Possible chemical mechanisms for boron hydride acceleration of nitramine decomposition: Literature review

Journal of Propulsion and Power

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 981-990

  Schroeder, Michael A ^a,b  

^a U S ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b Weapons Technology Directorate   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BORON COMPOUNDS; COMPOSITION EFFECTS; HYDRIDES; NEGATIVE IONS; NITROGEN COMPOUNDS; POSITIVE IONS; PYROLYSIS; REACTION KINETICS; SALTS; THERMOOXIDATION;

BORON HYDRIDE; NITRAMINES;

PROPELLANTS;

EID: 0032207966     PISSN: 07484658     EISSN: 15333876     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2514/2.5363     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Juhasz, A. A., "Workshop Report: Boron Hydrides in Very High Burning Rate (VHBR) Applications," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., BRL-TR-2854, AD-B120 223, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Oct. 1987.
2. Juhasz, A. A., "Workshop Report: Boron Hydrides in Very High Burning Rate (VHBR) Applications," Journal of Energetic Materials, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1988, pp. 81-106.
3. Fifer, R. A., "Workshop Report: Combustion of Very High Burning Rate (VHBR) Propellants," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., BRL-TR-02441, AD-A121 668, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Nov. 1982.
4. Fisher, E. B., and Hollar, W., "Very High Burning Rate (VHBR) Combustion and Formulation Research," Veritay Technology, Inc., Final Summary Rept. for July 1987-Jan. 1988, Contract DAAA15-87-C-0046, East Amherst, NY, Jan. 1988.
5. Barnes, J. T., Fisher, E. B., Hollar, W., White, K. J., and Juhasz, A. A., "Characterization of the Combustion Behavior of HYCAR-Based VHBR Propellants," Proceedings of the 25th JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication 498, Vol. 2, 1988, pp. 289-302.
6. Barnes, J. T., and Fisher, E. B., "Combustion Mechanisms of Very High Burn Rate (VHBR) Propellant," U.S. Army Research Lab., ARL-CR-242, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Sept. 1995.
7. Salizzoni, R. M., Hsieh, W. H., and Kuo, K. K., "Temperature Sensitivity Measurements and Progression Behavior of a Family of Boron-Based Very High Burning Rate Propellants," Combustion Boron-Based Solid Propellants Solid Fuels, edited by K. Kuo, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993, pp. 438-452.
8. 12," Journal of Propulsion and Power (submitted for publication).
9. 12 Mixtures," Proceedings of the 23rd JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication 457, Vol. 2, 1986, pp. 43-54.
10. 12 Mixtures," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., BRL-MR-3699, AD-A199 371, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Sept. 1988.
11. Schroeder, M. A., "Thermal Decomposition of Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed HMX Propellant Formulations," Proceedings of 24th JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication 476, Vol. 1, 1987, pp. 103-114.
12. Schroeder, M. A., "Borohydride Catalysis of Nitramine Thermal Decomposition and Combustion. II. Thermal Decomposition of Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed HMX Propellant Formulations," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., BRL-TR-3078, AD-A220303, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Feb. 1990.
13. Liebman, S. A., Snyder, A. P., Kremer, A. H., Reutter, D. J., Schroeder, M. A., and Fifer, R. A., "Time-Resolved Analytical Pyrolysis Studies of Nitramine Decomposition with a Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer System," Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 12, 1987, pp. 83-95.
14. Liebman, S. A., Duff, P. J., Fickie, K. D., Schroeder, M. A., and Fifer, R. A., "Degradation Profile of Propellant Systems with Analytical Pyrolysis/Concentrator/GC Technology," Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 13, 1986, pp. 51-56.
15. Fifer, R. A., Liebman, S. A., and Schroeder, M. A., "The Role of Borohydrides in Nitramine Catalysis," Internationale Jahrestagung-Fraunhofer-Institut fur Treib- und Explosivestoff, Vol. 17, No. 24, 1986, pp. 24/1-24/13.
16. Liebman, S. A., Duff, P. J., Schroeder, M. A., Fifer, R. A., and Harper, A. M., "Concerted Organic Analysis of Materials and ExpertSystem Development," Artificial Intelligence Applications in Chemistry, edited by T. H. Pierce and B. A. Hohne, American Chemical Society, Symposium Series 306, Washington, DC, 1986, pp. 305-384.
