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Volumn 8, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 619-632

Filamentous nerve cell inclusions in neurodegenerative diseases

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUTAMINE; MICROTUBULE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN; TAU PROTEIN;

EID: 0032191105     PISSN: 09594388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80090-1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (233)

References (92)
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    • Vulnerable neuronal subsets in Alzheimer's and Pick's disease and distinguished by their tau isoform distribution and phosphorylation
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    • of special interest Delacourte A, Sergeant N, Wattez A, Gauvreau D, Robitaille Y. Vulnerable neuronal subsets in Alzheimer's and Pick's disease and distinguished by their tau isoform distribution and phosphorylation. Ann Neurol. 43:1998;193-204 This study shows that the filamentous tau pathology of Pick's disease is distinguished from that of Alzheimer's disease by the absence of four-repeat tau isoforms. It confirms the lack of phosphorylation of Pick bodies at Ser262 in tau (see [42]).
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    • Frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17: A new group of tauopathies
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    • Familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia: A disease with abundant neuronal and glial tau filaments
    • of special interest. This paper describes the neuropathological characteristics of a new familial disease belonging to the class of FTDP-17 dementias. Abundant filamentous tau deposits are found in nerve cells and glial cells in a number of brain regions. The filament morphologies differ from those of Alzheimer's disease: biochemically, they only contain tau isoforms with four microtubule-binding repeats.
    • of special interest Spillantini MG, Goedert M, Crowther RA, Murrell JR, Farlow MR, Ghetti B. Familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia: a disease with abundant neuronal and glial tau filaments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;4113-4118 This paper describes the neuropathological characteristics of a new familial disease belonging to the class of FTDP-17 dementias. Abundant filamentous tau deposits are found in nerve cells and glial cells in a number of brain regions. The filament morphologies differ from those of Alzheimer's disease: biochemically, they only contain tau isoforms with four microtubule-binding repeats.
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    • The neuropathology of a chromosome 17-linked autosomal dominant parkinsonism and dementia (pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration)
    • of special interest. This paper describes the neuropathology of pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), a TFDP-17 dementia. Abundant filamentous tau deposits are found in the nerve cells and glial cells in a number of PPND brain regions. The filaments of PPND resemble those present in familial MSTD, as do the pathological tau bands.
    • of special interest Reed LA, Schmidt ML, Wszolek ZK, Balin BJ, Soontornnivqmkij V, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Schelper RL. The neuropathology of a chromosome 17-linked autosomal dominant parkinsonism and dementia (pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 57:1998;588-601 This paper describes the neuropathology of pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), a TFDP-17 dementia. Abundant filamentous tau deposits are found in the nerve cells and glial cells in a number of PPND brain regions. The filaments of PPND resemble those present in familial MSTD, as do the pathological tau bands.
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    • Tau is a candidate gene for chromosome 17 frontotemporal dementia
    • of outstanding interest. The authors identified a valine to methionine mutation at residue 337 (Val337Met) of tau in Seattle family A and a proline to leucine mutation at residue 301 (Pro301Leu) in Seattle family D - two families with FTDP-17 dementias. Both changes are located in the microtubule-binding repeats of tau. The Val337Met substitution is found in all six tau isoforms, whereas the Pro301Leu change is found only in tau isoforms with four repeats. Tau filaments in Seattle family A contain all six tau isoforms in a hyperphosphorylated state and are indistinguishable from the tau filaments of Alzheimer's disease (see [44]).
    • of outstanding interest Poorkaj P, Bird TD, Wijsman E, Nemens E, Garruto RM, Anderson L, Andreadis A, Wiederholt WC, Raskind M, Schellenberg GD. Tau is a candidate gene for chromosome 17 frontotemporal dementia. Ann Neurol. 43:1998;815-825 The authors identified a valine to methionine mutation at residue 337 (Val337Met) of tau in Seattle family A and a proline to leucine mutation at residue 301 (Pro301Leu) in Seattle family D - two families with FTDP-17 dementias. Both changes are located in the microtubule-binding repeats of tau. The Val337Met substitution is found in all six tau isoforms, whereas the Pro301Leu change is found only in tau isoforms with four repeats. Tau filaments in Seattle family A contain all six tau isoforms in a hyperphosphorylated state and are indistinguishable from the tau filaments of Alzheimer's disease (see [44]).
