Rebuilding the party's normative authority: China's socialist spiritual civilization campaign

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 45, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 33-41

  Chen, Feng ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0032209926     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10758216.1998.11655812     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Unless specified, the term "ideology" in this article refers to the CCP's official ideology.
2. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan's discussion of the role of ideology in a post-totalitarian system is helpful in putting China's case in perspective. See The Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 48.
3. Capitalism here is strictly understood as an economic institution, which is not necessarily linked to liberal democracy.
4. Deng Xiaoping made this statement in his address to high-ranking military officials of the martial law troops on June 9, 1989.
5. Chinese Communist Party Central Committee, Zhonggong zhongyang guanyu jiaqiang shehuizhuyi jingshen wenming jianshe ruogan zhongyao wenti de jueyi (CCP Central Committee's Resolution on Some Important Issues in Strengthening the Construction of Socialist Spiritual Civilization) (Beijing: Renmin, 1996), p. 4.
6. This is a common view held by some political commentators in Hong Kong and Chinese dissidents in the West.
7. Feng Chen, "An Unfinished Battle in China: The Leftist Criticism of the Reform and the Third Thought Emancipation," China Quarterly (forthcoming).
8. In The State: Its Nature, Development and Prospects (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), Gianfranco Poggi, cites N. Bobbio, to classify three forms of social power: economic, political, and normative. His analysis is focused on the state as the location of political power, but he does not go further to explore that the state can also be a major exerciser of normative authority in some societies.
9. David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life (New York: John Wiley, 1965), pp. 273-74. On this issue, see also Edward Muller and Thomas Jukam, "On the Meaning of Political Support," American Political Science Review 71 (September 1977): 1561-95.
10. David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life (New York: John Wiley, 1965), pp. 273-74. On this issue, see also Edward Muller and Thomas Jukam, "On the Meaning of Political Support," American Political Science Review 71 (September 1977): 1561-95.
11. Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman, The Social Construction of Reality (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966), p. 17.
12. Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life.
13. Larry Diamond, Juan Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset, Democracy in Developing Countries: Asia (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1989), p. 10. See also Feng Chen, "The Dilemma of Eudaemonic Legitimacy in Post-Mao China," Polity 29, no. 3 (spring 1997): 421-40.
14. Larry Diamond, Juan Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset, Democracy in Developing Countries: Asia (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1989), p. 10. See also Feng Chen, "The Dilemma of Eudaemonic Legitimacy in Post-Mao China," Polity 29, no. 3 (spring 1997): 421-40.
15. See Chen, "Dilemma."
16. For a discussion on this issue, see John Thompson, Ideology and Modern Culture (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), pp. 86-89; and Nicholas Abercrombie, Stephen Hill, and Bryan Turner, The Dominant Ideology Thesis (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1980), p. 3.
17. For a discussion on this issue, see John Thompson, Ideology and Modern Culture (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), pp. 86-89; and Nicholas Abercrombie, Stephen Hill, and Bryan Turner, The Dominant Ideology Thesis (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1980), p. 3.
18. Shanghai Municipal Party Committee, Laoganbu xuexi ziliao (Study Materials for Retired Cadres), no. 4 (1996), p. 3.
19. Douglass North, Structure and Change in Economic History (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981), p. 53; Margaret Levi, Of Rule and Revenue (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 50.
20. Douglass North, Structure and Change in Economic History (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981), p. 53; Margaret Levi, Of Rule and Revenue (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 50.
21. Deng Xiaoping, Deng Xiaoping wenji (Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping) (Beijing: Renmin, 1993), pp. 307, 327.
22. Ibid., p. 154.
23. Ibid., p. 378.
24. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: China [hereinafter, FBIS:CHI] (January 20, 1995): 26.
25. FBIS:CHI (January 25, 1996): 7.
26. Zheng Bijian et al., "Shehuizhuyi jingji yu shehuizhuyi jingshen wenming" (The Socialist Market Economy and the Socialist Spiritual Civilization), Wenhui bao (November 11, 1990), 3.
