Convergence and new regulatory frameworks: A comparative study of regulatory approaches to Internet telephony

Telecommunications Policy

Volumn 22, Issue 10, 1998, Pages 817-838

  Ono, R ^a   Aoki, K ^b  

^a NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTERNET; PUBLIC POLICY; REGULATORY COMPLIANCE; TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES;

POLICY MAKERS; REGULATORS; REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS;

INTERNET TELEPHONY;

EID: 0032207381     PISSN: 03085961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0308-5961(98)00064-0     Document Type: Article

References (47)

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2. See, for instance, McKnight, L. and Leida, B., Internet telephony: costs, pricing, and policy. Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, Virginia, 27-29 September 1997;
3. Sears, A., The effect of Internet telephony on the long distance voice market. Internet Telephony Consortium, MIT, April 1996. Available at http:// rpcp.mit.edu/~itel/ldeffect.html;
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7. Introduction to Internet Telephony. PhoneZone.Com, 1997. Available at http:// www.phonezone.com/tutorial/it-intro.htm.
8. Gareiss, R., Voice over IP services: the sound decision. Data Communications, March, 1998, 75-84.
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11. Introduction, overview and executive summary. Available at http://www.fcc.gov/ ccb/local_competition/sec1.html.
12. The E-rate program was revised in June 1998, as FCC limited collections disbursement for the program at $325 million per quarter (i.e. $1.3 billion annually) until the second-quarter of 1999. In addition, rules of priority were changed to assure that the most financially disadvantaged schools and libraries would receive greatest E-rate benefits.
13. FCC Public Notice - ACTA Petition. DA 96-414, Report No. CC 96-10 Common Career Bureau Clarifies and Extends Request for Comment on ACTA Petition Relating to "Internet Phone" Software and Hardware - RM No. 8775, 25 March 1996. Available at http://www.cdt.org/digi_infra/ ACTA/FCC_Comment_notice.html.
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15. Available at http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/ Common_Carrier/News_Releases/1998/ nrcc8031.html.
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20. Commission Directive 90/388 on competition in the markets for telecommunications services, OJ L 192/10, July 24 1990.
21. Commission Directive 95/62/EC.
22. Comment from Norway. Available at http://www.europa.eu.int/en/comm/dg04/ lawliber/en/commen17.htm.
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27. This type of interconnection is called 'Ko (public)-Sen (leased)-Ko (public)'.
28. Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications Kokusai Senyousenno Riyoujiyukanikansuru Ikennouketsuke [An Invitation of Comments on a Provisional Guideline on the Liberalization of Basic Services over International Leased Circuits] op. cit. Ref. 21.
29. Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. Senyousenno Riyoujiyuka: Ko-Sen-Ko setsuzokuno Jisshi [Liberalization of the Interconnection of both ends of Leased Circuits with Public Switched Networks], 13 September, 1996b. Available at http://www. mpt.go.jp/pressrelease/japanese/denki/09 13j603.html.
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32. Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. Settlement on the Guideline to Liberalize the Provision of International Internet Telephony Services, 1997, 2(2). Available at http://www.mpt.go.jp/pressrelease/english/telecomm/news8-26.html
33. A proportionate share of return rule requires that if carrier A in a foreign country receives traffic from carriers X, Y and Z in Japan with their traffic ratios of 1:3:4 respectively, carrier A should send outbound traffic to Japan to these three carriers with the same ratios. If carrier A sets up its affiliated international carrier in Japan and sends all or much of its outbound traffic to Japan to its affiliate, carrier A can avoid international accounting payment to X, Y and Z or manipulate to increase X, Y and Zs payment to carrier A. The proportionate share of return rule is to prevent these problems among international carriers that are subject to international accounting rate system.
34. Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. An Outline of the Guideline for the Liberalization of the Interconnection of both ends of International Leased Circuits with Public Switched Networks: The International 'Ko-Sen-Ko' Interconnections, 1997e. Available at http://www.mpt.go.jp/ policyreports/english/misc/kosenko1.html #attach2.
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37. The government reached an agreement with SingTel that it would pay $1.5 billion (US$0.88 billion) to SingTel as a compensation for the early termination of the rights.
38. Not only basic or fixed-line services but also mobile phone services have been liberalized in Singapore. A first competition in the mobile service was introduced in April 1997 when M1 entered the market that had been monopolized by a SingTel's subsidiary, SingTel Mobile. A separate tender exercise for up to two new mobile licenses had been carried out from early 1997 to early 1998. In April 1998, TAS awarded a new mobile phone license to the StarHub consortium.
39. Telecommunications Authority of Singapore. The Regulatory Environment for the Provision of Internet Services in Singapore, 1998. Available at http://www.tas. gov.sg/sect2/info-in(updated).html.
40. TAS's policy on Internet telephony and callback in Feedback. The Straits Times, 27 October 1997.
41. Telecommunications Authority of Singapore. The Liberalization and Privatisation of Telecommunications in Singapore, 1994. Available at http://www.tas.gov. sg/sect2/sp4.html.
42. So far, a few companies such as Innomedia, Lucent Technologies and Timely Information Technologies have been marketing their brands of Internet telephony gateways to private corporations for their international voice and fax services.
43. Hanada op. cit. Ref. 19, p. 299.
44. European Commission The Liberalization and Privatisation of Telecommunications in Singapore op. cit. Ref. 1.
45. European Commission The Liberalization and Privatisation of Telecommunications in Singapore op. cit. Ref. 1, Vol. 1.
46. European Commission The Liberalization and Privatisation of Telecommunications in Singapore op. cit. Ref. 1, 1.3.
47. European Commission The Liberalization and Privatisation of Telecommunications in Singapore op. cit. Ref. 1, Vol. 1.