Posture, locomotion, spatial orientation, and motion sickness as a function of space flight

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 28, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 102-117

  Reschke, Millard F ^a   Bloomberg, Jacob J ^a   Harm L, Deborah ^a   Paloski, William H ^a   Layne, Charles ^a   McDonald, Vernon ^a  

^a NASA JOHNSON SPACE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Locomotor; Motion perception; Posture; Space flight; Space motion sickness

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN; NEUROTRANSMITTER; PROMETHAZINE;

BODY POSTURE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRIFUGE; CUFF; DEVICE; ELECTRIC CURRENT; EYE HAND COORDINATION; EYE MOVEMENT; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FORCE; HEAD MOVEMENT; HUMAN; INTRAMUSCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LOCOMOTION; MICROGRAVITY; MOTION SICKNESS; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; OTOLITH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SHOE; SPACE FLIGHT; SPATIAL ORIENTATION; TRANSDERMAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; VISION;

EID: 0032212627     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0173(98)00031-9     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. [1] G.S. Aizikov, Yu.V. Kreidich, R.A. Grigoryan, Sensory interaction and methods of nonmedicinal prophylaxis of space motion sickness, Physiologist 34 (1991) S220-S223.
2. [2] D.J. Anderson, M.F. Reschke, J.L. Homick, S.A.S. Werness, Dynamic posture analysis of spacelab crewmembers, Exp. Brain Res. 64 (1986) 380-391.
3. [3] C. Assaiante, B. Amblard, Ontogenesis of head stabilization in space during locomotion in children: influence of visual clues, Exp. Brain Res. 93 (1993) 499-515.
4. [4] J. Attias, C. Gordon, J. Ribak, O. Binah, A. Rolnick, Efficacy of transdermal scopolamine against seasickness: a 3-day study at sea, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 58 (1987) 60-62.
5. [5] J.P. Bagian, First intramuscular administration in the U.S. Space program, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 31 (1991) 920.
6. [6] J.T. Baker, A.E. Nicogossian, G.W. Hoffler, R.L. Johnson, J.R. Hordinsky, Changes in the achilles-tendon reflexes following Skylab missions, in: R.S. Johnston, L.F. Dietlein (Eds.), Biomedical Results from Skylab, NASA SP-377, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1977, pp. 131-135.
7. [7] R.J. Barrett, M.F. Lokhandwala, Circulatory and vestibular implications of central angiotensin mechanisms in physiological adaptation to weightlessness, Med. Hypotheses 7 (1981) 1415-1419.
8. [8] G. Becker, H. Goossens, K. Seemann, F. Souchon, T. Weitz, Prevention of motion sickness with a transdermal-therapeutic system containing scopolamine: a randomized, comparative double-blind study in the German Federal Navy, Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 109 (49) (1984) 1881-1885.
9. [9] M. Berger, F. Ferstenbrand, I.B. Kozlovskaya, N. Burlatchkova, A. Muigg, A. Sokolov, B. Babaev, I. Grill, M. Borisov, C. DeCol, G. Holzmüller, E. Hochmair, G. Steinwender, Eye, head and arm coordination and spinal reflexes in weightlessness: Monimir experiment, health from space research, in: by the Austrian Society for Aerospace Medicine (Ed.), Austrian Accomplishments, Springer-Verlag, Wien, NY, 1992, pp. 119-135.
10. [10] A. Berthoz, T. Pozzo, Intermittent head stabilization during postural and locomotory tasks in humans, in: B. Amblard, A. Berthoz, F. Clarac (Eds.), Posture and Gait: Development, Adaptation and Modulation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988, pp. 189-198.
11. [11] F.O. Black, W.H. Paloski, D.D. Doxey-Gasway, M.F. Reschke, Vestibular plasticity following orbital space flight: recovery from postflight postural instability, Acta Oto-Laryngologica (Stockholm) 520 (1995) 450-454.
12. [12] J.J. Bloomberg, M.F. Reschke, W.P. Huebner, B.T. Peters, S.L. Smith, Locomotor head-trunk coordination strategies following space flight, J. Vestibular Res. 7 (1997) 161-177.
13. [13] J.J. Bloomberg, M.F. Reschke, W.P. Huebner, B.T. Peters, The effects of target distance on eye and head movement during locomotion, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 656 (1992) 699-707.
14. [14] I.I. Bryanov, M.D. Yemelyanov, A.D. Matveyev, E.I. Mantsev, I.K. Tarasov, I.Ya. Yakovleva, L.I. Kakurin, O.P. Kozerenko, V.I. Myasnikov, A.V. Yeremin, V.I. Pervushin, M.A. Cherepakhin, Purakhin. Characteristics of Statokinetic Reactions, Kosmicheskiye Polety na Korablyakh 'Soyuz' Biomeditsinskiye Issledovaniya, in: O.G. Gazenko, L.I. Kakurin, A.G. Kuznetsov (Eds.), Nauka, Moscow, 1976.
15. [15] G.E. Grossman, R.J. Leigh, L.A. Abel, D.J. Lanska, S.E. Thurston, Frequency and velocity of rotational head perturbations during locomotion, Exp. Brain Res. 70 (1988) 470-476.
16. [16] G. Clément, A. Berthoz, F. Lestienne, Adaptive changes in perception of body orientation and mental-image rotation in microgravity, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 58 (1987) A159-A163.
17. [17] G. Clément, M.F., Reschke, Neurosensory and Sensory-Motor functions, biomedical and medical research in space: an overview of life sciences research in microgravity, in: D. Moore, P. Bie, H. Oser (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996, pp. 178-258.