27. Tianjin ribao (April 12, 1996), 1.
28. Renmin ribao (October 22, 1997), 4.
29. Ding Guan'gen, "Shenru xuexi, xuanchuan, yanjiu jianshe you Zhongguo tese de shehuizhuyi lilun" (Further Studying, Propagating, and Researching the Theory of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics), Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping lilun yanjiu (Studies on Mao Zedong's and Deng Xiaoping's Theory), no. 3 (1994): 4.
30. This article is an excerpt of Jiang's speech on March 3, 1996, to the party's leading cadres participating in both the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, published in Shanghai Municipal Party Committee, Laoganbu xuexi ziliao (Study materials for retired cadres), no. 3 (1996): 5.
31. Renmin ribao (October 21, 1996), 1.
32. Xuanchuan shouche (Propaganda Handbook), May 5, 1996, p. 10.
33. Ping kuo jih pao [Hong Kong] (January 22, 1996), translated in FBIS:CHI (January 22, 1996): 11.
34. Ming pao [Hong Kong] in FBIS:CHI (January 16, 1996): 28.
35. Ming pao (January 11, 1995), C1. It is important to note that this measure means that the media units are not subject to the Company Law by which enterprises are to implement the responsibility system with the director or general managers as the core.
36. Renmin ribao (October 31, 1997) 4.
37. Ibid.
38. Wang Xialin, "Jiaqiang daode jianshe, tigao quan minzu daode shuiping" (Enhancing Moral Building, Raising the Moral Level of the Entire Nation), Guangming ribao (October 28, 1996), 1.
39. Zheng Bijian et al., "Shehuizhuyi jingji yu shehuizhuyi jingshen wenming" (The Socialist Market Economy and the Socialist Spiritual Civilization), Wenhui bao (November 11, 1996), 1.
40. Renmin ribao (July 1, 1996), 4.
41. Ibid.
42. Deng, Deng Xiaoping wenji, p. 160.
43. Liaowang (Outlook), no. 46 (Nonember 1996): 23.
44. Remin ribao (September 6, 1994), 3.
45. Xihua (assimilate) and fenhua (conquer) are Jiang Zeming's favorite words in describing the Western intention to undermine China.
46. Renmin ribao (September 6, 1994), 3.
47. Renmin ribao (September 2, 1996), 2.
48. Wenhui bao (April 14, 1996), 1.
49. Renmin ribao (January 15, 1995), 1.
50. Wenhui bao (April 15, 1996), 1.
51. Tianjin ribao (April 12, 1996), 1.
52. Cited from Xiao Gongqing, "Dongya weiquan zhengzhi yu xiandaihua" (East Asian authoritarian politics and modernization), Zhanlue yu guanli (Strategy and Management), no. 3 (1994): 28.
53. Jurgen Habermas, Legitimation Crisis (Boston: Beacon Press, 1975).
54. The Investigative Team of Shangdong Social Science Association, "Guanyu xinshiqi jingshen wenmin jianshe de diaochao" (An Investigation on the Building of Spiritual Civilization in the New Period), Shangdong shehui kexue (Shangdong Social Science) (March 8, 1996): 5.
55. Liaowang, no. 30 (March 1996): 31.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. "Shenyang guoqi sixiang daode jianshe diaocha" (An Investigation of Moral Building in State Enterprises of Shenyang), Qiye wenming (Enterprise Civilization), no. 7 (July 1996): 7.
59. Feng Chen and Ting Gong, "Market vs. Party in Post-Mao China: The Erosion of Leninism from Below," Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 13, no. 3 (1997): 148-66.
60. In "CCP Central Committee's Resolutions on Several Major Issues Regarding the Strengthening of the Party's Construction" passed at the fourth plenary session of the Fourteenth Central Committee, September 25-28, 1994, the CCP acknowledged that some of its grass-roots organizations were "weak and lax" and a few even "virtually in a state of paralysis" (Xinhua News Agency [October 6, 1994]).
61. "Shenyang guoqi sixiang daode jianshe diaocha," p. 9.