A closer look at the bacteriology of nitrification

Aquacultural Engineering

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 223-244

  Hagopian, Daniel S ^a   Riley, John G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MAINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOFILTRATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; CATABOLISM; FISH; KINETICS; MICROBIAL DEGRADATION; NITRIFICATION; SURVIVAL; WASTE;

AQUACULTURE SYSTEM; BACTERIOLOGY; NITRIFICATION;

NITROBACTERACEAE;

EID: 0032191878     PISSN: 01448609     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0144-8609(98)00032-6     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Abeliovich A. Nitrifying bacteria in wastewater reservoirs. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 53(4):1987;754-760.
2. Addiscott, T.M., Whitmore, A.P., Powlson, D.S., 1991. Farming, Fertilizers and the Nitrate Problem. CAB International, Oxfordshire, UK., p. 170.
3. Aleem M.I.H., Sewell D.L. Mechanisms of nitrite oxidation and oxidoreductase systems in Nitrobacter agilis. Current Microbiol. 5:1981;267-272.
4. Anderson I.C., Levine J.S. Relative rates of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide production by nitrifiers, denitrifiers, and nitrate respirers. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 51(5):1986;938-945.
5. Anthonisen A.C., Loehr R.C., Prakasam T.B.S., Srinath E.G. Inhibition of nitrification of ammonia and nitrous acid. J. Water Pollution Control Fed. 48(5):1976;835-852.
6. Audic J.M., Faup G.M., Navario J.M. Specific activity of Nitrobacter through attachment on granular media. Water Res. 18(6):1984;745-750.
7. Baas-Becking L.G.M., Parks G.S. Energy relations in the metabolism of autotrophic bacteria. Physiological Rev. 7(1):1927;85-106.
8. Baltzis B.C., Frederickson A.G. Competition of two microbial populations for a single resource in a chemostat when one of them exhibits wall attachment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 25:1983;2419-2439.
9. Bazin M.J., Cox D.J., Scott R.I. Nitrification in a column reactor: limitations, transient behavior and effect of growth on a solid substrate. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14:1982;477-487.
10. +, and CO oxidation by methanotrophs and nitrifiers. Microbiol. Rev. 53(1):1989;68-84.
11. Belser L.W. Bicarbonate uptake by nitrifiers: effects of growth rate, pH, substrate concentration, and metabolic inhibitors. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 48(6):1984;1100-1104.
12. Belser L.W., Mays E.L. Specific inhibition of nitrite oxidation by chlorate and its use in assessing nitrification in soils and sediments. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 39(3):1980;505-510.
13. Bhamidimarri, S.M.R., Greenfield, P.F., Bell, P.R.F., 1988. Biofilm characteristics in a fluidized-bed bioreactor. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Purdue University Industrial Waste Conference. Lewis, Chelsea, MI, pp. 103-111.
14. 2 uptake in relation to proton translocation in cells of Nitrosomonas europaea. Arch. Microbiol. 122:1979;249-255.
15. 14-bicarbonate incorporation. Water Res. 10:1976;51-57.
16. Bock, E., Koops, H.P., Harms, H., 1989. Nitrifying bacteria. In: Schlegel, H.G., Bowien, B. (Eds.), Autotrophic Bacteria. Science Tech, Madison, WI, pp. 81-96.
17. Bock, E., Koops, H.P., Harms, H., Ahlers, B., 1991. The biochemistry of nitrifying organisms. In: Shively, J.M., Barton, L.L. (Eds.), Variations in Autotrophic Life. Academic Press, London, pp. 171-200.
18. Both G.J., Gerards S., Laanbroek H.J. Kinetics of nitrite oxidation in two nitrobacter species grown in nitrite-limited chemostats. Arch. Microbiol. 157:1992;436-441.
19. Bower C.E., Turner D.T. Effects of seven chemotherapeutic agents on nitrification in closed seawater culture systems. Aquaculture. 29:1982;331-345.
20. Bowien, B., 1989. Molecular biology of carbon dioxide assimilation in aerobic chemolithotrophs. In: Schlegel, H.G., Bowien, B. (Eds.), Autotrophic Bacteria. Science Tech, Madison, WI, pp. 437-460.
21. Bromage, N.R., Shepherd, C.J., 1988. Fish, their requirements and site evaluation. In: Shepherd, C.J., Bromage, N.R. (Eds.), Intensive Fish Farming. BSP, Oxford, UK, pp. 17-49.
22. 13. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 56(4):1990;1182-1184.
23. Charley R.C., Hooper D.G., McLee A.G. Nitrification kinetics in activated sludge at various temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Water Res. 14:1980;1387-1396.