17. Fifer, R. A., Liebman, S. A., Duff, P. J., Fickie, K. D., and Schroeder, M. A., "Thermal Degradation Mechanisms of Nitramine Propellants," Proceedings of the 22nd JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication 432, Vol. 2, 1985, pp. 537-546.
18. Duff, P. J., "Studies of the Effect of Hivelite and Other Boron Compounds on Nitramine Decomposition by Pyrolysis GC-FTIR," Proceedings of the 22nd JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication 432, Vol. 2, 1985, pp. 547-556.
19. Kaste, P. J., "Studies of the Effect of Hivelite and Other Boron Compounds on Nitramine Decomposition by Pyrolysis GC-FTIR," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., BRL-TR-2973, AD-A206802, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Dec. 1988.
20. Snyder, A. P., Kremer, J. H., Liebman, S. A., Schroeder, M. A., and Fifer, R. A., "Characterization of Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) by N,H Isotope Analyses with Pyrolysis-Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry," Organic Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1989, pp. 15-21.
21. 2O Atmospheric-Pressure Chemical Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry," Organic Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 25, No. 1, 1990, pp. 61-66.
22. Snyder, A. P., Liebman, S. A., Bulusu, S., Schroeder, M. A., and Fifer, R. A., "Characterization of Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) Thermal Degradation by Isotope Analysis with Analytical Pyrolysis-Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry," Organic Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 26, No. 12, 1991, pp. 1109-1118.
23. 15N) in Condensed-Phase Decomposition of 1,3,5-Trinitrohexahydro-s-Triazine," Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 96, No. 22, 1992, pp. 8891-8897.
24. Behrens, R., Jr., and Bulusu, S., "Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials. 3. Temporal Behaviors of the Rates of Formation of the Gaseous Pyrolysis Products from Condensed-Phase Decomposition of 1,3,5-Trinitrohexahydro-s-Triazine," Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 96, No. 22, 1992, pp. 8877-8891.
25. Behrens, R., Jr., "Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials. 2. Deuterium Isotope Effects and Isotopic Scrambling in Condensed-Phase Decomposition of Octahydro-1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocine," Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 95, No. 15, 1991, pp. 5838-5845.
26. Behrens, R., Jr., "Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials: Temporal Behaviors of the Rates of Formation of the Gaseous Pyrolysis Products from Condensed Phase Decomposition of Octahydro1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocine," Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 94, No. 17, 1990, pp. 6706-6718.
27. 12," Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1964, pp. 444-451.
28. Kuznetsov, N. T., and Klimchuk, G. S., "Alkali Metal Dodecahydro-Closo-Dodecaborates," Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 16, 1971, pp. 645-648.
29. Solntsev, K. A., Kuznetsov, N. T., and Ponomarev, V. I., "Physicochemical Properties and Structural Characteristics of Sodium Closo-Dodecaborate Tetrahydrate," Doklady Chemistry, Vol. 228, No. 4, 1976, pp. 391-394.
30. Kuznetsov, N. T., Klimchuk, G. S., Kananaeva, O. A., and Solntsev, K. A., "Physicochemical Properties of Mixed Potassium, Rubidium, and Caesium Dodecahydro-Closo-Dodecaborate Halides," Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1976, pp. 505-508.
31. 2O (X is H, Cl, Br, or I, n = 4-12)," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Neorganicheskie Materialy, Vol. 12, 1976, pp. 1212-1214; English Translation, pp. 1012-1014.
32. Isaenko, L. I., Myakishev, K. G., Posnaya, I. S., and Volkov, V. V., "Thermal Stability of a Series of Boron Hydride Derivatives," Izvestiya Sibirskogo Otdeleniya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskikh Nauk, No. 2, 1982, pp. 73-78; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 97, Abstract 16157V.
33. Isaenko, L. I., Myakishev, K. G., Posnaya, I. S., and Volkov, V. V., "Thermal Stability of a Series of Boron Hydride Derivatives," Izvestiya Sibirskogo Otdeleniya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskikh Nauk, No. 2, 1982, pp. 73-78; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 97, Abstract 16157V.
34. Itoh, M., Tsukuzuki, Y., Yogo, T., and Naka, S., "Synthesis of Cerium and Gadolinium Borides Using Boron Cage Compounds as a Boron Source," Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 9, 1987, pp. 1259-1266.
