The paradox of indigenous identity: A levels-of-analysis approach

Global Governance

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 139-156

  Corntassel, Jeff J ^a   Primeau, Tomas Hopkins ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032221235     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00402003     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. "Draft Universal Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples," Twelfth Session of the Working Group on Indigenous Peoples, 23 August 1994, E/CN.4/ Sub.2/AC.4/1994/4/Add.1. The Draft Declaration specifically identifies the basic and fundamental rights that should be accorded all indigenous populations in the international system, including economic development, continued cultural practice, access to education and health care, and several others. In addition to these rights, the Draft Declaration addresses issues of indigenous identity, including the right to a nationality (Article 5), the right to belong to an indigenous community or nation (Article 9), and the collective right to determine indigenous group membership criteria (Article 32). For this discussion, however, the most salient passage about identity is in Article 8: "Indigenous peoples have the collective and individual right to maintain and develop their distinct identities and characteristics, including the right to identify themselves as indigenous and be recognized as such."
2. Indigenous peoples are distinct from "minority groups" or other "national groups" due to their original occupation of traditional homelands, historical continuity, unique cultural practices, nondominance, and group awareness. See Walker Connor, Ethnonationalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994). For the purposes of this article, we modified the UNWGIP definition of indigenous groups (E/CN.4/Sub.2/L.566, para. 34), as follows: "Indigenous populations are composed of the existing descendants of the people who originally inhabited the present territory of a country (or countries), wholly or partially, at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world, overcame them, either by direct conquest, settlement, or other means, and reduced them to a non-dominant group within their home region or territory" (our modifications in italics).
3. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971); see the "Standard-Setting Activities: Evolution of Standards Concerning the Rights of Indigenous People," Thirteenth Session of the Working Group of Indigenous Populations, 21 June 1995, E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1995/3, pp. 1-12.
4. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971); see the "Standard-Setting Activities: Evolution of Standards Concerning the Rights of Indigenous People," Thirteenth Session of the Working Group of Indigenous Populations, 21 June 1995, E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1995/3, pp. 1-12.
5. James N. Rosenau, "Governance in the Twenty-First Century," Global Governance 1, no. 1 (winter 1995): 13.
6. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 35.
7. Allen Buchanan, "The Role of Collective Rights in the Theory of Indigenous Peoples' Rights," Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems 3 (1993): 94.
8. See Section 4 of "Statements by the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada," Twelfth Session of the Working Group on Indigenous Peoples, 25-29 July 1994, E/CN.4/ Sub.2/AC.4/1994/4/Add. 1.
9. Buchanan, "Role of Collective Rights," p. 103.
10. Robert Weissman, "Disappearing Trees, Disappearing Culture," Multinational Monitor 15, no. 4, (April 1994): 9-11.
11. See Joane Nagel and C. Matthew Snipp, "Ethnic Reorganization: American Indian Social, Economic, Political, and Cultural Strategies for Survival," Ethnic and Racial Studies 16 (1993): 203-235; Joane Nagel, "American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Politics and the Resurgence of Identity," American Sociological Review 60 (1995): 947-965.
12. See Joane Nagel and C. Matthew Snipp, "Ethnic Reorganization: American Indian Social, Economic, Political, and Cultural Strategies for Survival," Ethnic and Racial Studies 16 (1993): 203-235; Joane Nagel, "American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Politics and the Resurgence of Identity," American Sociological Review 60 (1995): 947-965.