24. Clark E.R., Harman J.P., Forster J.R.M. Production of metabolic and waste products by intensively farmed rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Biol. 27:1985;381-393.
25. Collins M.T., Gratzek J.B., Dawe D.L., Nemetz T.G. Effects of parasiticides on nitrification. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32:1975;2033-2037.
26. Collins M.T., Gratzek J.B., Shotts E.B. Jr., Dawe D.L., Campbell L.M., Senn D.R. Nitrification in an aquatic recirculating system. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32:1975;2025-2031.
27. Collins M.T., Gratzek J.B., Dawe D.L., Nemetz T.G. Effects of antibacterial agents on nitrification in an aquatic recirculating system. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33:1976;215-218.
28. Colt, J.E., Armstrong, D.A., 1981. Nitrogen toxicity to crustaceans, fish, and mollusks. In: Allen, L.J., Kinney, E.C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Bio-Engineering Symposium for Fish Culture. Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society, Bathesda, MD, pp. 34-47.
29. Colt J.E., Tchobanoglous G. Evaluation of the short-term toxicity of nitrogenous compounds to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture. 8:1976;209-224.
30. Davidson E.A., Swank W.T., Perry T.O. Distinguishing between nitrification and denitrification as sources of gaseous nitrogen production in soil. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 52(6):1986;1280-1286.
31. Denac M., Uzman H., Tanaka H., Dunn I.J. Modeling of experiments on biofilm penetration effects in a fluidized bed nitrification reactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 25(7):1983;1841-1962.
32. Diab S., Shilo M. Effect of adhesion to particles on the survival and activity of Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. Arch. Microbiol. 150:1988;387-393.
33. Diab S., Shilo M. Effect of light on the activity and survival of Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. isolates from fish ponds. Isr. J. Aquaculture Bamidgeh. 40(2):1988;50-56.
34. Enoksson V. Nitrification rates in the Baltic Sea: Comparison of three isotope techniques. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 51(2):1986;244-250.
35. Ely R.L., Hyman M.R., Arp D.J., Guenther R.B., Williamson K.J. A cometabolic kinetics model incorporating enzyme inhibition, inactivation, and recovery: II. Trichloroethylene degradation experiments. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 46:1995;232-245.
36. Eppley R.W., Rogers J.N., McCarthy J.J. Half-saturation constants for uptake of nitrate and ammonium by marine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14:1969;912-920.
37. Focht D.D., Verstraete W. Biochemical ecology of nitrification and denitrification. Adv. Microbial Ecol. 1:1977;135-214.
38. Forster, R.P., Goldstein, L., 1969. Formation of excretory products. In: Hoar, W.S., Randall, J.C. (Eds.), Fish Physiology. Academic Press, New York, pp. 313-350.
39. Frijlink M.J., Abee T., Lannbroek H.J., de Boer W., Konings W.N. The bioenergetics of ammonia and hydroxylamine oxidation in Nitrosomonas europaea at acid and alkaline pH. Arch. Microbiol. 167:1992;194-199.
40. Gibbs, M., Schiff, J.A., 1960. Chemosynthesis: The energy relations of chemoautotrophic organisms. In: Steward, F.C. (Ed.), Plant Physiology: A Treatise, Vol. IB: photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. Academic Press, New York, pp. 279-319.
41. Glover H.E. The relationship between inorganic nitrogen oxidation and organic carbon production in batch and chemostat cultures of marine nitrifying bacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 142:1985;45-50.
42. 2O by nitrifying bacteria at reduced concentrations of oxygen. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 40(3):1980;526-532.
43. Gowen R.J., Bradbury N.B. The ecological impact of salmonid farming in coastal waters: A review. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 25:1987;563-575.
44. Graaf A.A.V.D., Mulder A., Bruijn P.D., Jetten M.S.M., Robertson L.A., Kuenen J.G. Anaerobic oxidation of ammonium is a biologically mediated process. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 61(4):1995;1246-1251.
45. Gundersen K. The formation and utilization of reducing power in aerobic chemoautotrophic bacteria. Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. 8(5):1968;445-457.
46. Gundersen K., Mountain C.W. Oxygen utilization and pH change in the ocean resulting from biological nitrate formation. Deep Sea Res. 20:1973;1083-1091.
47. 2 assimilation and substrate oxidation in Nitrosocystis oceanus and Thiobacillus thiooxidans. In: Bacteriological Proceedings of the 69th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiol., Paper number GP128, 4-9 May 1969, Miami Beach, FL, p. 63.
48. Hagopian, D.S., 1995. The Effect of Hyperoxic Conditions on Activity and Assimilation in a Nitrition Bio-Reactor. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Maine, Orono, ME, p. 261.