18. [18] G. Clément, V.S. Gurfinkel, F. Lestienne, M.I. Lipshits, K.E. Popov, Adaptation of posture control to weightlessness, Exp. Brain Res. 57 (1984) 61-72.
19. [19] G. Clément, V.S. Gurfinkel, F. Lestienne, M.I. Lipshits, K.E. Popov, Changes of posture during transient perturbations in microgravity, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 56 (1985) 666-671.
20. [20] P.S. Cowings, Autogenic-Feedback Training: A Treatment for Motion and Space Sickness, Motion and Space Sickness, in: G.H. Crampton (Ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, pp. 353-372.
21. [21] P.S. Cowings, W.B. Toscano, The relationship of motion sickness susceptibility to learned autonomic control for symptom suppression, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 53 (1982) 570-575.
22. [22] P.S. Cowings, S. Suter, W.B. Toscano, J. Kamiya, K. Naifeh, General autonomic components of motion sickness, Psychophysiology 23 (1986) 542-551.
23. [23] J.R. Davis, R.T. Jennings, B.G. Beck, Comparison of treatment strategies for space motion sickness, Acta Astronautica 29 (1993) 587-591.
24. [24] J.R. Davis, R.T. Jennings, B.G. Beck, J.P. Bagian, Treatment efficacy of intramuscular promethazine for space motion sickness, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 64 (1993) 230-233.
25. [25] J.R. Davis, J.M. Vanderploeg, P.A. Santy, R.T. Jennings, D.F. Stewart, Space motion sickness during 24 flights of the space shuttle, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 59 (1988) 1185-1189.
26. [26] S.G. Diamond, C.H. Markham, Ocular torsion in upright and tilted positions during hypo-and hypergravity of parabolic flight, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 59 (1988) 1158-1162.
27. [27] S.G. Diamond, C.H. Markham, Prediction of space motion sickness susceptibility by disconjugate eye torsion in parabolic flight, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 62 (1991) 201-205.
28. [28] S.G. Diamond, C.H. Markham, K.E. Money, Instability of ocular torsion in zero gravity: possible implications for space motion sickness, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 61 (1990) 899-905.
29. [29] T.M.H. Dijkstra, G. Schner, C.C.A.M. andGielen, Temporal stability of the action-perception cycle for postural control in a moving visual environment, Exp. Brain Res. 97 (1994) 477-486.
30. [30] A.M. Elner, M.I. Lipshits, K.E. Popov, On Participation of the Vestibular Apparatus in Fast Muscle Responses Stabilizing Human Vertical Posture, 2nd Symposium of the International Society of Posturography, Smolenice, 1973, 23-24.
31. [31] G.I. Gorgiladze, I.I. Bryanov, Space motion sickness, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya I Aviakos-micheskaya Meditsina 23 (3) (1989) 4-14.
32. [32] A. Graybiel, A.R. Fregly, A new quantitative ataxia test battery, Acta Oto-Laryngologica 61 (1966) 292-312.
33. [33] A. Graybiel, J. Knepton, Evaluation of a new antinauseant drug for the prevention of motion sickness, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 48 (1977) 867-871.
34. [34] A. Graybiel, J.R. Lackner, Comparison of susceptibility to motion sickness during rotation at 30 rpm in the earth-horizontal, 10° head-up, and 10° head-down position, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 48 (1977) 7-11.
35. [35] A. Graybiel, J.R. Lackner, Rotation at 30 rpm about the Z-axis after 6 h in the 10° head-down position: effect on susceptibility to motion sickness, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 50 (1979) 390-392.
36. [36] A. Graybiel, J.R. Lackner, Treatment of severe motion sickness with antimotion-sickness drug injections, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 58 (1987) 773-776.
37. [37] A. Graybiel, D.B. Cramer, C.D. Wood, Experimental motion sickness: efficacy of transdermal scopolamine plus ephedrine, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 52 (1981) 337-339.
38. [38] A. Graybiel, J. Knepton, J. Shaw, Prevention of experimental motion sickness by scopolamine absorbed through the skin, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 47 (1976) 1096-1100.
39. [39] A. Graybiel, E.F. Miller, J.L. Homick, Individual differences in susceptibility to motion sickness among six Skylab astronauts, Acta Astronautica 2 (1975) 155-174.
40. [40] A. Graybiel, E.F. Miller, J.L. Homick, Experiment M-131: Human vestibular function: 1. Susceptibility to motion sickness, Proceedings of the Skylab Life Sciences Symposium, TMX-58154, NASA, Houston, TX 1 (1974) 169-198.
41. [41] A. Graybiel, E.F. Miller, J.L. Homick, Experiment M131: Human vestibular function, in: R.S. Johnston, L.F. Dietlein (Eds.), Biomedical Results from Skylab, NASA SP-377, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1977, pp. 74-103.
42. [42] M. Gresty, Stability of the head: studies in normal subjects and in patients with labyrinthine disease, head tremor, and dystonia, Movement Disorders 2 (1987) 165-185.
43. [43] A.I. Grigoriev, A.D. Yegorov (Eds.), Preliminary Medical Results of the 180-Day Flight of Prime Crew-6 on Space Station Mir, 4th Meeting of the US/USSR Joint Working Group on Space Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA, September, 1990, 16-22.
44. [44] A.I. Grigoriev, I.A. Nichiporuk, V.V. Yasnetsov, V.S. Shashkov, Peculiarities of Horizonal Status and Fluid-Electrolyte Metabolism During Motion Sickness, Physiological Adaptation of Man in Space: 7th International Man in Space, Symposium, Houston, TX, 1986.