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    • Poorkaj, P.1    Bird, T.D.2    Wijsman, E.3    Nemens, E.4    Garruto, R.M.5    Anderson, L.6    Andreadis, A.7    Wiederholt, W.C.8    Raskind, M.9    Schellenberg, G.D.10
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    • Association of missense and 5′-splice-site mutations in tau with the inherited dementia FTDP-17
    • of outstanding interest. This paper describes three separate exonic and three separate intronic mutations in the tau gene in ten families with FTDP-17. The exonic mutations are a glycine to valine change at position 272, a proline to leucine change at position 301 (see [50]) and an arginine to tryptophan change at position 406. The intronic mutations are in the intron folowing exon 10, where they are located 13, 14 and 16 nucleotides from the splice-donor site. They disrupt a predicted stem-loop, which may result in increased splicing of exon 10. Exont rapping experiments were used to show that the intronic mutations do indeed lead to increased splicing of exon 10 of the tau gene.
    • of outstanding interest Hutton M, Lendon CL, Rizzu P, Baker M, Froelich S, Houlden H, Pickering-Brown S, Chakraverty S, Isaacs A, Grover A, et al. Association of missense and 5′-splice-site mutations in tau with the inherited dementia FTDP-17. Nature. 393:1998;702-705 This paper describes three separate exonic and three separate intronic mutations in the tau gene in ten families with FTDP-17. The exonic mutations are a glycine to valine change at position 272, a proline to leucine change at position 301 (see [50]) and an arginine to tryptophan change at position 406. The intronic mutations are in the intron folowing exon 10, where they are located 13, 14 and 16 nucleotides from the splice-donor site. They disrupt a predicted stem-loop, which may result in increased splicing of exon 10. Exont rapping experiments were used to show that the intronic mutations do indeed lead to increased splicing of exon 10 of the tau gene.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.393 , pp. 702-705
    • Hutton, M.1    Lendon, C.L.2    Rizzu, P.3    Baker, M.4    Froelich, S.5    Houlden, H.6    Pickering-Brown, S.7    Chakraverty, S.8    Isaacs, A.9    Grover, A.10
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    • Mutation in the tau gene in familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia
    • of special interest. of outstanding interest. The authors identified an intronic mutation in the nucleotide adjacent to the splice-donor site of exon 10 of the tau gene in familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia (MSTD), a FTDP-17 dementia. The mutation disrupts a predicted stem-loop, similar to the intronic mutations reported by Hutton et al. [51]. This disruption may result in increased splicing of exon 10, consistent with an increase in four-repeat tau isoforms in soluble tau extracted from brains of patients with familial MSTD. Tau filaments in familial MSTD contain only four-repeat tau isoforms (see [45]).
    • of special interest Spillantini MG, Murrell JR, Goedert M, Farlow MR, Klug A, Ghetti B. Mutation in the tau gene in familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia. of outstanding interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;7737-7741 The authors identified an intronic mutation in the nucleotide adjacent to the splice-donor site of exon 10 of the tau gene in familial multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia (MSTD), a FTDP-17 dementia. The mutation disrupts a predicted stem-loop, similar to the intronic mutations reported by Hutton et al. [51]. This disruption may result in increased splicing of exon 10, consistent with an increase in four-repeat tau isoforms in soluble tau extracted from brains of patients with familial MSTD. Tau filaments in familial MSTD contain only four-repeat tau isoforms (see [45]).
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    • Mutation in the α-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease
    • of outstanding interest. This report represents the first identified genetic, cause of Parkinson's disease. The authors identified an alanine to threonine mutation at residue 53 in α-synuclein in a large Italian - American family (Contursi kindred) and three small Greek pedigrees with early-onset Parkinson's disease.
    • of outstanding interest Polymeropoulos MH, Lavedan C, Leroy E, Ide SE, Dehejia A, Dutra A, Pike B, Root H, Rubenstein J, Boyer R, et al. Mutation in the α-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease. Science. 276:1997;2045-2047 This report represents the first identified genetic, cause of Parkinson's disease. The authors identified an alanine to threonine mutation at residue 53 in α-synuclein in a large Italian - American family (Contursi kindred) and three small Greek pedigrees with early-onset Parkinson's disease.
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    • Polymeropoulos, M.H.1    Lavedan, C.2    Leroy, E.3    Ide, S.E.4    Dehejia, A.5    Dutra, A.6    Pike, B.7    Root, H.8    Rubenstein, J.9    Boyer, R.10
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    • Ala30Pro mutation in the gene encoding α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease
    • of outstanding interest. of special interest. The authors identified an alanine to proline mutation at residue 30 in α-synuclein in a German pedigree with early-onset familial Parkinson's disease. This finding firmly establishes that missense mutations in the α-synuclein gene can lead to Parkinson's disease (see also [57]).