49. Hall G.H. Apparent and measured rates of nitrification in the hypolimnion of a mesotrophic lake. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 43:1982;542-547.
50. Hankinson T.R., Schmidt E.L. An acidophilic and a neutrophilic Nitrobacter strain isolated from the numerically predominant nitrite-oxidizing population of an acid forest soil. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 54(6):1988;1536-1540.
51. Haywood, G.P., 1983. Ammonia Toxicity in Teleost Fishes: A Review. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 1177. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, British Colombia, Canada, p., 35.
52. Head I.M., Saunders J.R., Pickup R.W. Microbial evolution, diversity, and ecology: A decade of ribosomal RNA analysis of uncultivated microorganisms. Microbial Ecol. 35:1998;1-21.
53. Heinsbroek L.T.N., Kamstra A. Design and performance of water recirculating systems for eel culture. Aquacultural Eng. 9:1990;187-207.
54. Hermanowicz S.W., Ganczarczyk J.J. Some fluidization characteristics of biological beds. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 25(5):1983;1321-1330.
55. Hermanowicz S.W., Ganczarczyk J.J. Dynamics of nitrification in a biological fluidized bed reactor. Water Sci. Tech. 17:1984;351-366.
56. Holben W.E., Noto K., Sumino T., Suwa Y. Molecular analysis of bacterial communities in a three-component granular activated sludge system indicates community-level control by incompatible nitrification processes. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 64(7):1998;2528-2532.
57. 18O-tracer evidence that hydroxylamine formation involves a monooxygenase. J. Biol. Chem. 256:1981;10834-10836.
58. Hollocher T.C., Kumar S., Nicholas D.J.D. Respiration-dependent proton translocation in Nitrosomonas europaea and its apparent absence in Nitrobacter agilis during inorganic oxidations. J. Bacteriol. 149(3):1982;1013-1020.
59. Hooper, A.B., 1989. Biochemistry of the nitrifying lithoautotrophic bacteria. In: Schlegel, H.G., Bowien, B. (Eds.), Autotrophic Bacteria. Science Tech, Madison, WI, pp. 239-265.
60. Hooper A.B., Terry K.R. Specific inhibitors of ammonia oxidation in Nitrosomonas. J. Bacteriol. 115:1973;480-485.
61. Hovanec T.A., DeLong E.F. Comparative analysis of nitrifying bacteria associated with freshwater and marine aquaria. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 62(8):1996;2888-2896.
62. Hyman M.R., Wood P.M. Suicidal inactivation and labeling of ammonia monooxygenase by acetylene. J. Biochem. 227:1985;719-725.
63. Hyman M.R., Murton I.B., Arp D.J. Interaction of ammonia monooxygenase from Nitrosomonas europaea with alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 54(12):1988;3187-3190.
64. Hyman M.R., Russell S.A., Ely R.L., Williamson K.J., Arp D.J. Inhibition, inactivation, and recovery of ammonia-oxidizing activity in cometabolism of trichloroethylene by Nitrosomonas europaea. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 61(4):1995;1480-1487.
65. Hynes R.K., Knowles R. Inhibition of chemoautotrophic nitrification by sodium chlorate and sodium chlorite: A reexamination. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 45(4):1983;1178-1182.
66. Ibrahim, A.M., 1989. Heavy metal inhibition of resting nitrifying bacteria. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Purdue University Industrial Waste Conference. Lewis, Chelsea, MI, pp. 309-311.
67. Isirimah N.O., Keeney D.R., Dettmann E.H. Nitrogen cycling in Lake Wingra. J. Environ. Qual. 5:1976;182-188.
68. Johnstone B.H., Jones R.D. Effects of light and CO on the survival of a marine ammonium-oxidizing bacterium during energy source deprivation. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 54(12):1988;2890-2893.
69. Jones, C.W., 1988. Membrane-associated energy conservation in bacteria: A general introduction. In: Anthony, C. (Ed.), Bacterial Energy Transduction. Academic Press, London, pp. 1-82.
70. Jones G.L., Paskins A.R. Influence of high partial pressure of carbon dioxide and/or oxygen on nitrification. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 32:1982;213-223.
71. Keen G.A., Prosser J.I. The surface growth and activity of Nitrobacter. Microb. Ecol. 15:1988;21-39.
72. Keener W.K., Arp D.J. Transformations of aromatic compounds by Nitrosomonas europaea. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 60(6):1994;1914-1920.
73. 2O by pure cultures of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria during changes in aeration. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 63(10):1997;3872-3877.