45. [45] A.I. Grigoriev, I.A. Nichiporuk, V.V. Yasnetsov, V.S. Shashkov, Hormonal status and fluid electrolyte metabolism in motion sickness, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 59 (1988) 301-305.
46. [46] A.I. Grigoriev, A.D. Yegorov, I.A. Nichiporuk, Neurohumoral mechanism of space motion sickness, Acta Astronautica 17 (1988) 167-172.
47. [47] G.E. Grossman, R.J. Leigh, E.N. Bruce, W.P. Huebner, D.J. Lanska, Performance of the human vestibulo-ocular reflex during locomotion, J. Neurophysiol. 62 (1985) 264-272.
48. [48] G.E. Grossman, R.J. Leigh, Instability of gaze during locomotion in patients with deficient vestibular function, Ann. Neurol. 27 (1990) 528-532.
49. [49] N.N. Gurovskiy, A.V. Yeremin, O.G. Gazenko, A.D. Yegorov, I.I. Bryanov, A.M. Genin, Medical investigations during flights of the Soyuz-12, Soyuz-13, Soyuz-14 and the Salyut-3 orbital station, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya I Aviakosmicheskaya Meditsina 9 (2) (1975) 48-54.
50. [50] D.L. Harm, Physiology of motion sickness symptoms, in: G.H. Crampton (Ed.), Motion and Space Sickness, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, pp. 153-177.
51. [51] D.L. Harm, D.E. Parker, Preflight adaptation training for spatial orientation and space motion sickness, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 34 (1994) 618-627.
52. [52] D.L. Harm, J.J. Bloomberg, M.F. Reschke, N.C. Skinner, C.A. Liao, L. Michaud, D.E. Parker, Adaptive modification of gaze control following tilt reinterpretation, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 62 (1991) 477.
53. [53] D.L. Harm, D.E. Parker, Perceived self-orientation and self-motion in microgravity, after landing, and during preflight adaptation training, J. Vestibular Res. 3 (1993) 297-305.
54. [54] D.L. Harm, D.E. Parker, M.F. Reschke, DSO 468: Preflight Adaptation Trainer, Results of Life Sciences DSOs Conducted Aboard the Space Shuttle, 1991-1993, unpublished report, NASA, Houston, TX, 1994, 27-43.
55. [55] D.L. Harm, D.E. Parker, M.F. Reschke, M.S. Skinner, Relationship between selected orientation rest frame, circular vection and space motion sickness, Brain Res. Bull., 1998, in Press.
56. [56] D.L. Harm, R.M. Stern, K.L. Koch, Tachygastria During Parabolic Flight, Space Life Science Symposium: Three Decades of Life Science Research in Space, NASA Washington, DC, June 21-26, 1987.
57. [57] R. Hernandez-Korwo, I.B. Kozlovskaya, Y.V. Kreydich, S. Martinez-Fernandez, A.S. Rakhmanov, E. Fernandez-Pone, V.A. Minenko, Effect of 7-day spaceflight on structure and function of human locomotor system, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya I Aviakosmicheskaya Meditsina 17 (2) (1983) 37-44.
58. [58] E. Hirasaki, K. Takeshi, S. Nozawa, S. Matano, T. Matsunaga, Analysis of head and body movements of elderly people during locomotion, Acta Oto-Laryngologica (Stockholm) 501 (1993) 25-30.
59. [59] J.L. Homick, Motion sickness: general background and methods, in: R.L. Kohl (Ed.), Proceedings of the Space Adaptation Syndrome Drug Workshop, July 1983, Space Biomedical Research Institute, USRA Division of Space Biomedicine, Houston, TX, 1985, pp. 9-19.
60. [60] J.L. Homick, Special note: space motion sickness in the Soviet manned space flight program, in: J.L. Homick (Ed.), Space Motion Sickness Symposium Proceedings, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, November, 1978, pp. 15-17.
61. [61] J.L. Homick, E.F. Miller II., Apollo Flight Crew Vestibular Assessment, in: R.S. Johnston, L.F. Dietlein, C.A. Berry (Eds.), Biomedical Results of Apollo, NASA SP-368, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1975, pp. 323-340.
62. [62] J.L. Homick, M.F. Reschke, Postural equilibrium following exposure to weightless space flight, Acta Oto-Laryngologica 83 (1977) 455-464.
63. [63] J.L. Homick, J.M. Vanderploeg, The Neurovestibular System, in: A.E. Nicogossian, C.L. Huntoon, S.L. Pool (Eds.), Space Physiology and Medicine, second edn., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1989, pp. 154-166.
64. [64] J.L. Homick, R.L. Kohl, M.F. Reschke, J. Degioanni, N.M. Cintron-Trevino, Transdermal scopolamine in the prevention of motion sickness: evaluation of the time course of efficacy, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 54 (1983) 994-1000.
65. [65] J.L. Homick, M.F. Reschke, J.M. Vanderploeg, Space Adaptation Syndrome. Incidence and Operational Implications for the Space Transportation System Program, Motion Sickness: Mechanisms, Prediction, Prevention, and Treatment, CP-372, Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development [AGARD], Williamsburg, VA, 1984.
66. [66] J. How, P.-S. Lee, L.-C. Seet, P.-K. Tan, The Republic of Singapore Navy's scopoderm TTS study: results after 2200 man-days at sea, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 59 (1988) 646-650.
67. [67] N.N. Karkishchenko, Specification for an 'ideal' drug to prevent space motion sickness, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya I Aviakosmicheskaya Meditsina 23 (6) (1989) 33-36.