    • of outstanding interest Krüger R, Kuhn W, Müller T, Woitalla D, Graeber M, Kösel S, Przuntek H, Epplen JT, Schöls L, Riess O. Ala30Pro mutation in the gene encoding α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. of special interest Nat Genet. 18:1998;106-108 The authors identified an alanine to proline mutation at residue 30 in α-synuclein in a German pedigree with early-onset familial Parkinson's disease. This finding firmly establishes that missense mutations in the α-synuclein gene can lead to Parkinson's disease (see also [57]).
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    • Krüger, R.1    Kuhn, W.2    Müller, T.3    Woitalla, D.4    Graeber, M.5    Kösel, S.6    Przuntek, H.7    Epplen, J.T.8    Schöls, L.9    Riess, O.10
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    • Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism
    • of outstanding interest. The authors report that deletion mutations in the parkin gene underlie a rare juvenile, autosomal-recessively inherited form of parkinsonism (AR-JP). Parkin is a 465 amino acid protein of unknown function that shows some sequence similarities with ubiquitin at its amino terminus. Unlike Parkinson's disease, AR-JP is not characterised by Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites.
    • of outstanding interest Kitada K, Asakawa S, Hattori N, Matsumine H, Yamamura Y, Minoshima S, Yokochi M, Mizuno Y, Shimizu N. Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Nature. 392:1998;605-608 The authors report that deletion mutations in the parkin gene underlie a rare juvenile, autosomal-recessively inherited form of parkinsonism (AR-JP). Parkin is a 465 amino acid protein of unknown function that shows some sequence similarities with ubiquitin at its amino terminus. Unlike Parkinson's disease, AR-JP is not characterised by Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.392 , pp. 605-608
    • Kitada, K.1    Asakawa, S.2    Hattori, N.3    Matsumine, H.4    Yamamura, Y.5    Minoshima, S.6    Yokochi, M.7    Mizuno, Y.8    Shimizu, N.9
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    • NACP, a protein implicated in Alzheimer's disease and learning, is natively unfolded
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    • Stabilization of α-synuclein secondary structure upon binding to synthetic membranes
    • of special interest. The authors demonstrate that α-synuclein binds to artificial vesicle rich in acidic phospholipids through its amino-terminal repeats. Lipid binding is accompanied by an increase in α-helicity from 3% to approximately 80%, consistent with the view that α-synuclein becomes structured upon binding.
    • of special interest Davidson WS, Jonas A, Clayton DF, George JM. Stabilization of α-synuclein secondary structure upon binding to synthetic membranes. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;9443-9449 The authors demonstrate that α-synuclein binds to artificial vesicle rich in acidic phospholipids through its amino-terminal repeats. Lipid binding is accompanied by an increase in α-helicity from 3% to approximately 80%, consistent with the view that α-synuclein becomes structured upon binding.
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    • Davidson, W.S.1    Jonas, A.2    Clayton, D.F.3    George, J.M.4
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    • α-Synuclein in Lewy bodies
    • of special interest. of outstanding interest. This paper shows that Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites of idiopathic Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are strongly immunoreactive for α-synuclein. Together with [57,58], this finding suggests that Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are α-synucleinopathies.
    • of special interest Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VM-Y, Trojanowski JQ, Jakes R, Goedert M. α-Synuclein in Lewy bodies. of outstanding interest Nature. 388:1997;839-840 This paper shows that Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites of idiopathic Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are strongly immunoreactive for α-synuclein. Together with [57,58], this finding suggests that Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are α-synucleinopathies.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.388 , pp. 839-840
    • Spillantini, M.G.1    Schmidt, M.L.2    Lee Vm-Y3    Trojanowski, J.Q.4    Jakes, R.5    Goedert, M.6
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    • Nigral and cortical Lewy bodies and dystrophic nigral neurites in Parkinson's disease and cortical Lewy body disease contain α-synuclein immunoreactivity
    • Irizarry MC, Growdon W, Gomez-Isla T, Newell K, George JM, Clayton DF, Hyman BT. Nigral and cortical Lewy bodies and dystrophic nigral neurites in Parkinson's disease and cortical Lewy body disease contain α-synuclein immunoreactivity. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 57:1998;334-337.
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    • Irizarry, M.C.1    Growdon, W.2    Gomez-Isla, T.3    Newell, K.4    George, J.M.5    Clayton, D.F.6    Hyman, B.T.7
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    • Aggregation of α-snyclein in Lewi bodies of sporadic Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies
    • of special interest. This paper confirms the presence of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. In addition, it shows that some filamentous and granular material in purified Lewy bodies is labelled with α-snyclein antibodies. In Western blots, purified Lewy bodies appear to contain mostly truncated α-synuclein.
