Organizing civil administration in peace-maintenance

Global Governance

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 41-60

  Morphet, Sally ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032221401     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00401004     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. See the useful "Secretary-General's Report on Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Principle of Periodic and Genuine Elections," UN. Doc. A/46/609 of 19 November 1991. This lists the thirty-two plebiscites, referenda, and elections held under the supervision or observation of the UN in trust and non-self-governing territories between 1956 and 1990. Only the Namibian elections were held as an integral part of a larger peace operation.
2. See Sally Morphet, "Article 1 of the Human Rights Covenants: Its Development and Current Significance in Human Rights and Foreign Policy," in Dilys Hill, ed., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Progress and Achievement (London: Macmillan, 1989), pp. 81-82.
3. William J. Durch, "Building on Sand: UN Peacekeeping in the Western Sahara," International Security 17, no. 4 (spring 1993): 153.
4. Although, see the useful article by Cedric Thornberry, EYEWITNESS II, "Civil Affairs in the Development of UN Peacekeeping," International Peace-keeping 1, no. 4 (winter 1994): 471-484.
5. See Rosalyn Higgins, Africa, vol. 3 of United Nations Peacekeeping 1946-1967, Documents and Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), pp. 77-80 (italics added).
6. See UN, The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping, 2d ed. (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1990), pp. 253-256 (italics added).
7. See Higgins, Africa, pp. 364-378, especially p. 376.
8. Ibid., pp. 304, 144-148. See also Georges Abi-Saab, The United Nations Operation in the Congo, 1960-1964 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), pp. 59-75.
9. Ibid., pp. 304, 144-148. See also Georges Abi-Saab, The United Nations Operation in the Congo, 1960-1964 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), pp. 59-75.
10. On the agreement, see Rosalyn Higgins, Asia, vol. 2 of United Nations Peacekeeping 1946-1967, Documents and Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 101-106.
11. Paul W. van der Veur, "The United Nations in West New Guinea: a Critique," International Organization 18, no. 1 (winter 1964): 61.
12. See Higgins, Asia, pp. 128, 141-142; van der Veur, "West New Guinea": 59, 71.
13. See Higgins, Asia, pp. 128, 141-142; van der Veur, "West New Guinea": 59, 71.
14. Chester A. Crocker, High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighbourhood (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), pp. 454-455.
15. See Sally Morphet, "Resolutions and vetoes in the UN Security Council: their relevance and significance," Review of International Studies 16, no. 4 (October 1990): 357-358.
16. Compare Marrack Goulding and Ingrid Lehmann, "Case Study: The United Nations Operation in Namibia," in UN, The Singapore Symposium: The Changing Role of the United Nations in Conflict Resolution and Peace-Keeping, 13-15 March 1991 (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1991), pp. 33-41.
17. Heribert Weiland and Matthew Braham, Rapporteurs of the Freiburg Symposium, July 1992, The Namibian Peace Process: Implications and Lessons for the Future (Freiburg: Arnold Bergstraesser Institut/International Peace Academy, 1994), pp. 61-62 (italics added).
18. UN, Singapore Symposium, pp. 35-36.
19. Weiland and Braham, Namibian Peace Process, p. 64.
20. Cedric Thornberry, "UNTAG: Description and Analysis of the Mission's Operational Arrangements," September 1991, manuscript, pp. 50, 55 (italics added).
21. UN, Singapore Symposium, p. 36.
22. Ibid., p. 38.
23. UN Doc. S/1996/343 of 8 May 1996.
24. Durch, "Building on Sand," p. 160.
25. See the proposal by Jarat Chopra, "A Chance for Peace in Western Sahara," Survival 39, no. 3 (autumn 1997): 51-65.
26. Lt. Gen. J. M. Sanderson, "UNTAC: Successes and Failures," in Hugh Smith, ed., International Peacekeeping: Building on the Cambodian Experience (Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre, 1994), p. 18.