68. [68] J.R. Kass, H. Vogel, R.J. von Baumgarten, Neck Receptor Stimulation in 0-and 1-G, Proceedings of the 3rd European Symposium on Life Sciences Research in Space, ESA SP-271, Graz, Austria, 1987, pp. 233-236.
69. [69] R.S. Kennedy, W.P. Dunlap, J.E. Fowlkes, Prediction of Motion-Sickness Susceptibility, in: G.H. Crampton (Ed.), Motion and Space Sickness, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, pp. 179-215.
70. [70] R.V. Kenyon, L.R. Young, MIT/Canadian vestibular experiments on Spacelab-1 mission: 5. Postural responses following exposure to weightlessness, Exp. Brain Res. 64 (1986) 335-346.
71. [71] E.A. Keshner, Postural abnormalities in vestibular disorders, in: S.J. Herdman (Ed.), Vestibular Rehabilitation, FA Davis, Philadelphia, 1994, pp. 47-67.
72. [72] K.L. Khilov, Some problems in evaluating the vestibular function of aviators and cosmonauts, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya I Aviakosmicheskaya Meditsina 8 (5) (1974) 47-52.
73. [73] R.L. Kohl, Endocrine correlates of susceptibility to motion sickness, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 56 (1985) 1158-1165.
74. [74] L.N. Kornilova, I.Ya. Yakovleva, I.K. Tarasov, G.I. Gorgiladze, Vestibular dysfunction in cosmonauts during adaptation to zero g and readaptation to 1 g, Physiologist 26 (1983) S35-S40.
75. [75] L.N. Kornilova, Vestibular function and sensory interaction in altered gravity, Adv. Space Biol. Med. 6 (1997) 55-63, JAI Press.
76. [76] I.B. Kozlovskaya, B.M. Babaev, V.A. Barmin, I.I. Beloozerova, Yu.V. Kreidich, M.G. Sirota, The effect of weightlessness on motor and vestibulo-motor reactions, Physiologist 27 (1984) S111-S114.
77. [77] J.R. Lackner, P. DiZio, Gravitoinertial-force level affects the appreciation of limb position during muscle vibration, Brain Res. 592 (1992) 175-180.
78. [78] J.R. Lackner, A. Graybiel, Head Movements Elicit Motion sickness during exposure to microgravity-and macrogravity-acceleration levels, in: M. Igarashi, F.O. Black (Eds.), Vestibular and Visual Control of Posture and Locomotor Equilibrium, Karger, Basel, Switzerland, 1985, pp. 170-176.
79. [79] J.R. Lackner, A. Graybiel, Illusions of postural, visual, and aircraft motion elicited by deep knee bends in the increased gravitoinertial-force phase of parabolic flight, Exp. Brain Res. 44 (1981) 312-316.
80. [80] L.A. Laitinen, O. Tokola, G. Gothoni, H. Vapaatalo, Scopolamine alone or combined with ephedrine in seasickness: a double-blind placebo-controlled study, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 52 (1981) 6-10.
81. [81] E.V. Lapayev, O.A. Vorobyev, The problem of vestibular physiology in aerospace medicine and prospects for its solution, space biology and aerospace medicine, in: O.G. Gazenko (Ed.), 8th All-Union Conference, Kaluga, June 25-27, 1986, Nauka, Moscow, 1986, pp. 85-86.
82. [82] C.S. Layne, P.V. McDonald, C.J. Pruett, G. Jones, J.J. Bloomberg, Preparatory postural control after space flight, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 21 (1995) 684.
83. [83] C.S. Layne, A.P. Mulavara, P.V. McDonald, C.J. Pruett, I.B. Kozlovskaya, J.J. Bloomberg, The impact of long duration space flight on upright postural stability during unilateral arm raises, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 23 (1997) 610.
84. [84] C.S. Layne, A.P. Mulavara, C.J. Pruett, P.V. McDonald, I.B. Kozlovskaya, J.J. Bloomberg, The use of inflight foot pressure as a countermeasure to neuromuscular degradation. 12th Man in Space Symposium: The Future of Humans in Space, June 8-13, 1997, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 320.
85. [85] C.S. Layne, B.S. Spooner, EMG analysis of human postural responses during parabolic flight microgravity episodes, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 60 (1990) 994-998.
86. [86] C.S. Layne, B.S. Spooner, Microgravity effects on 'postural' muscle activity patterns, Adv. Space Res. 14 (8) (1994) 381-384.
87. [87] C.S. Layne, B.S. Spooner, Effects of postural set on anticipatory muscle activation prior to rapid arm flexion, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 63 (1992) 196-199.
88. [88] C.S. Layne, P.V. McDonald, J.J. Bloomberg, Neuromuscular activation patterns during locomotion after space flight, Exp. Brain Res. 113 (1) (1997) 117-129.
89. [89] C.S. Leach, Fluid-control mechanisms in weightlessness, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 58 (1987) A74-A79.
90. [90] C.S. Leach, M.F. Reschke, Biochemical Correlates of Neurosensory Changes in Weightlessness, (IAF/IAA-89-598), 40th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Malaga, Spain, October 7-12, International Astronautical Federation, Paris, 1989.
91. [91] G.D. Levy, M.H. Rapaport, Transdermal scopolamine efficacy related to time of application prior to the onset of motion, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 56 (1985) 591-593.
92. [92] L.H. Light, G.E. McLellan, L. Klenerman, Skeletal transients on heel strike in normal walking with different footwear, J. Biomech. 13 (1980) 4-477.
93. [93] M.I. Lipshits, K. Mauritz, K.E. Popov, Quantitative analysis of anticipation-postural components of a complex voluntary movement, Fiziologiia Cheloveka 8 (2) (1981) 254-263.