13. Ron Andrade, "Are Tribes Too Exclusive?" American Indian Journal 6 (July 1980): 6-11; see also Bill Dermody, "Gambling Profits Draw Would-Be Indians," Phoenix Gazette, 24 November 1994, p. B12.
14. Ron Andrade, "Are Tribes Too Exclusive?" American Indian Journal 6 (July 1980): 6-11; see also Bill Dermody, "Gambling Profits Draw Would-Be Indians," Phoenix Gazette, 24 November 1994, p. B12.
15. "5 Million Seek New Ethnic Identity," Beijing Review, 27 August 1990, pp. 10-11.
16. David Wilkins, "An Analysis of Colonial, State, and Federal 'Definitions of Indian'" (master's thesis, University of Arizona, 1982).
17. Jamake Highwater, "Second-Class Indians," American Indian Journal 6 (July 1980): 7.
18. Andrade, "Are Tribes Too Exclusive?" p. 12.
19. Richard H. Bartlett, "Indian Act of Canada," American Indian Law Journal 6 (April 1980): 11-26.
20. C. Matthew Snipp, American Indians: The First of This Land (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1989).
21. Ibid., p. 34.
22. Lyndall Ryan, The Aboriginal Tasmanians (St. Lucia, Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1981).
23. Snipp, American Indians, p. 27.
24. Nagel and Snipp, "Ethnic Reorganization," pp. 203-235.
25. Harald Gaski, "The Sami People: The 'White Indians' of Scandinavia," American Indian Culture and Research Journal 17 (1993): 115-128, especially p. 117.
26. Bernard Nietschmann, "The Fourth World: Nations Versus States," in George Demkin and William Wood, eds., Reordering the World: Geopolitical Perspectives on the 21st Century (Boulder: Westview, 1994), pp. 225-242.
27. Donna Lee Van Cott, ed., Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 103, 187-210, 219; see also Rodolfo Stavenhagen, "Challenging the Nation-State in Latin American," Journal of International Affairs 45 (winter 1992): 421-440.
28. Donna Lee Van Cott, ed., Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 103, 187-210, 219; see also Rodolfo Stavenhagen, "Challenging the Nation-State in Latin American," Journal of International Affairs 45 (winter 1992): 421-440.
29. See specifically Articles 4 and 27 of the Mexican constitution as amended in 1992 by the administration of President Salinas de Gortari; Julio C. Tresierra, "Mexico: Indigenous Peoples and the Nation-State," in Van Cott, Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America, pp. 187-210.
30. Aftab Ahmed, "Ethnicity and Insurgency in the Chittagong Hill Tracts Region: A Study of the Crisis of Political Integration in Bangladesh," Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 31 (November 1993): 32-66.
31. "Reply of the Bengali Government Before the Working Group on Indigenous Populations in Response to Submissions Made by Anti-Slavery Society and the Representative of the Chittagong Hill Tracts," Fourth World Documentation Project, 2 August 1985, Internet "Bangrskp.text."
32. Robert K. Hitchcock, "Africa and Discovery: Human Rights, Environment and Development," American Indian Culture and Research Journal 17 (1993): 130.
33. "Standard-Setting Activities," pp. 1-12; Jeff J. Corntassel and Tomas Hopkins Primeau, "Indigenous Sovereignty Under International Law," Human Rights Quarterly 17 (May 1995): 343-365, especially pp. 347-348.
34. "Standard-Setting Activities," pp. 1-12; Jeff J. Corntassel and Tomas Hopkins Primeau, "Indigenous Sovereignty Under International Law," Human Rights Quarterly 17 (May 1995): 343-365, especially pp. 347-348.
35. See "Report12.TXT," Fourth World Documentation Project.
36. See "Standard-Setting Activities," pp. 1-12.
37. Benedict Kingsbury, "Claims by Non-State Groups in International Law," Cornell International Law Journal 25 (1992): 502.
38. David Held, Democracy and the Global Order (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), p. 229.
39. Ibid., p. 235.
40. Rosenau, "Governance in the Twenty-first Century," p. 13.
41. Held, Democracy and the Global Order, p. 236.
42. "Standard-Setting Activities," pp. 1-12.
43. Rodolfo Stavenhagen, " The Rights and Participation of Indigenous Peoples," working paper presented before the Working Group, 1995, E/CN.4/Sub.2/ AC.4/1995/7/Add.2.
44. "Draft Universal Declaration," E/CE.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1994/11/Add.1.
45. Stavenhagen, "Rights and Participation of Indigenous Peoples," E/CN.4/ Sub.2/AC.4/1995/7/Add.2.
46. "Standard-Setting Activities," pp. 1-12.