35. Ivanov, S. V., Malinina, E. A., Solntsaev, K. A., and Kuznetsov, N. T., "Pyrolytic Conversions of Ammonium and Alkylammonium Salts with Polyhedral Hydroborate Anions," Soviet Journal of Coordination Chemistry, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1992, pp. 342-347.
36. Malinina, E. A., Goeva, L. V., Solntsaev, K. A., and Kuznetsov, N. T., "Alkylammonium Salts of Closo-Decaborates," Soviet Journal of Coordination Chemistry, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1992, pp. 332-335.
37. Malinina, E. A., Goeva, L. V., Ivanov, S. V., Solntsaev, K. A., and Kuznetsov, N. T., "Ethylenediammonium Decaborate and Dodecaborate," Soviet Journal of Coordination Chemistry, Vol. 18, 1992, pp. 329-331.
38. 10 and the Nature of Copper Borides," Bulletin of the Acadamy of Sciences of the USSR, Chemical Series, Vol. 39, No. 3, 1990, pp. 435-438.
39. Malinina, E. A., Goeva, L. V., Solntsev, K. A., and Kuznetsov, N. T., "Copper Decaborates of Alkali Metals and Alkylammonium," Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 38, No. 1, 1993, pp. 33-35.
40. 12 in Ni(II) and Pb(II) Hydrazine Complexes and Hydrazonium Salts," Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 39, No. 13, 1994, pp. 1912-1915.
41. 11SCN]," Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 40, No. 5, 1995, pp. 779-782.
42. Zhao, D., Shan, Z., Song, J., and Zhang, G., "Studies on Boron Compounds. IV. Synthesis and Properties of Borane Anion Ammonium Salts," Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, Vol. 4, 1983, pp. 93-99, Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 99, No. 1, Abstract 105308d.
43. Zhao, D., Shan, Z., Song, J., and Zhang, G., "Studies on Boron Compounds. IV. Synthesis and Properties of Borane Anion Ammonium Salts," Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, Vol. 4, 1983, pp. 93-99, Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 99, No. 1, Abstract 105308d.
44. Zhang, L., Hu, P., Quian, C., and Zhang, G., "Rare Earth Metal-Hydrogen Compounds. I. Synthesis and Properties of Benzoylhydrazine Chelates of Rare Earth Metal (III) Dodecahydroldodecaborates," Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1984, pp. 153-157; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 100, Abstract 220544d.
45. Zhang, L., Hu, P., Quian, C., and Zhang, G., "Rare Earth Metal-Hydrogen Compounds. I. Synthesis and Properties of Benzoylhydrazine Chelates of Rare Earth Metal (III) Dodecahydroldodecaborates," Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1984, pp. 153-157; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 100, Abstract 220544d.
46. Zhang, L., Chen, X., Li, E., and He, J., "Studies on Boron Compounds. XI. Synthesis and Properties of π-Cyclopentadienylalkylenebis (diphenylphosphine) Nickel (II) Hydroborates," Youji Huaxue, 1984, No. 6, pp. 446-449; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 102, Abstract 132108a.
47. Zhang, L., Chen, X., Li, E., and He, J., "Studies on Boron Compounds. XI. Synthesis and Properties of π-Cyclopentadienylalkylenebis (diphenylphosphine) Nickel (II) Hydroborates," Youji Huaxue, 1984, No. 6, pp. 446-449; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 102, Abstract 132108a.
48. 2R," Yingyong Huaxue, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1985, pp. 70-73; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 103, Abstract 215362a.
49. 2R," Yingyong Huaxue, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1985, pp. 70-73; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 103, Abstract 215362a.
50. Zhang, L., Fang, X., and Zhang, G., "Boron Compounds. (XIV). Synthesis and Properties of Boron-Containing bis (π-arene) Iron (II) Compounds," Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, Vol. 6, No. 8, 1985, pp. 663-668; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 105, Abstract 43030p.
51. Zhang, L., Fang, X., and Zhang, G., "Boron Compounds. (XIV). Synthesis and Properties of Boron-Containing bis (π-arene) Iron (II) Compounds," Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, Vol. 6, No. 8, 1985, pp. 663-668; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 105, Abstract 43030p.