    • of special interest Baba M, Nakajo S, Tu PH, Tomita T, Nakaya K, Lee VM-Y, Trojanowski JQ, Iwatsubo T. Aggregation of α-snyclein in Lewi bodies of sporadic Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Am J Pathol. 152:1998;879-884 This paper confirms the presence of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. In addition, it shows that some filamentous and granular material in purified Lewy bodies is labelled with α-snyclein antibodies. In Western blots, purified Lewy bodies appear to contain mostly truncated α-synuclein.
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    • Baba, M.1    Nakajo, S.2    Tu, P.H.3    Tomita, T.4    Nakaya, K.5    Lee Vm-Y6    Trojanowski, J.Q.7    Iwatsubo, T.8
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    • α-Synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies
    • of special interest. This paper demonstrates that full-length or close to full-length α-synuclein is present in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites and the α-synuclein staining is more extensive that ubiquitin staining. Isolated filaments were decorated by α-synuclein antibodies, indicating that α-synuclein is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites.
    • of special interest Spillantini MG, Crowther RA, Jakes R, Hasegawa M, Goedert M. α-Synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;6469-6473 This paper demonstrates that full-length or close to full-length α-synuclein is present in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites and the α-synuclein staining is more extensive that ubiquitin staining. Isolated filaments were decorated by α-synuclein antibodies, indicating that α-synuclein is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites.
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    • Spillantini, M.G.1    Crowther, R.A.2    Jakes, R.3    Hasegawa, M.4    Goedert, M.5
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    • of special interest. See annotation [73].
    • of special interest Wakabayashi K, Yoshimoto M, Tsuji S, Takahashi H. α-Synuclein immunoreactivity in glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. Neurosci Lett. 249:1998;180-182 See annotation [73].
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    • Alpha synuclein in neurodegenerative disorders: Murder of accomplice?
    • of special interest. See annotation [73].
    • of special interest Mezey E, Dehejia A, Harta G, Papp MI, Polymeropoulos MH, Brownstein MJ. Alpha synuclein in neurodegenerative disorders: Murder of accomplice? Nat Med. 4:1998;755-757 See annotation [73].
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    • Filamentous α-synuclein inclusions link multiple system atrophy with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies
    • of special interest. These papers [71-73] show that the glial and neuronal inclusions of mutiple system atrophy (MSA) are strongly immunoreactive for α-synuclein. Using immunoelectron microscopy, Spillantini et al. [73] found that filaments extracted from MSA brain are strongly labelled by α-synuclein antibodies, indicating that MSA is a third α-synucleinopathy (the first two being Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies). The staining characteristics of α-synuclein filaments from MSA brain are identical to those of Lewy body filaments (see [68]).
    • of special interest Spillantini MG, Crowther RA, Jakes R, Cairns NJ, Lantos PL, Goedert M. Filamentous α-synuclein inclusions link multiple system atrophy with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurosci Lett. 251:1998;205-208 These papers [71-73] show that the glial and neuronal inclusions of mutiple system atrophy (MSA) are strongly immunoreactive for α-synuclein. Using immunoelectron microscopy, Spillantini et al. [73] found that filaments extracted from MSA brain are strongly labelled by α-synuclein antibodies, indicating that MSA is a third α-synucleinopathy (the first two being Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies). The staining characteristics of α-synuclein filaments from MSA brain are identical to those of Lewy body filaments (see [68]).
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    • 156 repeat expansions develop abundant neuronal intranuclear inclusions before developing a neurological phenotype. These inclusions are immunoreactive for exon 1 of huntingtin and for ubiquitin. This work uncovers the pathogenetic mechanism underlying all diseases with expanded glutamine repeats.
    • 156 repeat expansions develop abundant neuronal intranuclear inclusions before developing a neurological phenotype. These inclusions are immunoreactive for exon 1 of huntingtin and for ubiquitin. This work uncovers the pathogenetic mechanism underlying all diseases with expanded glutamine repeats.
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    • Davies, S.W.1    Turmaine, M.2    Cozens, B.A.3    Difiglia, M.4    Sharp, A.H.5    Ross, C.A.6    Scherzinger, E.7    Wanker, E.E.8    Mangiarini, L.9    Bates, G.P.10
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    • of outstanding interest. This paper shows that recombinant exon 1 of huntingtin carrying polyglutamine stretches in the pathological range assembles into sheet-like structures that resemble the intranuclear inclusions discovered by Davies et al. [79].
    • of outstanding interest Scherzinger E, Lurz R, Turmaine M, