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of special interest. This editorial summarises the recommendations made by a panel of distinguished neuropathologists, attempting to improve the postmortem diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Neurofibrillary tangels are an essential diagnostic feature, and preclinical Alzheimer's disease is recognised as a neuropathological entity.
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of special interest Hyman BT, Trojanowski JQ. Consensus recommendations for the postmortem diagnosis of Alzheimer disease from the National Institute on Aging and the Reagan Institute working on diagnostic criteria for the neuropathological assessment of Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 56:1997;1095-1097 This editorial summarises the recommendations made by a panel of distinguished neuropathologists, attempting to improve the postmortem diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Neurofibrillary tangels are an essential diagnostic feature, and preclinical Alzheimer's disease is recognised as a neuropathological entity.
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V.M.Y. Lee, R.N. Rosenberg, S.B. Prusiner, S. DiMauro, Barchi R.L. edn 2 Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann
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0030871478
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Monoclonal antibodies to a 100-kd protein reveal abundant Aβ-negative plaques throughout gray matter of Alzheimer's disease brains
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of special interest. This paper reports the unexpected discovery of a new type of extracellular deposit in Alzheimer's disease brain. Four monoclonal antibodies raised against neurofibrillary lesion-enriched fractions from Alzheimer's disease brain were found not to react with hyperphosphorylated tau protein or Aβ. Instead, they stained an abundant extracellular plaque-like pathology distinct from the Aβ pathology. On immunoblots, a protein of approximately 100 kDa was recognised by these antibodies.
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of special interest Schmidt ML, Lee VMY, Forman M, Chiu TS, Trojanowski JQ. Monoclonal antibodies to a 100-kd protein reveal abundant Aβ-negative plaques throughout gray matter of Alzheimer's disease brains. Am J Pathol. 151:1997;69-80 This paper reports the unexpected discovery of a new type of extracellular deposit in Alzheimer's disease brain. Four monoclonal antibodies raised against neurofibrillary lesion-enriched fractions from Alzheimer's disease brain were found not to react with hyperphosphorylated tau protein or Aβ. Instead, they stained an abundant extracellular plaque-like pathology distinct from the Aβ pathology. On immunoblots, a protein of approximately 100 kDa was recognised by these antibodies.
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of special interest Harper JD, Wong SD, Lieber CM, Lansbury PT. Observation of metastable Aβ amyloid protofibrils by atomic force microscopy. Chem Biol. 4:1997;119-125 See annotation [6].
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Amyloid β-protein fibrillogenesis. Detection of a protofibrillar intermediate
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of special interest. These papers [5,6] identify a metastable protofibril intermediate in the formation of Aβ amyloid fibrils in vitro. The possibility is raised that diffuse amyloid deposits in brain may consist of such protofibrils.
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of special interest Walsh DM, Lomakin A, Benedek G, Condron MM, Teplow DB. Amyloid β-protein fibrillogenesis. Detection of a protofibrillar intermediate. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;22364-22372 These papers [5,6] identify a metastable protofibril intermediate in the formation of Aβ amyloid fibrils in vitro. The possibility is raised that diffuse amyloid deposits in brain may consist of such protofibrils.
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Lithium inhibits Alzheimer's disease-like tau protein phosphorylation in neurons
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of special interest. Using cultured cerebellar granule cells treated with lithium chloride to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), the authors show a reduction in the phosphorylation of tau protein. Moreover, they observe a similar effect in rat brain upon peripheral injection of lithium chloride. Assuming that lithium chloride is a specific inhibitor of GSK3 at the doses used, this work establishes that GSK3 is a tau kinase in normal brain.
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of special interest Munoz-Montano JR, Moreno FJ, Avila J, Diaz-Nido J. Lithium inhibits Alzheimer's disease-like tau protein phosphorylation in neurons. FEBS Lett. 411:1997;183-188 Using cultured cerebellar granule cells treated with lithium chloride to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), the authors show a reduction in the phosphorylation of tau protein. Moreover, they observe a similar effect in rat brain upon peripheral injection of lithium chloride. Assuming that lithium chloride is a specific inhibitor of GSK3 at the doses used, this work establishes that GSK3 is a tau kinase in normal brain.
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Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3
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of special interest Hong M, Chen DCR, Klein PS, Lee VM-Y. Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;25326-25332 Using cultured NT2N neurones, the authors demonstrate that lithium chloride reduces the phosphorylation of tau protein, resulting in increased binding to microtubules and enhanced microtubule assembly.
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Alzheimer-like changes in microtubule-associated protein tau induced by sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Inhibition of microtubule binding, stimulation of phosphorylation, and filament assembly depend on the degree of sulfation
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of special interest. A detailed study investigating the effects of a number of naturally occurring and synthetic glycosaminoglycans on tau filament assembly, stimulation of tau phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3 and neuronal cdc2-like kinase, microtubule binding of tau, and microtubule assembly. The magnitude of the glycosaminoglycan effects was dependent on their degree of sulphation. These in vitro interactions reproduced the known characteristics of paired helical filament tau from Alzheimer's disease brain.
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of special interest Hasegawa M, Crowther RA, Jakes R, Goedert M. Alzheimer-like changes in microtubule-associated protein tau induced by sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Inhibition of microtubule binding, stimulation of phosphorylation, and filament assembly depend on the degree of sulfation. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;33118-33124 A detailed study investigating the effects of a number of naturally occurring and synthetic glycosaminoglycans on tau filament assembly, stimulation of tau phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3 and neuronal cdc2-like kinase, microtubule binding of tau, and microtubule assembly. The magnitude of the glycosaminoglycan effects was dependent on their degree of sulphation. These in vitro interactions reproduced the known characteristics of paired helical filament tau from Alzheimer's disease brain.
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Intracellular generation and accumulation of amyloid β-peptide terminating at amino acid 42
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of special interest Wild-Bode C, Yamazaki T, Capell A, Leimer U, Steiner H, Ihara Y, Haass C. Intracellular generation and accumulation of amyloid β-peptide terminating at amino acid 42. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;16085-16088 See annotation [26].
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Distinct sites of intracellular production for Alzheimer's disease Aβ40/42 amyloid peptides
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of special interest. See annotation [26].