94. [94] J.T. Marcus, Otolith responses in man during parabolic flight, Exp. Brain Res. 96 (1993) 328-334.
95. [95] C.H. Markham, S.G. Diamond, A predictive test for space motion sickness, J. Vestibular Res. 3 (1993) 289-295.
96. [96] J. Massion, V.S. Gurfinkel, M.I. Lipshits, A. Obadia, K.E. Popov, Axial synergies under microgravity conditions, J. Vestibular Res. 3 (1993) 275-287.
97. [97] J. Massion, Movement, posture, and equilibrium: interaction and coordination, Progress Neurobiol. 38 (1992) 35-56.
98. [98] J. Massion, V.S. Gurfinkel, M.I. Lipshits, A. Obadia, K.E. Popov, Strategy and synergy: two levels of equilibrium control during movement: effects of microgravity, Comptes Rendus del l'Academie des Sciences Serie III: Sciences de la Vie 314 (1992) 87-92.
99. [99] E.I. Matsnev, D. Bodo, Experimental assessment of selected antimotion-sickness drugs, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 55 (1984) 281-286.
100. [100] E.I. Matsnev, I.Ya. Yakovleva, I.K. Tarasov, V.N. Alekseev, L.N. Kornilova, A.D. Mateev, G.I. Gorgiladze, Space motion sickness: phenomenology, countermeasures, and mechanisms, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 54 (1983) 312-317.
101. [101] A.D. Matveyev, Development of methods for the study of space motion sickness, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya I Aviakosmicheskaya Meditsina 21 (3) (1987) 83-88.
102. [102] M.E. McCauley, J.W. Royal, J.E. Shaw, L.G. Schmitt, Effect of transdermally administered scopolamine in preventing motion sickness, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 50 (1979) 1108-1111.
103. [103] P.V. McDonald, C. Basdogan, J.J. Bloomberg, C.S. Layne, Lower limb kinematics during treadmill walking after space flight: implications for gaze stabilization, Exp. Brain Res. 112 (2) (1996) 325-334.
104. [104] P.V. McDonald, J.J. Bloomberg, C.S. Layne, A review of adaptive change in musculoskeletal impedance during space flight and associated implications for postflight head movement control, J. Vestibular Res. 7 (2-3) (1997) 239-250.
105. [105] C.G. Melnik, A.V. Shakula, V.V. Ivanov, The use of the electrotranquilization method for increasing vestibular tolerance in humans, Voenno-Meditisinskii Zhurnal 8 (1986) 42-45.
106. [106] G. Melvill-Jones, Adaptive Neurobiology in Space Flight, Proceedings of the Skylab Life Sciences Symposium, JSC-09275, NASA, Houston, TX, 1974.
107. [107] G. Melvill-Jones, D.G.D. Watt, Muscular control of landing from unexpected falls in man, J. Physiol. 219 (1971) 729-741.
108. [108] L. Michaud, D.E. Parker, D.L. Harm, Changes in the vestibulo-ocular reflex associated with simulated stimulus conditions of spaceflight, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 15 (1) (1989) 514.
109. [109] H. Mittelstaedt, S. Glasauer, Illusions of verticality in weightlessness, Clin. Invest. 71 (1993) 732-739.
110. [110] K.E. Money, B.S. Cheung, Another function of the inner ear: facilitation of the emetic response to poisons, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 54 (1983) 208.
111. [111] C. Mueller, L. Kornilova, G. Wiest, L. Deecke, Optovert-vertical optokinetic stimulation used to examine central orientational processes, in: Austrian Society for Aerospace Medicine (Ed.), Health from Space Research, Austrian Accomplishments, Springer-Verlag, Wien, NY, 1992, pp. 155-165.
112. [112] C. Mueller, L. Kornilova, G. Wiest, N. Steinhoff, L. Deecke, Results from Vertical Vection Experiments in Short and Long Term Space Flights, Proceedings of the 5th European Symposium on Life Sciences Research in Space, ESA SP-366, Arcachon, France, Sept. 26-Oct. 1, 1993, CNES/ESA, 1994, pp. 373-376.
113. [113] L.M. Nashner, Strategies for organization of human posture, in: M. Igarashi, F.O. Black (Eds.), Vestibular and Visual Control of Posture and Locomotor equilibrium, Karger, Basel, Houston, TX, 1985, pp. 1-8.
114. [114] A.S. Nekhayev, V.D. Vlasov, V.V. Ivanov, Use of central electroanalgesia for functional recovery from motion sickness, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya I Aviakosmicheskaya Meditsina 20 (4) (1986) 42-44.
115. [115] D.J. Newman, D.K. Jackson, J.J. Bloomberg, Altered astronaut lower-limb and mass center kinematics in downward jumping following space flight, Exp. Brain Res., in press.
116. [116] S. Noy, S. Shapira, A. Zilbiger, J. Ribak, Transdermal therapeutic system scopolamine (ttss), dimenhydrinate, and placebo - a comparative study at sea, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 55 (1984) 1051-1054.
117. [117] K. Offenloch, G. Zahner, G. Dietlein, I. Franz, Comparative inflight study of a scopolamine-containing membrane plaster versus dimenhydrinate under defined acceleration conditions, Arzneimittelforschung 36 (9) (1986) 1401-1406.
118. [118] C.M. Oman, Space Motion Sickness and Vestibular Experiments in Spacelab, SAE Technical Paper Series no. 820833, Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, 1982, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1982.
119. [119] C.M. Oman, B.K. Lichtenberg, K.E. Money, Space motion sickness monitoring experiment: Spacelab-1, in: G.H. Crampton (Eds.), Motion and Space Sickness, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, pp. 217-246.
120. [120] W.H. Paloski, F.O. Black, M.F. Reschke, D.S. Calkins, C. Shupert, Vestibular ataxia following shuttle flights: effects of microgravity on otolith-mediated sensorimotor control of posture, Am. J. Otol. 14 (1993) 9-17.
121. [121] W.H. Paloski, D.L. Harm, M.F. Reschke, D.D. Doxey, N.C. Skinner, L. Michaud, D.E. Parker, Postural Changes Following Sensory Reinterpretation as an Analog to Spaceflight, Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Life Sciences Research in Space, ESA SP-307, Trieste, Italy, 28 May-1 June, 1990, pp. 175-178.
122. [122] W.H. Paloski, M.F. Reschke, F.O. Black, D.D. Doxey, D.L. Harm, Recovery of postural equilibrium control following space flight, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 656 (1992) 747-754.
123. [123] W.H. Paloski, M.F. Reschke, D.D. Doxey, F.O. Black, Neurosensory adaptation associated with postural ataxia following spaceflight, in: M. Wollacott, F. Horak (Eds.), Posture and Gait: Control Mechanisms, University of Oregon Press, Eugene, OR, 1992, pp. 311-315.
124. [124] D.E. Parker, The relative roles of the otolith organs and semicircular canals in producing space motion sickness, J. Vestibular Res. 8 (1998) 57-59.
125. [125] D.E. Parker, K.E. Money, Vestibular/motion sickness mechanism, in: J.L. Homick (Ed.), Space Motion Sickness Symposium Proceedings, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, November 15-17, 1978.
126. [126] D.E. Parker, K.L. Parker, Adaptation to the simulated stimulus rearrangement of weightlessness, in: G.H. Crampton (Ed.), Motion and Space Sickness, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, pp. 247-262.
127. [127] D.E. Parker, M.F. Reschke, A.P. Arrott, J.L. Homick, B.K. Lichtenberg, Otolith tilt-translation reinterpretation following prolonged weightlessness: implications for preflight training, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 56 (1985) 601-606.
128. [128] D.E. Parker, Ö. Tjernström, A. Ivarsson, W.L. Gulledge, R.L. Poston, Physiological and behavioral effects of tilt-induced body fluid shifts, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 54 (1983) 402-409.
129. [129] B.I. Polyakov, Discrete adaptation to sensory conflict, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya I Aviakosmicheskaya Meditsina 21 (5) (1987) 82-86.
130. [130] T. Pozzo, A. Berthoz, L. Lefort, E. Vitte, Head stabilization during various locomotor tasks in humans: II. Patients with bilateral peripheral vestibular deficits, Exp. Brain Res. 85 (1991) 208-217.
131. [131] T. Pozzo, A. Berthoz, L. Lefort, Head stabilization during various locomotor tasks in humans: I. Normal subjects, Exp. Brain Res. 82 (1990) 97-106.
132. [132] P.D. Pulaski, D.S. Zee, D.A. Robinson, The behavior of the vestibulo-ocular reflex at high velocities of head rotation, Brain Res. 222 (1981) 159-165.
133. [133] I. Pyykkö, S. Padoan, L. Schalén, L. Lyttkens, M. Magnusson, N.G. Henriksson, The effects of TTS-scopolamine, dimenhydrinate, lidocaine, and tocainide on motion sickness, vertigo, and nystagmus, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 56 (1985) 777-782.
134. [134] B.W. Rague, C.M. Oman, Detection of Motion-Sickness Onset Using Abdominal Biopotentials, Space Life Science Symposium: Three Decades of Life Science Research in Space, Washington, DC, June 21-26, 1987, NASA, Washington, DC, pp. 103-105.
135. [135] J.T. Reason, J.J. Brand, Motion Sickness, Academic Press, London, 1975.
136. [136] M.F. Reschke, Statistical prediction of space motion sickness, in: G.H. Crampton (Ed.), Motion and Space Sickness, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, pp. 263-316.
137. [137] M.F. Reschke, D.E. Parker, Effects of prolonged weightlessness on self-motion perception and eye movements evoked by roll and pitch, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 58 (1987) A153-A158.
138. [138] M.F. Reschke, D.J. Anderson, J.L. Homick, Vestibulospinal reflexes as a function of microgravity, Science 225 (1984) 212-214.
139. [139] M.F. Reschke, D.J. Anderson, J.L. Homick, Vestibulo-spinal response modification as determined with the H reflex during the Spacelab-1 flight, Exp. Brain Res. 64 (1986) 367-379.
140. [140] M.F. Reschke, J.J. Bloomberg, W.H. Paloski, D.L. Harm, D.E. Parker, Neurophysiologic aspects: sensory and sensory-motor function, in: A.E. Nicogossian, C.L. Huntoon, S.L. Pool (Eds.), Space Physiology and Medicine, third edn., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1994, pp. 261-285.
141. [141] M.F. Reschke, D.L. Harm, D.E. Parker, W.H. Paloski, DSO 459: Otolith Tilt-Translation Reinterpretation, Results of Life Sciences DSOs Conducted Aboard the Space Shuttle, 1988-1990, unpublished report, NASA, Houston, TX, 1991, 33-50.
142. [142] M.F. Reschke, D.L. Harm, D.E. Parker, G.R. Sandoz, J.L. Homick, J.M. Vanderploeg, Neurophysiologic aspects: space motion sickness, in: A.E. Nicogossian, C.L. Huntoon, S.L. Pool (Eds.), Space Physiology and Medicine, third edn., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1994, pp. 228-260.