52. Zhang, L., Hu, P., and Gao, X., "Rare Earth-Hydroboron Compounds. V. Synthesis of 1,10-Phenanthroline N-Oxide Chelates of Rare Earth (III) Dodecahydrododecaborates," Wuji Huaxue, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1986, pp. 60-64; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 107, Abstract 88373.
53. Zhang, L., Hu, P., and Gao, X., "Rare Earth-Hydroboron Compounds. V. Synthesis of 1,10-Phenanthroline N-Oxide Chelates of Rare Earth (III) Dodecahydrododecaborates," Wuji Huaxue, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1986, pp. 60-64; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 107, Abstract 88373.
54. Zhang, L., Ding, Z., and Zhang, G., "Rare Earth Hydroboron Compounds. (IV). Pyridine Oxide Complexes of Rare Earth (III) Decahydrodecaborates," Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, Vol. 7, No. 10, 1986, pp. 877-880; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 106, Abstract 148290x.
55. Zhang, L., Ding, Z., and Zhang, G., "Rare Earth Hydroboron Compounds. (IV). Pyridine Oxide Complexes of Rare Earth (III) Decahydrodecaborates," Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, Vol. 7, No. 10, 1986, pp. 877-880; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 106, Abstract 148290x.
56. Chen, X., Jiang, J., and Zhang, L., "Study on Methylenebis (diphenylphosphine oxide) Complexes of Rare Earth (III) Dodecahydrododecaborates," Zhongguo Xitu Xuebao, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1988, pp. 13-16; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 110, Abstract 224377f.
57. Chen, X., Jiang, J., and Zhang, L., "Study on Methylenebis (diphenylphosphine oxide) Complexes of Rare Earth (III) Dodecahydrododecaborates," Zhongguo Xitu Xuebao, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1988, pp. 13-16; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 110, Abstract 224377f.
58. 12)," Wuhan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1990, pp. 64-70; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 114, Abstract 82060d.
59. 12)," Wuhan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1990, pp. 64-70; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 114, Abstract 82060d.
60. Mikhailov, Y. I., Shcherbinina, V. N., Gavrilova, L. A., and Kuznetsov, Y. P., "Synthesis of Borides in Thermal Decomposition of Borohydrides," Boridy, Kiev, 1990, pp. 66-70; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 114, Abstract 87148y.
61. Mikhailov, Y. I., Shcherbinina, V. N., Gavrilova, L. A., and Kuznetsov, Y. P., "Synthesis of Borides in Thermal Decomposition of Borohydrides," Boridy, Kiev, 1990, pp. 66-70; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 114, Abstract 87148y.
62. Schroeder, M. A., "Critical Analysis of Nitramine Decomposition Data: Some Suggestions for Needed Research Work," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., BRL-MR-3181, AD-A116 194, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1982.
63. Schroeder, M. A., "Critical Analysis of Nitramine Decomposition Data: Preliminary Comments on Autoacceleration and Autoinhibition in HMX and RDX Decomposition," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., BRL-MR-03370, AD-A146 570, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Aug. 1984; also Proceedings of the 19th JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication 366, Vol. 1, 1982, pp. 321-329.
64. Schroeder, M. A., "Critical Analysis of Nitramine Decomposition Data: Preliminary Comments on Autoacceleration and Autoinhibition in HMX and RDX Decomposition," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., BRL-MR-03370, AD-A146 570, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Aug. 1984; also Proceedings of the 19th JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication 366, Vol. 1, 1982, pp. 321-329.
65. Schroeder, M. A., "Critical Analysis of Nitramine Decomposition Data: Activation Energies and Frequency Factors for HMX and RDX Decomposition," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., BRL-TR-2673, AD-A160 543, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Sept. 1985; also Proceedings of the 17th JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication 329, Vol. 2, 1980, pp. 493-508.
66. Schroeder, M. A., "Critical Analysis of Nitramine Decomposition Data: Activation Energies and Frequency Factors for HMX and RDX Decomposition," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., BRL-TR-2673, AD-A160 543, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Sept. 1985; also Proceedings of the 17th JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication 329, Vol. 2, 1980, pp. 493-508.
67. Schroeder, M. A., "Critical Analysis of Nitramine Decomposition Data: Product Distributions from HMX and RDX Decomposition," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., BRL-TR-2659, AD-A159 325, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1985; also Proceedings of the 18th JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication 347, Vol. 2, 1981, pp. 395-413.