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of special interest Hartmann T, Bieger SC, Brühl B, Tienari PT, Ida N, Allsop D, Roberts GW, Masters CL, Dotti CG, Unsicker K, Beyereuther K. Distinct sites of intracellular production for Alzheimer's disease Aβ40/42 amyloid peptides. Nat Med. 3:1997;1016-1021 See annotation [26].
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0030769092
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Alzheimer's Aβ(1-42) is generated in the endoplasmic reticulum/intermediate compartment of NT2N cells
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of special interest. Using a variety of different techniques, these three studies [24-26] demonstrate that Aβ(1-20) and Aβ(1-42) are produced in different cellular compartments. The endoplasmic reticulum is shown to be the site of production of Aβ(1-42). This is consistent with the effects of presenilins on APP processing, because presenilins are also located mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum. It is proposed that increased production of Aβ(1-42) in the endoplasmic reticulum may be the earliest pathological change in the series of events that lead to Alzheimer's disease.
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of special interest Cook DG, Forman MS, Sung JC, Leight S, Kolson DL, Iwatsubo T, Lee VM-Y, Doms RW. Alzheimer's Aβ(1-42) is generated in the endoplasmic reticulum/intermediate compartment of NT2N cells. Nat Med. 3:1997;1021-1023 Using a variety of different techniques, these three studies [24-26] demonstrate that Aβ(1-20) and Aβ(1-42) are produced in different cellular compartments. The endoplasmic reticulum is shown to be the site of production of Aβ(1-42). This is consistent with the effects of presenilins on APP processing, because presenilins are also located mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum. It is proposed that increased production of Aβ(1-42) in the endoplasmic reticulum may be the earliest pathological change in the series of events that lead to Alzheimer's disease.
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Accelerated amyloid deposition in the brains of transgenic mice coexpressing mutant presenilin 1 and amyloid precursor protein
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of special interest. Mice doubly transgenic for A246E PS1 and K670NM671L amyloid precursor protein (APP) are shown to develop Aβ amyloid deposits much earlier than mice transgenic for K670NM671L APP alone. Mice transgenic for A246E PS1 show no overt pathology. See also [28].
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of special interest Borchelt DR, Ratovitski T, van Lare J, Lee MK, Gonzales V, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Price DL, Sisodia SS. Accelerated amyloid deposition in the brains of transgenic mice coexpressing mutant presenilin 1 and amyloid precursor protein. Neuron. 19:1997;939-945 Mice doubly transgenic for A246E PS1 and K670NM671L amyloid precursor protein (APP) are shown to develop Aβ amyloid deposits much earlier than mice transgenic for K670NM671L APP alone. Mice transgenic for A246E PS1 show no overt pathology. See also [28].
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Accelerated Alzheimer-type phenotype in transgenic mice carrying both mutant amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 transgenes
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of special interest. Mice doubly transgenic for M146L PS1 and K670NM671L amyloid precursor protein (APP) are shown to develop Aβ deposits much earlier than mice transgenic for K670NM671L APP alone. Mice transgenic for M146L PS1 show no overt pathology. See also [27].
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of special interest Holcomb L, Gordon MN, McGowan E, Yu X, Benkovic S, Jantzen P, Wright K, Saad I, Mueller R, Morgan D, et al. Accelerated Alzheimer-type phenotype in transgenic mice carrying both mutant amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 transgenes. Nat Med. 4:1998;97-100 Mice doubly transgenic for M146L PS1 and K670NM671L amyloid precursor protein (APP) are shown to develop Aβ deposits much earlier than mice transgenic for K670NM671L APP alone. Mice transgenic for M146L PS1 show no overt pathology. See also [27].
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Deficiency of presenilin-1 inhibits the normal cleavage of amyloid precursor protein
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of outstanding interest. Neuronal cells cultured from mice deficient in the expression of PS1 were shown to be unable to generate the carboxy-terminal γ-secretase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) that gives rise to Aβ(1-42). One function of PS1 is, therefore, to facilitate the proteolytic cleavage of membrane-bound APP. The α- and β -secretase cleavages were unaffected. PS1 is probably not the γ-secretase itself, but may function as a regulatory cofactor in amyloid precursor processing.
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of outstanding interest De Strooper B, Saftig P, Craessaerts K, Vanderstichele H, Guhde G, Annaert W, Von Figura K, Van Leuven F. Deficiency of presenilin-1 inhibits the normal cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. Nature. 391:1998;387-390 Neuronal cells cultured from mice deficient in the expression of PS1 were shown to be unable to generate the carboxy-terminal γ-secretase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) that gives rise to Aβ(1-42). One function of PS1 is, therefore, to facilitate the proteolytic cleavage of membrane-bound APP. The α- and β -secretase cleavages were unaffected. PS1 is probably not the γ-secretase itself, but may function as a regulatory cofactor in amyloid precursor processing.
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Irizarry, M.C.1
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Hyman, B.T.7
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35
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0030612033
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Sw transgenic mice develop age-related Aβ deposits and neuropil abnormalities, but no neuronal loss in CA1
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of special interest. These two papers [34,35] show that in two widely used mouse models of Aβ depositon there is no filamentous tau pathology or neuronal cell loss, up to 18 months of age.
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Sw transgenic mice develop age-related Aβ deposits and neuropil abnormalities, but no neuronal loss in CA1. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 56:1997;965-973 These two papers [34,35] show that in two widely used mouse models of Aβ depositon there is no filamentous tau pathology or neuronal cell loss, up to 18 months of age.
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36
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0031278270
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Lack of apolipoprotein E dramatically reduces amyloid β-peptide deposition
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of special interest. Mice transgenic for V717F amyloid precursor protein (APP) were crossed into an apoE null background. This resulted in a very significant decrease in their Aβ amyloid load.
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of special interest Bales KL, Verina T, Dodel RC, Du Y, Altstiel L, Bender M, Hyslop P, Johnstone EM, Little SP, Cummins D, et al. Lack of apolipoprotein E dramatically reduces amyloid β-peptide deposition. Nat Genet. 17:1997;263-264 Mice transgenic for V717F amyloid precursor protein (APP) were crossed into an apoE null background. This resulted in a very significant decrease in their Aβ amyloid load.
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Bales, K.L.1
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Du, Y.4
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Johnstone, E.M.8
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Cummins, D.10
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37
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6844258835
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Frameshift mutants of β amyloid precursor protein and ubiquitin-B in Alzheimer's and Down patients
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of special interest. The authors used PCR to identify frame-shifted transcripts encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP) and ubiquitin-B in Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Protein sequences encoded by the frame-shifted transcripts were shown to be present within nerve cells with neurofibrillary pathology. It is suggested that such frame-shifted proteins may play an important role in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease.
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of special interest Van Leeuwen FW, de Kleijn DPV, van den Hurk HH, Neubauer A, Sonnemans MAF, Sluijs JA, Köycü S, Ramdjielal RDJ, Salehi A, Martens GJM, et al. Frameshift mutants of β amyloid precursor protein and ubiquitin-B in Alzheimer's and Down patients. Science. 279:1998;242-247 The authors used PCR to identify frame-shifted transcripts encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP) and ubiquitin-B in Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Protein sequences encoded by the frame-shifted transcripts were shown to be present within nerve cells with neurofibrillary pathology. It is suggested that such frame-shifted proteins may play an important role in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease.
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(1998)
Science
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, pp. 242-247
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Van Leeuwen, F.W.1
De Kleijn, D.P.V.2
Van Den Hurk, H.H.3
Neubauer, A.4
Sonnemans, M.A.F.5
Sluijs, J.A.6
Köycü, S.7
Ramdjielal, R.D.J.8
Salehi, A.9
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0025863618
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Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes
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Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol. 82:1991;239-259.
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Braak, H.1
Braak, E.2
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39
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0030805991
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Frequency of stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories
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of special interest. An update of what is the definitive study (see [38]) of the natural history of neurofibrillary lesions and Aβ deposits in the ageing human brain.
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of special interest Braak H, Braak E. Frequency of stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories. Neurobiol Aging. 18:1997;351-357 An update of what is the definitive study (see [38]) of the natural history of neurofibrillary lesions and Aβ deposits in the ageing human brain.
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40
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0030748399
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Different distribution of phosphorylated tau protein isoforms in Alzheimer's and Pick's diseases
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Sergeant N, David JP, Lefranc D, Vermersch P, Wattez A, Delacourte A. Different distribution of phosphorylated tau protein isoforms in Alzheimer's and Pick's diseases. FEBS Lett. 412:1997;578-582.
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Sergeant, N.1
David, J.P.2
Lefranc, D.3
Vermersch, P.4
Wattez, A.5
Delacourte, A.6
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41
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0031935017
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Vulnerable neuronal subsets in Alzheimer's and Pick's disease and distinguished by their tau isoform distribution and phosphorylation
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of special interest. This study shows that the filamentous tau pathology of Pick's disease is distinguished from that of Alzheimer's disease by the absence of four-repeat tau isoforms. It confirms the lack of phosphorylation of Pick bodies at Ser262 in tau (see [42]).
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of special interest Delacourte A, Sergeant N, Wattez A, Gauvreau D, Robitaille Y. Vulnerable neuronal subsets in Alzheimer's and Pick's disease and distinguished by their tau isoform distribution and phosphorylation. Ann Neurol. 43:1998;193-204 This study shows that the filamentous tau pathology of Pick's disease is distinguished from that of Alzheimer's disease by the absence of four-repeat tau isoforms. It confirms the lack of phosphorylation of Pick bodies at Ser262 in tau (see [42]).
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(1998)
Ann Neurol
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Delacourte, A.1
Sergeant, N.2
Wattez, A.3
Gauvreau, D.4
Robitaille, Y.5
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42
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0029850476
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Pick's disease: Hyperphosphorylated tau protein segregates to the somatoaxonal compartment
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Probst A, Tolnay M, Langui D, Goedert M, Spillantini MG. Pick's disease: hyperphosphorylated tau protein segregates to the somatoaxonal compartment. Acta Neuropathol. 92:1996;588-596.
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Acta Neuropathol
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Probst, A.1
Tolnay, M.2
Langui, D.3
Goedert, M.4
Spillantini, M.G.5
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0031949084
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Frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17: A new group of tauopathies
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Spillantini MG, Bird TD, Ghetti B. Frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17: a new group of tauopathies. Brain Pathol. 8:1998;387-402.
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Spillantini, M.G.1
Bird, T.D.2
Ghetti, B.3
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44
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0030000867
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Comparison of the neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer's disease and familial presenile dementia with tangles
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Spillantini MG, Crowther RA, Goedert M. Comparison of the neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer's disease and familial presenile dementia with tangles. Acta Neuropathol. 92:1996;42-48.
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Acta Neuropathol
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Spillantini, M.G.1
Crowther, R.A.2
Goedert, M.3
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45
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0030887854
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Familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia: A disease with abundant neuronal and glial tau filaments
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of special interest. This paper describes the neuropathological characteristics of a new familial disease belonging to the class of FTDP-17 dementias. Abundant filamentous tau deposits are found in nerve cells and glial cells in a number of brain regions. The filament morphologies differ from those of Alzheimer's disease: biochemically, they only contain tau isoforms with four microtubule-binding repeats.
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of special interest Spillantini MG, Goedert M, Crowther RA, Murrell JR, Farlow MR, Ghetti B. Familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia: a disease with abundant neuronal and glial tau filaments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;4113-4118 This paper describes the neuropathological characteristics of a new familial disease belonging to the class of FTDP-17 dementias. Abundant filamentous tau deposits are found in nerve cells and glial cells in a number of brain regions. The filament morphologies differ from those of Alzheimer's disease: biochemically, they only contain tau isoforms with four microtubule-binding repeats.
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(1997)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
, vol.94
, pp. 4113-4118
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Spillantini, M.G.1
Goedert, M.2
Crowther, R.A.3
Murrell, J.R.4
Farlow, M.R.5
Ghetti, B.6
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46
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0031780496
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The neuropathology of a chromosome 17-linked autosomal dominant parkinsonism and dementia (pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration)
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of special interest. This paper describes the neuropathology of pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), a TFDP-17 dementia. Abundant filamentous tau deposits are found in the nerve cells and glial cells in a number of PPND brain regions. The filaments of PPND resemble those present in familial MSTD, as do the pathological tau bands.
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of special interest Reed LA, Schmidt ML, Wszolek ZK, Balin BJ, Soontornnivqmkij V, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Schelper RL. The neuropathology of a chromosome 17-linked autosomal dominant parkinsonism and dementia (pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 57:1998;588-601 This paper describes the neuropathology of pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), a TFDP-17 dementia. Abundant filamentous tau deposits are found in the nerve cells and glial cells in a number of PPND brain regions. The filaments of PPND resemble those present in familial MSTD, as do the pathological tau bands.
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(1998)
J Neuropathol Exp Neurol
, vol.57
, pp. 588-601
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Reed, L.A.1
Schmidt, M.L.2
Wszolek, Z.K.3
Balin, B.J.4
Soontornnivqmkij, V.5
Lee, V.M.Y.6
Trojanowski, J.Q.7
Schelper, R.L.8
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47
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0031044850
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Genetic evidence for the involvement of tau in progressive supranuclear palsy
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Conrad C, Andreadis A, Trojanowski JQ, Dickson DW, Kang D, Chen X, Wiederholt W, Hansen L, Masliah E, Thal LJ, et al. Genetic evidence for the involvement of tau in progressive supranuclear palsy. Ann Neurol. 41:1997;277-281.
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Ann Neurol
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Conrad, C.1
Andreadis, A.2
Trojanowski, J.Q.3
Dickson, D.W.4
Kang, D.5
Chen, X.6
Wiederholt, W.7
Hansen, L.8
Masliah, E.9
Thal, L.J.10
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48
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0031883252
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Progressive supranuclear gaze palsy is in linkage disequilibrium with the tau and not the α-synuclein gene
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Higgins JJ, Litvan I, Pho LT, Li W, Nee LE. Progressive supranuclear gaze palsy is in linkage disequilibrium with the tau and not the α-synuclein gene. Neurology. 50:1998;270-273.
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Neurology
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Higgins, J.J.1
Litvan, I.2
Pho, L.T.3
Li, W.4
Nee, L.E.5
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49
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0028073692
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Wilhelmsen CC, Lynch T, Pavlou E, Higgins M, Nygaard TG. Localization of disinhibition-dementia-Parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex to 17q21-22. Am J Hum Genet. 55:1994;1159-1165.
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Wilhelmsen, C.C.1
Lynch, T.2
Pavlou, E.3
Higgins, M.4
Nygaard, T.G.5
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50
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14444284106
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Tau is a candidate gene for chromosome 17 frontotemporal dementia
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of outstanding interest. The authors identified a valine to methionine mutation at residue 337 (Val337Met) of tau in Seattle family A and a proline to leucine mutation at residue 301 (Pro301Leu) in Seattle family D - two families with FTDP-17 dementias. Both changes are located in the microtubule-binding repeats of tau. The Val337Met substitution is found in all six tau isoforms, whereas the Pro301Leu change is found only in tau isoforms with four repeats. Tau filaments in Seattle family A contain all six tau isoforms in a hyperphosphorylated state and are indistinguishable from the tau filaments of Alzheimer's disease (see [44]).
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of outstanding interest Poorkaj P, Bird TD, Wijsman E, Nemens E, Garruto RM, Anderson L, Andreadis A, Wiederholt WC, Raskind M, Schellenberg GD. Tau is a candidate gene for chromosome 17 frontotemporal dementia. Ann Neurol. 43:1998;815-825 The authors identified a valine to methionine mutation at residue 337 (Val337Met) of tau in Seattle family A and a proline to leucine mutation at residue 301 (Pro301Leu) in Seattle family D - two families with FTDP-17 dementias. Both changes are located in the microtubule-binding repeats of tau. The Val337Met substitution is found in all six tau isoforms, whereas the Pro301Leu change is found only in tau isoforms with four repeats. Tau filaments in Seattle family A contain all six tau isoforms in a hyperphosphorylated state and are indistinguishable from the tau filaments of Alzheimer's disease (see [44]).
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(1998)
Ann Neurol
, vol.43
, pp. 815-825
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Poorkaj, P.1
Bird, T.D.2
Wijsman, E.3
Nemens, E.4
Garruto, R.M.5
Anderson, L.6
Andreadis, A.7
Wiederholt, W.C.8
Raskind, M.9
Schellenberg, G.D.10
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51
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0032543684
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Association of missense and 5′-splice-site mutations in tau with the inherited dementia FTDP-17
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of outstanding interest. This paper describes three separate exonic and three separate intronic mutations in the tau gene in ten families with FTDP-17. The exonic mutations are a glycine to valine change at position 272, a proline to leucine change at position 301 (see [50]) and an arginine to tryptophan change at position 406. The intronic mutations are in the intron folowing exon 10, where they are located 13, 14 and 16 nucleotides from the splice-donor site. They disrupt a predicted stem-loop, which may result in increased splicing of exon 10. Exont rapping experiments were used to show that the intronic mutations do indeed lead to increased splicing of exon 10 of the tau gene.
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of outstanding interest Hutton M, Lendon CL, Rizzu P, Baker M, Froelich S, Houlden H, Pickering-Brown S, Chakraverty S, Isaacs A, Grover A, et al. Association of missense and 5′-splice-site mutations in tau with the inherited dementia FTDP-17. Nature. 393:1998;702-705 This paper describes three separate exonic and three separate intronic mutations in the tau gene in ten families with FTDP-17. The exonic mutations are a glycine to valine change at position 272, a proline to leucine change at position 301 (see [50]) and an arginine to tryptophan change at position 406. The intronic mutations are in the intron folowing exon 10, where they are located 13, 14 and 16 nucleotides from the splice-donor site. They disrupt a predicted stem-loop, which may result in increased splicing of exon 10. Exont rapping experiments were used to show that the intronic mutations do indeed lead to increased splicing of exon 10 of the tau gene.
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(1998)
Nature
, vol.393
, pp. 702-705
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Hutton, M.1
Lendon, C.L.2
Rizzu, P.3
Baker, M.4
Froelich, S.5
Houlden, H.6
Pickering-Brown, S.7
Chakraverty, S.8
Isaacs, A.9
Grover, A.10
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52
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0032560487
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Mutation in the tau gene in familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia
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of special interest. of outstanding interest. The authors identified an intronic mutation in the nucleotide adjacent to the splice-donor site of exon 10 of the tau gene in familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia (MSTD), a FTDP-17 dementia. The mutation disrupts a predicted stem-loop, similar to the intronic mutations reported by Hutton et al. [51]. This disruption may result in increased splicing of exon 10, consistent with an increase in four-repeat tau isoforms in soluble tau extracted from brains of patients with familial MSTD. Tau filaments in familial MSTD contain only four-repeat tau isoforms (see [45]).
