governance 2, no. 3 (September-December 1996): 317.
46. See, for instance, Peter Lyon, "The Rise and Fall and Possible Revival of International Trusteeship," Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 31 (March 1993): 96-110.
47. See Paris, "Blue Helmet Blues," pp. 200-201.
48. See further Kofi Annan's Track Two proposals in the Secretary-General's report to the General Assembly on "Renewing the United Nations: Programme for Reform," UN Doc. A/51/1950 of 16 July 1997. Also, see Barbara Crossette, "U.N. Chief Promises to Overhaul Organization From the Top Down," The New York Times, 17 July 1997, pp. A1, A12.
49. See further Kofi Annan's Track Two proposals in the Secretary-General's report to the General Assembly on "Renewing the United Nations: Programme for Reform," UN Doc. A/51/1950 of 16 July 1997. Also, see Barbara Crossette, "U.N. Chief Promises to Overhaul Organization From the Top Down," The New York Times, 17 July 1997, pp. A1, A12.