27. Based on Lyndall McLean, "Civil Administration in Transition: Public Information and the Neutral Political/Electoral Environment," in Smith, Cambodian Experience, pp. 47-58.
28. UN Doc. S/23613 and Addendum I of 19 February 1992.
29. McLean, "Civil Administration in Transition," pp. 55-56.
30. See Michael Maley, "Reflections on the Electoral Process in Cambodia," in Hugh Smith, ed., Peacekeeping: Challenges for the Future (Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre, 1993), pp. 87-99.
31. See the interesting studies in Trevor Findlay, Cambodia: The Legacy and Lessons of UNTAC (Oxford: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute/Oxford University Press, 1995); Michael W. Doyle, UN Peacekeeping in Cambodia: UNTAC's Civil Mandate (Boulder: International Peace Academy/Lynne Rienner, 1995).
32. See the interesting studies in Trevor Findlay, Cambodia: The Legacy and Lessons of UNTAC (Oxford: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute/Oxford University Press, 1995); Michael W. Doyle, UN Peacekeeping in Cambodia: UNTAC's Civil Mandate (Boulder: International Peace Academy/Lynne Rienner, 1995).
33. Doyle, UNTAC's Civil Mandate, pp. 59-71.
34. Margaret J. Anstee, "Angola: The Forgotten Tragedy - A Test Case for U.N. Peacekeeping," International Relations 11, no. 6 (December 1993): 495, 497; generally 495-500. See also Anstee, Orphan of the Cold War: The Inside Story of the Collapse of the Angolan Peace Process, 1992-1993 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996).
35. Margaret J. Anstee, "Angola: The Forgotten Tragedy - A Test Case for U.N. Peacekeeping," International Relations 11, no. 6 (December 1993): 495, 497; generally 495-500. See also Anstee, Orphan of the Cold War: The Inside Story of the Collapse of the Angolan Peace Process, 1992-1993 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996).
36. See Chris Alden, "The UN and the Resolution of Conflict in Mozambique," Journal of Modern African Studies, 33, no. 1 (March 1995): 103-128.
37. See Susan Willett, "Ostriches, Wise Old Elephants and Economic Reconstruction in Mozambique," International Peacekeeping 2, no. 1 (spring 1995): 34-55.
38. See Alvaro de Soto and Graciana del Castillo, "Implementation of Comprehensive Peace Agreements: Staying the Course in El Salvador," Global Governance 1, no. 2 (May-August 1995): 189.
39. See UN Doc. S/1995/144, in UN, The United Nations and El Salvador, 1990-1995, UN Blue Book Series, vol. 4 (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1995), pp. 491-493, 505-506, 521-535, 542-547. See also Alexandre S. Kamaratos, "Building Peace, Democracy and Human Rights: International Civilian Missions at the End of the Millennium," International Peace-keeping 2, no. 4 (winter 1995): 483-509.
40. See UN Doc. S/1995/144, in UN, The United Nations and El Salvador, 1990-1995, UN Blue Book Series, vol. 4 (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1995), pp. 491-493, 505-506, 521-535, 542-547. See also Alexandre S. Kamaratos, "Building Peace, Democracy and Human Rights: International Civilian Missions at the End of the Millennium," International Peace-keeping 2, no. 4 (winter 1995): 483-509.
41. See UN Doc. S/1994/536, in UN, The United Nations and El Salvador, pp. 546-547.
42. See de Soto and del Castillo, "Comprehensive Peace Agreements," pp. 190-191.
43. See UN, The United Nations and El Salvador, pp. 598-599.
44. See for instance, Peter Loizos, with Gordon Adam and Jelena Subotic, "Broadcasting for Restraint: Crisis Reduction Through UN-Supported Media Initiatives," in Anthony McDermott, ed., Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 1994), pp. 89-102.
45. See "Letter from the UN Secretary-General to the President of the General Assembly," UN Doc. A/50/956 of 6 June 1996, p. 1.
46. Anthony Parsons, From Cold War to Hot Peace: UN Interventions 1947-1995 (London: Penguin, 1995), p. 270.
47. See Sally Morphet, "The Non-Aligned in 'The New World Order': The Jakarta Summit, September 1992," International Relations 11, no. 4 (April 1993): 359-380.
48. See Sally Morphet, "The influence of states and groups of states on and in the Security Council and General Assembly, 1980-1994," Review of International Studies 21, no. 4 (October 1995): 444-445, 452-453.