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of special interest Spillantini MG, Murrell JR, Goedert M, Farlow MR, Klug A, Ghetti B. Mutation in the tau gene in familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia. of outstanding interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;7737-7741 The authors identified an intronic mutation in the nucleotide adjacent to the splice-donor site of exon 10 of the tau gene in familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia (MSTD), a FTDP-17 dementia. The mutation disrupts a predicted stem-loop, similar to the intronic mutations reported by Hutton et al. [51]. This disruption may result in increased splicing of exon 10, consistent with an increase in four-repeat tau isoforms in soluble tau extracted from brains of patients with familial MSTD. Tau filaments in familial MSTD contain only four-repeat tau isoforms (see [45]).
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(1998)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Murrell, J.R.2
Goedert, M.3
Farlow, M.R.4
Klug, A.5
Ghetti, B.6
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Götz J, Probst A, Spillantini MG, Schäfer T, Jakes R, Bürki K, Goedert M. Somatodendritic localisation and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in transgenic mice expressing the longest human brain tau isoform. EMBO J. 14:1995;1304-1313.
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Mutation in the α-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease
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of outstanding interest. This report represents the first identified genetic, cause of Parkinson's disease. The authors identified an alanine to threonine mutation at residue 53 in α-synuclein in a large Italian - American family (Contursi kindred) and three small Greek pedigrees with early-onset Parkinson's disease.
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of outstanding interest Polymeropoulos MH, Lavedan C, Leroy E, Ide SE, Dehejia A, Dutra A, Pike B, Root H, Rubenstein J, Boyer R, et al. Mutation in the α-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease. Science. 276:1997;2045-2047 This report represents the first identified genetic, cause of Parkinson's disease. The authors identified an alanine to threonine mutation at residue 53 in α-synuclein in a large Italian - American family (Contursi kindred) and three small Greek pedigrees with early-onset Parkinson's disease.
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(1997)
Science
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Polymeropoulos, M.H.1
Lavedan, C.2
Leroy, E.3
Ide, S.E.4
Dehejia, A.5
Dutra, A.6
Pike, B.7
Root, H.8
Rubenstein, J.9
Boyer, R.10
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58
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0031990490
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Ala30Pro mutation in the gene encoding α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease
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of outstanding interest. of special interest. The authors identified an alanine to proline mutation at residue 30 in α-synuclein in a German pedigree with early-onset familial Parkinson's disease. This finding firmly establishes that missense mutations in the α-synuclein gene can lead to Parkinson's disease (see also [57]).
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of outstanding interest Krüger R, Kuhn W, Müller T, Woitalla D, Graeber M, Kösel S, Przuntek H, Epplen JT, Schöls L, Riess O. Ala30Pro mutation in the gene encoding α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. of special interest Nat Genet. 18:1998;106-108 The authors identified an alanine to proline mutation at residue 30 in α-synuclein in a German pedigree with early-onset familial Parkinson's disease. This finding firmly establishes that missense mutations in the α-synuclein gene can lead to Parkinson's disease (see also [57]).
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(1998)
Nat Genet
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Krüger, R.1
Kuhn, W.2
Müller, T.3
Woitalla, D.4
Graeber, M.5
Kösel, S.6
Przuntek, H.7
Epplen, J.T.8
Schöls, L.9
Riess, O.10
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0032499264
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Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism
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of outstanding interest. The authors report that deletion mutations in the parkin gene underlie a rare juvenile, autosomal-recessively inherited form of parkinsonism (AR-JP). Parkin is a 465 amino acid protein of unknown function that shows some sequence similarities with ubiquitin at its amino terminus. Unlike Parkinson's disease, AR-JP is not characterised by Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites.
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of outstanding interest Kitada K, Asakawa S, Hattori N, Matsumine H, Yamamura Y, Minoshima S, Yokochi M, Mizuno Y, Shimizu N. Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Nature. 392:1998;605-608 The authors report that deletion mutations in the parkin gene underlie a rare juvenile, autosomal-recessively inherited form of parkinsonism (AR-JP). Parkin is a 465 amino acid protein of unknown function that shows some sequence similarities with ubiquitin at its amino terminus. Unlike Parkinson's disease, AR-JP is not characterised by Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites.
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(1998)
Nature
, vol.392
, pp. 605-608
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Kitada, K.1
Asakawa, S.2
Hattori, N.3
Matsumine, H.4
Yamamura, Y.5
Minoshima, S.6
Yokochi, M.7
Mizuno, Y.8
Shimizu, N.9
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Weinreb PH, Zhen W, Poon AW, Conway KA, Lansbury PT. NACP, a protein implicated in Alzheimer's disease and learning, is natively unfolded. Biochemistry. 35:1996;13709-13715.
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Poon, A.W.3
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Lansbury, P.T.5
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0032540327
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Stabilization of α-synuclein secondary structure upon binding to synthetic membranes
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of special interest. The authors demonstrate that α-synuclein binds to artificial vesicle rich in acidic phospholipids through its amino-terminal repeats. Lipid binding is accompanied by an increase in α-helicity from 3% to approximately 80%, consistent with the view that α-synuclein becomes structured upon binding.
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of special interest Davidson WS, Jonas A, Clayton DF, George JM. Stabilization of α-synuclein secondary structure upon binding to synthetic membranes. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;9443-9449 The authors demonstrate that α-synuclein binds to artificial vesicle rich in acidic phospholipids through its amino-terminal repeats. Lipid binding is accompanied by an increase in α-helicity from 3% to approximately 80%, consistent with the view that α-synuclein becomes structured upon binding.
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Clayton, D.F.3
George, J.M.4
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63
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0030882856
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α-Synuclein in Lewy bodies
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of special interest. of outstanding interest. This paper shows that Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites of idiopathic Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are strongly immunoreactive for α-synuclein. Together with [57,58], this finding suggests that Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are α-synucleinopathies.