143. [143] M.F. Reschke, J.L. Homick, D.J. Anderson, Development of vestibulospinal-reflex measurements as a means of investigating statotolith function during sustained weightlessness, in: M. Igarashi, F.O. Black (Eds.), Vestibular and Visual Control of Posture and Locomotor Equilibrium, Karger, Basel, Switzerland, 1985, pp. 151-157.
144. [144] M.F. Reschke, D.E. Parker, D.L. Harm, L. Michaud, Ground-based training for the stimulus rearrangement encountered during space flight, Acta Oto-Laryngologica (Stockholm) 460 (1988) 87-93.
145. [145] J.P. Roll, K.E. Popov, J.C. Gilhodes, R. Roll, V.S. Gurfinkel, C. Quoniam, O. Charade, Changes in human proprioceptive functions in weightlessness, Proceedings of the 5th European Symposium on Life Sciences Research in Space, ESA SP-366, Arcachon, France, Sept. 26-Oct. 1, 1993, CNES/ESA, 1994, pp. 351-355.
146. [146] J.P. Roll, K.E. Popov, V.S. Gurfinkel, M.I. Lipshits, C. André-Deshays, J.C. Gilhodes, C. Quoniam, Sensorimotor and perceptual function of muscle proprioception in microgravity, J. Vestibular Res. 3 (1993) 259-274.
147. [147] J.P. Roll, K.E. Popov, V.S. Gurfinkel, M.I. Lipshits, C. André-Deshays, J.C. Gilhodes, C. Quoniam, Body proprioceptive references in weightlessness as studied by muscle-tendon vibration, Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Life Sciences Research in Space, ESA SP-307, Trieste, Italy, May 28-June 1, 1990, pp. 43-48.
148. [148] C.E. Ross, J.R. Hordinsky, Crew Health: Skylab 1/2 R+21 Day Interim Report, NASA JSC-08706, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 1973, 26-59.
149. [149] V.S. Shashkov, V.V. Sabayev, Pharmacological agents for the prevention and treatment of motion sickness, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya I Aviakosmicheskaya Meditsina 15 (1) (1981) 9-18.
150. [150] A. Shupak, C.R. Gordon, O. Spitzer, N. Mendelowitz, Y. Melamed, Three-years experience of transdermal scopolamine: long-term effectiveness and side effects, Pharmatherapeutica 5 (6) (1989) 365-370.
151. [151] R.M. Stern, K.L. Koch, H.W. Leibowitz, I.M. Lindblad, C.L. Shupert, W.R. Stewart, Tachygastria and motion sickness, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 56 (1985) 1074-1077.
152. [152] R.M. Stern, K.L. Koch, W.R. Stewart, I.M. Lindblad, Spectral analysis of tachygastria recorded during motion sickness, Gastroenterology 92 (1987) 92-97.
153. [153] J.J. Stewart, M.J. Wood, C.D. Wood, Electrogastrograms during motion sickness in fasted and fed subjects, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 60 (1989) 214-217.
154. [154] K. Taguchi, C. Hirabayashi, Kikukawa, clinical significance of head movement while stepping, Acta Oto-Laryngologica (Stockholm) 406 (1984) 25-128.
155. [155] M. Takahashi, H. Hoshikawa, N. Tsujita, Akiyama, effect of labyrinthine dysfunction upon head oscillation and gaze during stepping and running, Acta Oto-Laryngologica (Stockholm) 106 (1988) 348-353.
156. [156] M. Takahashi, Head stability and gaze during vertical whole-body oscillations, Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 99 (1990) 883-888.
157. [157] W.E. Thornton, B.J. Linder, T.P. Moore, S.L. Pool, Gastrointestinal motility in space motion sickness, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 58 (1987) A16-A21.
158. [158] W.E. Thornton, T.P. Moore, S.L. Pool, J.M. Vanderploeg, Clinical characterization and etiology of space motion sickness, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 58 (1987) A1-A8.
159. [159] M. Treisman, Motion sickness: an evolutionary hypothesis, Science 197 (1977) 493.
160. [160] S.H.J. Uijtdehaage, R.M. Stern, K.L. Koch, Effects of eating on vection-induced motion sickness, Cardiac-vagal tone, and gastric-myoellectric activity, Psychophysiology 29 (1992) 193-201.
161. [161] S.H.J. Uijtdehaage, R.M. Stern, K.L. Koch, Effects of scopolamine on autonomic profiles underlying motion-sickness susceptibility, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 64 (1993) 1-8.
162. [162] W.F. van Marion, M.C. Bongaerts, J.C. Christiaansen, H.G. Hofkamp, W. van Ouwerkerk, Influence of transdermal scopolamine on motion sickness during 7 days exposure to heavy seas, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 38 (1985) 301-305.
163. [163] R.J. von Baumgarten, European Vestibular Experiments on the Spacelab-1 Mission: 1 Overview, Exp. Brain Res. 64 (1986) 239-246.
164. [164] R.J. von Baumgarten, General remarks on the role of the vestibular system in weightlessness, Acta Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 244 (1987) 135-142.
165. [165] R.J. von Baumgarten, R.R. Thumler, A model for vestibular function in altered gravitational states, Proceedings of the Open Meeting of the Working Group on Space Biology, May 29-June 10, 1978.
166. [166] R.J. von Baumgarten, J. Kass, H. Vogel, J. Wetzig, Influence of proprioceptive information on space orientation on the ground and in orbital weightlessness, Adv. Space Res. 9 (1989) 223-230.
167. [167] R.J. von Baumgarten, H. Vogel, J.R. Kass, Nausogenic properties of various dynamic and static-force environments, Acta Astronautica 8 (1981) 1005-1013.