74. Kranz R.G., Gennis R.B. Immunological characterization of the cytochrome o terminal oxidase from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 258(17):1983;10614-10621.
75. Kumar S., Nicholas D.J.D. Proton electrochemical gradients in washed cells of Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter agilis. J. Bacteriol. 154(1):1983;65-71.
76. Lusby F.E., Gibbs M.M., Cooper A.B., Thompson K. The fate of groundwater ammonium in a lake edge wetland. J. Environ. Qual. 27:1998;459-466.
77. Martikainen P.J. Nitrous oxide emission associated with autotrophic ammonium oxidation in acid coniferous forest soil. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 50(6):1985;1519-1525.
78. Massol-Deya A.A., Whallon J., Hickey R.F., Tiedje J.M. Channel structures in aerobic biofilms of fixed-film reactors treating contaminated groundwater. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 61(2):1995;769-777.
79. McFadden, B.A., Shively, J.M., 1991. Bacterial assimilation of carbon dioxide by the Calvin cycle. In: Shively, J.M., Barton, L.L. (Eds.), Variations in Autotrophic Life. Academic Press, London, pp. 25-49.
80. Meincke M., Krieg E., Bock E. Nitrosovibrio sp., the dominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in building sandstone. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 55(8):1989;2108-2110.
81. Neidhardt, F.C., Ingraham, J.L., Schaechter, M., 1990. Physiology of the Bacterial Cell: A Molecular Approach. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, p. 506.
82. Page J.W., Andrews J.W. Chemical composition of effluent from high density culture of channel catfish. Water Air Soil Pollut. 3:1974;365-369.
83. Painter H.A. A review of literature on inorganic nitrogen metabolism in microorganisms. Water Res. 4:1970;393-450.
84. 2O, and NO production in exponentially growing cultures. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 55:1989;2068-2072.
85. Penczak T., Galicka W., Molinski M., Kusto E., Zalewski M. The enrichment of a mesotrophic lake by carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen from the cage aquaculture of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. J. Appl. Ecol. 19:1982;371-393.
86. 2O production by Nitrosomonas europaea: An examination of nitrifier denitrification. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 49:1985;1134-1141.
87. Powell S.J., Prosser J.I. Inhibition of ammonium oxidation by nitrapyrin in soil and liquid culture. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 52(4):1986;782-787.
88. Prasad, R., Power, J.F., 1997. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL, p. 356.
89. Rasche M.E., Hyman M.R., Arp D.J. Factors limiting aliphatic chlorocarbon degradation by Nitrosomonas europaea: Cometabolic inactivation of ammonia monooxygenase and substrate specificity. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 57(10):1991;2986-2994.
90. Remde A., Conrad R. Production of nitric oxide in Nitrosomonas europaea by reduction of nitrite. Arch. Microbiol. 154:1990;187-191.
91. Richardson, M., 1985. Nitrification Inhibition in the Treatment of Sewage. Thames Water Authority, Reading, UK, p. 95.
92. Rijn J., Rivera G. Aerobic and anaerobic biofiltration in an aquaculture unit - nitrite accumulation as a result of nitrification and denitrification. Aquacultural Eng. 9:1990;217-234.
93. Ritchie G.A.F., Nicholas D.J.D. Identification of the sources of nitrous oxide produced by oxidative and reductive processes in Nitrosomonas europaea. Biochem. J. 126:1972;1181-1191.
94. Rychly J. Nitrogen balance in trout. II. Nitrogen excretion and retention after feeding diets with varying protein and carbohydrate levels. Aquaculture. 20:1980;343-350.
95. Rychly J., Spannhof L. Nitrogen balance in trout. I. Digestibility of diets containing varying levels of protein and carbohydrate. Aquaculture. 16:1979;39-46.
96. Shilo M., Rimon A. Factors which affect the intensification of fish breeding in Israel. 2. Ammonia transformation in intensive fish ponds. Isr. J. Aquaculture Bamidgeh. 34(3):1982;101-114.
97. Siegrist H., Gujer W. Demonstration of mass transfer and pH effects in a nitrifying biofilm. Water Res. 21(12):1987;1481-1487.
98. Smith H.W. The excretion of ammonia and urea by the gills of fish. J. Biol. Chem. 81:1929;727-742.
99. Smith C.E., Williams W.G. Experimental nitrite toxicity in rainbow trout and chinook salmon. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103(4):1974;389-399.
100. Smorczewski W.T., Schmidt E.L. Numbers, activities, and diversity of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in a freshwater, eutrophic lake sediment. Can. J. Microbiol. 37:1991;828-833.
101. Stevens D.K., Berthouex P.M., Chapman T.W. Dynamic model of nitrification in fluidized bed. J. Env. Eng. 115(5):1989;910-929.