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of special interest Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VM-Y, Trojanowski JQ, Jakes R, Goedert M. α-Synuclein in Lewy bodies. of outstanding interest Nature. 388:1997;839-840 This paper shows that Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites of idiopathic Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are strongly immunoreactive for α-synuclein. Together with [57,58], this finding suggests that Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are α-synucleinopathies.
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(1997)
Nature
, vol.388
, pp. 839-840
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Lee Vm-Y3
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Wakabayashi K, Matsumoto K, Takayama K, Yoshimoto M, Takahashi H. NACP, a presynaptic protein, immunoreactivity in Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett. 239:1997;45-48.
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Abrnoaml accumulation of NACP/α-synuclein in neurodegenerative disorders
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66
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0031944830
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Nigral and cortical Lewy bodies and dystrophic nigral neurites in Parkinson's disease and cortical Lewy body disease contain α-synuclein immunoreactivity
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Irizarry MC, Growdon W, Gomez-Isla T, Newell K, George JM, Clayton DF, Hyman BT. Nigral and cortical Lewy bodies and dystrophic nigral neurites in Parkinson's disease and cortical Lewy body disease contain α-synuclein immunoreactivity. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 57:1998;334-337.
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67
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Aggregation of α-snyclein in Lewi bodies of sporadic Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies
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of special interest. This paper confirms the presence of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. In addition, it shows that some filamentous and granular material in purified Lewy bodies is labelled with α-snyclein antibodies. In Western blots, purified Lewy bodies appear to contain mostly truncated α-synuclein.
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of special interest Baba M, Nakajo S, Tu PH, Tomita T, Nakaya K, Lee VM-Y, Trojanowski JQ, Iwatsubo T. Aggregation of α-snyclein in Lewi bodies of sporadic Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Am J Pathol. 152:1998;879-884 This paper confirms the presence of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. In addition, it shows that some filamentous and granular material in purified Lewy bodies is labelled with α-snyclein antibodies. In Western blots, purified Lewy bodies appear to contain mostly truncated α-synuclein.
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(1998)
Am J Pathol
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Baba, M.1
Nakajo, S.2
Tu, P.H.3
Tomita, T.4
Nakaya, K.5
Lee Vm-Y6
Trojanowski, J.Q.7
Iwatsubo, T.8
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68
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0032568534
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α-Synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies
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of special interest. This paper demonstrates that full-length or close to full-length α-synuclein is present in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites and the α-synuclein staining is more extensive that ubiquitin staining. Isolated filaments were decorated by α-synuclein antibodies, indicating that α-synuclein is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites.
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of special interest Spillantini MG, Crowther RA, Jakes R, Hasegawa M, Goedert M. α-Synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;6469-6473 This paper demonstrates that full-length or close to full-length α-synuclein is present in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites and the α-synuclein staining is more extensive that ubiquitin staining. Isolated filaments were decorated by α-synuclein antibodies, indicating that α-synuclein is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites.
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(1998)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
, vol.95
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Spillantini, M.G.1
Crowther, R.A.2
Jakes, R.3
Hasegawa, M.4
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69
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Ince PG, Perry EK, Morris CM. Dementia with Lewy bodies. A distinct non-Alzheimer dementia syndrome? Brain Pathol. 8:1998;299-324.
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Ince, P.G.1
Perry, E.K.2
Morris, C.M.3
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70
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0028339722
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The distribution of oligodendroglial inclusions in multiple system atrophy and its relevance to clinical symptomatology
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71
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α-Synuclein immunoreactivity in glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy
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of special interest. See annotation [73].
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of special interest Wakabayashi K, Yoshimoto M, Tsuji S, Takahashi H. α-Synuclein immunoreactivity in glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. Neurosci Lett. 249:1998;180-182 See annotation [73].
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of special interest. See annotation [73].
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of special interest Mezey E, Dehejia A, Harta G, Papp MI, Polymeropoulos MH, Brownstein MJ. Alpha synuclein in neurodegenerative disorders: Murder of accomplice? Nat Med. 4:1998;755-757 See annotation [73].
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Harta, G.3
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Brownstein, M.J.6
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73
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Filamentous α-synuclein inclusions link multiple system atrophy with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies
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of special interest. These papers [71-73] show that the glial and neuronal inclusions of mutiple system atrophy (MSA) are strongly immunoreactive for α-synuclein. Using immunoelectron microscopy, Spillantini et al. [73] found that filaments extracted from MSA brain are strongly labelled by α-synuclein antibodies, indicating that MSA is a third α-synucleinopathy (the first two being Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies). The staining characteristics of α-synuclein filaments from MSA brain are identical to those of Lewy body filaments (see [68]).
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of special interest Spillantini MG, Crowther RA, Jakes R, Cairns NJ, Lantos PL, Goedert M. Filamentous α-synuclein inclusions link multiple system atrophy with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurosci Lett. 251:1998;205-208 These papers [71-73] show that the glial and neuronal inclusions of mutiple system atrophy (MSA) are strongly immunoreactive for α-synuclein. Using immunoelectron microscopy, Spillantini et al. [73] found that filaments extracted from MSA brain are strongly labelled by α-synuclein antibodies, indicating that MSA is a third α-synucleinopathy (the first two being Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies). The staining characteristics of α-synuclein filaments from MSA brain are identical to those of Lewy body filaments (see [68]).
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Neurosci Lett
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Spillantini, M.G.1
Crowther, R.A.2
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Cairns, N.J.4
Lantos, P.L.5
Goedert, M.6
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Are neuronal intranuclear inclusions the common neuropathology of triplet-repeat disorders with polyglutamine-repeat expansions?
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Davies SW, Beardsall K, Turmaine M, DiFiglia M, Aronin N, Bates GP. Are neuronal intranuclear inclusions the common neuropathology of triplet-repeat disorders with polyglutamine-repeat expansions? Lancet. 351:1998;131-133.
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A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. Cell. 72:1993;971-983.
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Cell
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Exon 1 of the HD gene with an expanded CAG repeat is sufficient to cause a progressive neurological phenotype in transgenic mice
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Mangiarini L, Sathasivam K, Seller M, Cozens B, Harper A, Hetherington C, Lawton M, Trottier Y, Lehrach H, Davies SW, Bates GP. Exon 1 of the HD gene with an expanded CAG repeat is sufficient to cause a progressive neurological phenotype in transgenic mice. Cell. 87:1996;493-506.