168. [168] R.J. von Baumgarten, J. Wetzig, H. Vogel, J.R. Kass, Static and dynamic mechanisms of space vestibular malaise, Physiologist 35 (1982) S33-S36.
169. [169] R. von Baumgarten, A.J. Benson, A. Berthoz, W. Bles, T. Brandt, A. Brenske, A. Clarke, J. Dichgans, R. Eggertsberger, K. Jürgens, J. Kass, S. Krafczyk, T. Probst, H. Scherer, R. Thümler, T. Vogel, H. Vieville, J. Wetzig, European experiments on the vestibular system during the Spacelab D-1 mission, in: P.R. Sahm, R. Jansen, M.H. Keller, Proceedings of the Norderney Symposium on Scientific Results of the German Spacelab Mission D-1, Norderney, Germany, August 27-29, 1986, Wissenschaftliche Projektfuhrung D1, Koln, Germany, 1987, pp. 477-490.
170. [170] W. von Restorff, F.G. Krammling, G.K. Stalla, K. von Werder, Hormonal Responses to Coriolis Stress (abstract), Abstracts of the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Aerospace Medical Association, Houston TX, 1983, 143-144.
171. [171] Y.I. Vorobyev, O.G. Gazenko, N.N. Gurovskiy, Y.G. Nefedov, B.B. Yegovov, R.M. Bayevskiy, I.I. Bryanov, A.M. Genin, V.A. Degtyarev, A.D. Yegorov, A.V. Yeremin, I.D. Pestov, Preliminary results of medical investigations carried out during flight of the second expedition of the Salyut-4 orbital station, Kosmicheskaya Biologiya I Aviakosmicheskaya Meditsina 10 (5) (1976) 3-18.
172. [172] D.G.D. Watt, J.P. Landolt, L.R. Young, Effects of Long-Term Weightlessness on Roll-Circular Vection, Proceedings of the 7th CASI Conference on Astronautics, Ottawa, Canada, November, 1992.
173. [173] D.G.D. Watt, K.E. Money, L.M. Tomi, MIT/Canadian vestibular experiments on the Spacelab-1 mission: 3. Effects of prolonged weightlessness on a human otolith-spinal reflex, Exp. Brain Res. 64 (1986) 308-315.
174. [174] D.G.D. Watt, K.E. Money, R.L. Bondar, R.B. Thirsk, M. Garneau, P. Scully-Power, Canadian medical experiments on shuttle flight 41-G, Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal 31 (1985) 215-226.
175. [175] D.G.D. Watt, K.E. Money, L.M. Tomi, H. Better, Otolith-spinal reflex testing on Spacelab-1 and D-1, Physiologist 32 (1989) S49-S52.
176. [176] C.D. Wood, Antimotion sickness and antiemetic drugs, Drugs 17 (1979) 471-479.
177. [177] C.D. Wood, Pharmacological countermeasures against motion sickness, in: G.H. Crampton (Ed.), Motion and Space Sickness, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, pp. 343-351.
178. [178] C.D. Wood, A. Graybiel, Evaluation of 16 antimotion-sickness drugs under controlled laboratory conditions, Aerospace Medicine 39 (1968) 1341-1344.
179. [179] C.D. Wood, A. Graybiel, Evaluation of antimotion sickness drugs: a new effective remedy revealed, Aerospace Medicine 41 (1970) 932-933.
180. [180] C.D. Wood, A. Graybiel, Theory of antimotion-sickness drug mechanisms, Aerospace Medicine 43 (1972) 249-252.
181. [181] C.D. Wood, J.E. Manno, B.R. Manno, R.C. Odenheimer, L.E. Bairnsfather, The effect of antimotion-sickness drugs on habituation to motion, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 57 (1986) 539-542.
182. [182] C.D. Wood, J.E. Manno, M.J. Wood, B.R. Manno, H.M. Redetzki, Mechanisms of antimotion-sickness drugs, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 58 (1987) A262-A265.
183. [183] M.J. Wood, C.D. Wood, J.E. Manno, B.R. Manno, H.M. Redetzki, Nuclear medicine evaluation of motion sickness and medications on gastric emptying time, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 58 (1987) 1112-1114.
184. [184] L.R. Young, M. Shelhamer, Microgravity enhances the relative contribution of visually-induced motion sensation, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 61 (1990) 525-530.
185. [185] L.R. Young, D.K. Jackson, N. Groleau, S. Modestino, Multisensory integration in microgravity, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 682 (1992) 340-353.
186. [186] L.R. Young, C.M. Oman, D. Merfeld, D.G.D. Watt, S. Roy, C. Deluca, D. Balkwill, J. Christie, N. Groleau, D.K. Jackson, G. Law, S. Modestino, W. Mayer, Spatial orientation and posture during and following weightlessness: human experiments on Spacelab-life-sciences-1, J. Vestibular Res. 3 (1993) 231-240.
187. [187] L.R. Young, C.M. Oman, D.G.D. Watt, K.E. Money, B.K. Lichtenberg, Spatial orientation in weightlessness and readaptation to earth's gravity, Science 225 (1984) 205-208.
188. [188] L.R. Young, C.M. Oman, D.G.D. Watt, K.E. Money, B.K. Lichtenberg, R.V. Kenyon, A.P. Arrott, MIT/Canadian vestibular experiments on the Spacelab-1 mission: 1. Sensory adaptation to weightlessness and readaptation to 1 g: an overview, Exp. Brain Res. 64 (1986) 291-298.
189. [189] L.R. Young, C. Oman, K.E. Money, D.G.D. Watt, Scientific and Technical Proposal for Vestibular Experiments in Spacelab, ManVehicle Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1976.