102. Stirling, H.R., 1985. Chemical and Biological Methods of Water Analysis for Aquaculture. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK, p. 119.
103. Sundermeyer-Klinger H., Meyer W., Warninghoff B., Bock E. Membrane-bound nitrite oxidoreductase of Nitrobacter: Evidence for a nitrate reductase system. Arch. Microbiol. 140:1984;153-158.
104. Suzuki L., Dular U., Kwok S.C. Ammonia or ammonium ion as substrate for oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea cells and extracts. J. Bacteriol. 120:1974;556-558.
105. Tanaka H., Dunn I.J. Kinetics of biofilm nitrification. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 24(3):1982;669-689.
106. Tanaka H., Uzman S., Dunn I.J. Kinetics of nitrification using a fluidized sand bed reactor with attached growth. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 23(8):1981;1683-1702.
107. 1 from Nitrobacter agilis and characterization of nitrite oxidation system of the bacterium. Arch. Microbiol. 135:1983;265-271.
108. Tsai Y.L., Schlasner S.M., Tuovinen O.H. Inhibitor evaluation with immobilized Nitrobacter agilis cells. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 52(6):1986;1231-1235.
109. 554 as a possible electron donor in the hydroxylation of ammonia and carbon monoxide in Nitrosomonas europaea. Can. J. Biochem. 60:1982;1018-1024.
110. Verhagen F.J.M., Laanbroek H.L. Competition for ammonium between nitrifying and heterotrophic bacteria in dual energy-limited chemostats. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 57(11):1991;3255-3263.
111. Verstraete W., Alexander M. Heterotrophic nitrification by Arthrobacter sp. J. Bacteriol. 110:1972;955-961.
112. Visser S.A. Origin of nitrates in tropical rainwater. Nature. 201:1964;35-36.
113. Volsch A., Nader W.F., Geiss H.K., Nebe G., Birr C. Detection and analysis of two serotypes of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in sewage plants by flow cytometry. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 56(8):1990;2430-2435.
114. Voytek M.A., Ward B.B. Detection of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria of the beta-subclass of the class Proteobacteria in aquatic samples with the PCR. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 61(4):1995;1444-1450.
115. Waltens, G.L., 1989. Water Analysis Handbook. Hach Company, Loveland, CO, p. 691.
116. Ward B.B. Combined autoradiography and immunoflorescence for estimation of single cell activity by ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29(2):1984;402-410.
117. Ward B.B. Kinetic studies on ammonia and methane oxidation by Nitrosococcus oceanus. Arch. Microbiol. 147:1987;126-133.
118. Watson S.W. Taxonomic considerations of the family Nitrobacteraceae Buchanan. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 21(3):1971;254-270.
119. Watson S.W., Bock E., Valois F.W., Waterbury J.B., Schlosser U. Nitrospira marina gen. nov. sp. nov.: A chemolithotrophic nitrite-oxidizing bacterium. Arch. Microbiol. 144:1986;1-7.
120. Watson, S.W., Bock, E., Harms, H., Koops, H.P., Hooper, A.B., 1989. Nitrifying bacteria. In: Stanley, J.T. (Ed.), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 3. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp. 1808-1834.
121. Wezernak C.T., Gannon J.J. Oxygen-nitrogen relationships in autotrophic nitrification. Appl. Microbiol. 15(5):1967;1211-1215.
122. Wheelis M. Energy conservation and pyridine nucleotide reduction in chemoautotrophic bacteria: A thermodynamic analysis. Arch. Microbiol. 138:1984;166-169.
123. Wise D.J., Tomasso J.R. Acute toxicity of nitrite to red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus: Effect of salinity. J. World Aquaculture Soc. 20(4):1989;193-198.
124. Witzel K.P., Overbeck H.J. Heterotrophic nitrification by Arthrobacter sp. as influenced by different cultural conditions, growth stage, and acetate metabolism. Arch. Microbiol. 122:1979;137-143.
125. Wood, P.M., 1988. Chemolithotrophy. In: Anthony, C. (Ed.), Bacterial Energy Transduction. Academic Press, London, pp. 183-230.
126. 2 utilization. In: Schlegel, H.G., Bowien, B. (Eds.), Autotrophic Bacteria. Science Tech, Madison, WI, pp. 33-52.
127. Wortman B., Wheaton F. Temperature effects on biodrum nitrification. Aquacultural Eng. 10:1991;183-205.
128. Zacheri B., Amberger A. Effect of nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide, nitrapyrin and thiourea on Nitrosomonas europaea. Fert. Res. 22:1990;37-44.