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Cell
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Mangiarini, L.1
Sathasivam, K.2
Seller, M.3
Cozens, B.4
Harper, A.5
Hetherington, C.6
Lawton, M.7
Trottier, Y.8
Lehrach, H.9
Davies, S.W.10
Bates, G.P.11
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79
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18544410106
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Formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions underlies the neurological dysfunction in mice transgenic for the HD mutation
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156 repeat expansions develop abundant neuronal intranuclear inclusions before developing a neurological phenotype. These inclusions are immunoreactive for exon 1 of huntingtin and for ubiquitin. This work uncovers the pathogenetic mechanism underlying all diseases with expanded glutamine repeats.
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156 repeat expansions develop abundant neuronal intranuclear inclusions before developing a neurological phenotype. These inclusions are immunoreactive for exon 1 of huntingtin and for ubiquitin. This work uncovers the pathogenetic mechanism underlying all diseases with expanded glutamine repeats.
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(1997)
Cell
, vol.90
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Davies, S.W.1
Turmaine, M.2
Cozens, B.A.3
Difiglia, M.4
Sharp, A.H.5
Ross, C.A.6
Scherzinger, E.7
Wanker, E.E.8
Mangiarini, L.9
Bates, G.P.10
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80
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18544400323
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Huntingtin-encoded polyglutamine expansions form amyloid-like protein aggregates in vitro and in vivo
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of outstanding interest. This paper shows that recombinant exon 1 of huntingtin carrying polyglutamine stretches in the pathological range assembles into sheet-like structures that resemble the intranuclear inclusions discovered by Davies et al. [79].
-
of outstanding interest Scherzinger E, Lurz R, Turmaine M, Mangiarini L, Hollenbach B, Hasenbank R, Bates GP, Davies SW, Lehrach H, Wanker EE. Huntingtin-encoded polyglutamine expansions form amyloid-like protein aggregates in vitro and in vivo. Cell. 90:1997;549-558 This paper shows that recombinant exon 1 of huntingtin carrying polyglutamine stretches in the pathological range assembles into sheet-like structures that resemble the intranuclear inclusions discovered by Davies et al. [79].
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(1997)
Cell
, vol.90
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Scherzinger, E.1
Lurz, R.2
Turmaine, M.3
Mangiarini, L.4
Hollenbach, B.5
Hasenbank, R.6
Bates, G.P.7
Davies, S.W.8
Lehrach, H.9
Wanker, E.E.10
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81
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0030752709
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Aggregation of huntingtin in neuronal intranuclear inclusions and dystrophic neurites in brain
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of special interest. This paper reports the presence of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in brain tissue from Huntington's disease patients. They were found to be immunoreactive with an antibody directed against the amino terminus of huntingtin and with an anti-ubiquitin antibody. Dystrophic neurites with similar staining and ultrastructural characteristics were also observed. Immunoblot analysis suggests cleavage of huntingtin before it enters the nucleus.
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of special interest DiFiglia M, Sapp E, Chase KO, Davies SW, Bates GP, Vonsattel JP, Aronin N. Aggregation of huntingtin in neuronal intranuclear inclusions and dystrophic neurites in brain. Science. 277:1997;1990-1993 This paper reports the presence of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in brain tissue from Huntington's disease patients. They were found to be immunoreactive with an antibody directed against the amino terminus of huntingtin and with an anti-ubiquitin antibody. Dystrophic neurites with similar staining and ultrastructural characteristics were also observed. Immunoblot analysis suggests cleavage of huntingtin before it enters the nucleus.
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(1997)
Science
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Difiglia, M.1
Sapp, E.2
Chase, K.O.3
Davies, S.W.4
Bates, G.P.5
Vonsattel, J.P.6
Aronin, N.7
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82
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Neuronal nuclear-cytoplasmic changes in Huntington's chorea: Electron microscope investigations
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Roizin L, Stellar S, Liu JC. Neuronal nuclear-cytoplasmic changes in Huntington's chorea: electron microscope investigations. Adv Neurol. 23:1979;95-122.
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Liu, J.C.3
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83
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0030850412
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Intranuclear inclusions of expanded polyglutamine protein in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3
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of outstanding interest. This paper describes the presence of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in spinocerebellar ataxia type-3. The first immunohistochemical demonstration of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in a human trinucleotide repeat disorder.
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of outstanding interest Paulson HL, Perez MK, Trottier Y, Trojanowski JQ, Subramony SH, Das SS, Vig P, Mandel JL, Fischbeck KH, Pittman RN. Intranuclear inclusions of expanded polyglutamine protein in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Neuron. 19:1997;333-344 This paper describes the presence of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in spinocerebellar ataxia type-3. The first immunohistochemical demonstration of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in a human trinucleotide repeat disorder.
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(1997)
Neuron
, vol.19
, pp. 333-344
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Paulson, H.L.1
Perez, M.K.2
Trottier, Y.3
Trojanowski, J.Q.4
Subramony, S.H.5
Das, S.S.6
Vig, P.7
Mandel, J.L.8
Fischbeck, K.H.9
Pittman, R.N.10
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84
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0030666001
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Ataxin-1 with an expanded glutamine tract alters nuclear matrix-associated structures
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Skinner PJ, Koshy BT, Cummings CJ, Klement IA, Helin K, Servadio A, Zoghbi HY, Orr HT. Ataxin-1 with an expanded glutamine tract alters nuclear matrix-associated structures. Nature. 389:1997;971-974.
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Nature
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Skinner, P.J.1
Koshy, B.T.2
Cummings, C.J.3
Klement, I.A.4
Helin, K.5
Servadio, A.6
Zoghbi, H.Y.7
Orr, H.T.8
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85
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0031838352
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Chaperone suppression of aggregation and altered subcellular proteasome localization imply protein misfolding in SCA1
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of special interest. This paper demonstrates the staining of neuronal intranuclear inclusions for the 20S proteasome and the molecular chaperone HDJ-2/HSDJ. Overexpression of antrophin-1 in HeLa cells leads to the formation of intranuclear inclusions immunoreactive for the 20S proteasome and HDJ-2/HSDJ. Overexpression of HDJ-2/HSDJ decreases the frequency of inclusions.