68. Schroeder, M. A., "Critical Analysis of Nitramine Decomposition Data: Product Distributions from HMX and RDX Decomposition," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., BRL-TR-2659, AD-A159 325, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 1985; also Proceedings of the 18th JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication 347, Vol. 2, 1981, pp. 395-413.
69. Schroeder, M. A., "Critical Analysis of Nitramine Decomposition Results: Some Comments on Chemical Mechanisms," Proceedings of the 16th JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication 308, Vol. 2, 1979, pp. 17-34.
70. Schroeder, M. A., "Critical Analysis of Nitramine Decomposition Data: Update, Some Comments on Pressure and Temperature Effects, and Wrap-Up Discussion of Chemical Mechanisms," Proceedings of the 21st JANNAF Combustion Meeting, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency Publication 412, Vol. 2, 1984, pp. 595-614.
71. Fifer, R. A., "Chemistry of Nitrate Ester and Nitramine Propellants," Fundamentals of Solid Propellant Combustion, Vol. 90, edited by K. K. Kuo and M. Summerfield, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Series, AIAA, New York, 1984, pp. 177-237, Chap. 4.
72. Boggs, T. L., "The Thermal Behavior of Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX)," Fundamentals of Solid Propellant Combustion, Vol. 90, edited by K. K. Kuo and M. Summerfield, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, New York, 1984, pp. 121-176.
73. Alexander, M. H., Dagdigian, P. J., Jacox, M. E., Kolb, C. E., Melius, C. F., Rabitz, H., Smooke, M. D., and Tsang, W., "Nitramine Propellant Ignition and Combustion Research," Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 17, 1991, pp. 263-296.
74. Adams, G. F., and Shaw, R. W., Jr., "Chemical Reactions in Energetic Materials," Annual Reviews of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 43, edited by H. L. Strauss, G. T. Babcock, and S. R. Leone, Annual Reviews, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, 1992, pp. 311-340.
75. Zhao, X., Hintsa, E. J., and Lee, Y. T., "Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation of RDX in a Molecular Beam," Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 88, No. 2, 1988, pp. 801-810.
76. Morgan, C. U., and Beyer, R. A., "Electron-Spin Resonance Studies of HMX Pyrolysis Products," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 36, No. 1, 1979, p. 99.
77. Cosgrove, J. D., and Owen, A. J., "The Thermal Decomposition of 1,3,5-Trinitrohexahydro-1,3,5-Triazine (RDX). Part I: The Products and Physical Parameters," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1974, pp. 13-18.
78. Cosgrove, J. D., and Owen, A. J., "The Thermal Decomposition of 1,3,5-Trinitrohexahydro-1,3,5-Triazine (RDX). Part II: The Effects of the Products," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1974, pp. 19-22.
79. Walker, J. F., Formaldehyde, 3rd ed., Reinhold, New York, 1964, p. 374.
80. Robertson, A. J. B., "The Thermal Decomposition of Explosives. Part II. Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine and Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine," Transactions of the Farady Society, Vol. 45, 1948, pp. 85-93.
81. Suryanarayana, B., Autera, J. R., and Graybush, R. J., "Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition of HMX (1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazacyclooctane)," Explosives Lab., Feltman Research Labs., Picatinny Arsenal, Defense Documentation Center, AD-837 173, Aug. 1968.
82. Streitweiser, A., Jr., and Heathcock, C. H., Introduction to Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Macmillan, New York, NY, 1981, pp. 554-558, 746-747.
83. Brown, R. F., Organic Chemistry, Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, CA, 1975, pp. 668-671.
84. March, J., Advanced Organic Chemistry. Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure," 3rd ed., 1985, pp. 1099-1100.
85. Wiesbroeck, R. A., Pitochelli, A. R., and Hawthorne, M. F., "Oxazahydroborate Ions," Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 83, No. 19, 1961, pp. 4108, 4109.
86. Okhlobystina, L. V., Cherkasova, T. I., and Tyurikov, V. A., "Study of the Formation of Free Radicals in Reactions of Aliphatic Nitro Compounds by the Method of Radical Trapping. 4. Formation of Short-Lived Radicals when Nucleophilic Reagents are Reacted with Difluorodinitromethane in Aprotic Solvents," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriia Khimicheskaia, No. 10, 1979, pp. 2214-2220, English Translation, pp. 2036-2043.