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of special interest Cummings CJ, Mancini MA, Antalffy B, De Franco DB, Orr HT, Zoghbi HY. Chaperone suppression of aggregation and altered subcellular proteasome localization imply protein misfolding in SCA1. Nat Genet. 19:1998;148-154 This paper demonstrates the staining of neuronal intranuclear inclusions for the 20S proteasome and the molecular chaperone HDJ-2/HSDJ. Overexpression of antrophin-1 in HeLa cells leads to the formation of intranuclear inclusions immunoreactive for the 20S proteasome and HDJ-2/HSDJ. Overexpression of HDJ-2/HSDJ decreases the frequency of inclusions.
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(1998)
Nat Genet
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, pp. 148-154
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Cummings, C.J.1
Mancini, M.A.2
Antalffy, B.3
De Franco, D.B.4
Orr, H.T.5
Zoghbi, H.Y.6
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86
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Immunocytochemical co-localization of the proteasome in ubiquitinated structures in neurodegenerative diseases and the elderly
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of special interest. This paper shows that both ubiquitinated Lewy bodies of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies and ubiquitinated dystrophic neurites of Alzheimer's disease are immunoreactive for the 20S proteasome.
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of special interest Ii K, Itoh H, Tanaka K, Hirano A. Immunocytochemical co-localization of the proteasome in ubiquitinated structures in neurodegenerative diseases and the elderly. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 56:1997;125-131 This paper shows that both ubiquitinated Lewy bodies of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies and ubiquitinated dystrophic neurites of Alzheimer's disease are immunoreactive for the 20S proteasome.
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(1997)
J Neuropathol Exp Neurol
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Ii, K.1
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Tanaka, K.3
Hirano, A.4
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87
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Suppression of aggregate formation and apoptosis by transglutaminase inhibitors in cells expressing truncated DRPLA protein with an expanded polyglutamine stretch
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Igarashi S, Koide R, Shimohata Y, Yamada M, Hayashi Y, Takano H, Date H, Oyake M, Sato T, Sato A, et al. Suppression of aggregate formation and apoptosis by transglutaminase inhibitors in cells expressing truncated DRPLA protein with an expanded polyglutamine stretch. Nat Genet. 18:1998;111-117.
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Nat Genet
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Igarashi, S.1
Koide, R.2
Shimohata, Y.3
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Hayashi, Y.5
Takano, H.6
Date, H.7
Oyake, M.8
Sato, T.9
Sato, A.10
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88
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Intranuclear neuronal inclusions in Huntington's disease and dentatorubral and pallidoluysian atrophy: Correlation between the density of inclusions and IT15 CAG triplet repeat length
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Becher MW, Kotzuk JA, Sharp AH, Davies SW, Bates GP, Price DL, Ross CA. Intranuclear neuronal inclusions in Huntington's disease and dentatorubral and pallidoluysian atrophy: correlation between the density of inclusions and IT15 CAG triplet repeat length. Neurobiol Dis. 4:1998;387-397.
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Becher, M.W.1
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Price, D.L.6
Ross, C.A.7
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89
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Spinocerebellar ataxia 7 (SCA7): A neurodegenerative disorder with neuronal intranuclear inclusions
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Holmberg M, Duyckaerts C, Dürr A, Cancel G, Gourfinkel-An I, Damier P, Faucheux B, Trottier Y, Hirsch EC, Agid Y, Brice A. Spinocerebellar ataxia 7 (SCA7): a neurodegenerative disorder with neuronal intranuclear inclusions. Hum Mol Genet. 7:1998;913-918.
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Hum Mol Genet
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Holmberg, M.1
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Dürr, A.3
Cancel, G.4
Gourfinkel-An, I.5
Damier, P.6
Faucheux, B.7
Trottier, Y.8
Hirsch, E.C.9
Agid, Y.10
Brice, A.11
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90
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15144342225
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Nuclear inclusions of the androgen receptor protein in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy
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Li M, Miwa S, Kobayashi Y, Merry DE, Yamamoto M, Tanaka F, Doyu M, Hashizume Y, Fischbeck KH, Sobue G. Nuclear inclusions of the androgen receptor protein in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Ann Neurol. 44:1998;249-254.
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Ann Neurol
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Li, M.1
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Sobue, G.10
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91
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0031469707
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Ectopically expressed CAG repeats cause intranuclear inclusions and a progressive late onset neurological phenotype in the mouse
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of special interest. The authors generated transgenic mice that express hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase with a long polyglutamine tract in nerve cells. These mice display a neurological phenotype and develop large numbers of neuronal intranuclear inclusions. This finding provides further compelling evidence that long polyglutamine tracts are inherently toxic to nerve cells.
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of special interest Ordway JM, Tallaksen-Greene S, Gutekunst CA, Bernstein EM, Cearley JA, Wiener HW, Dure LS, Lindsey R, Hersch SM, Jope R, et al. Ectopically expressed CAG repeats cause intranuclear inclusions and a progressive late onset neurological phenotype in the mouse. Cell. 91:1997;753-763 The authors generated transgenic mice that express hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase with a long polyglutamine tract in nerve cells. These mice display a neurological phenotype and develop large numbers of neuronal intranuclear inclusions. This finding provides further compelling evidence that long polyglutamine tracts are inherently toxic to nerve cells.
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(1997)
Cell
, vol.91
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Ordway, J.M.1
Tallaksen-Greene, S.2
Gutekunst, C.A.3
Bernstein, E.M.4
Cearley, J.A.5
Wiener, H.W.6
Dure, L.S.7
Lindsey, R.8
Hersch, S.M.9
Jope, R.10
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92
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18544392423
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Expanded polyglutamine protein forms nuclear inclusions and causes neural degeneration in Drosphila
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of special interest. The authors show that expression of a fragment of human ataxin-3 with an expanded polyglutamine repeat in nerve cells in Drosophila leads to the formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions and results in nerve cell degeneration.
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of special interest Warrick JM, Paulson HL, Gray-Board GL, Bui QT, Fischbeck KH, Pittman RN, Bonini NM. Expanded polyglutamine protein forms nuclear inclusions and causes neural degeneration in Drosphila. Cell.
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Cell
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Warrick, J.M.1
Paulson, H.L.2
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Bui, Q.T.4
Fischbeck, K.H.5
Pittman, R.N.6
Bonini, N.M.7
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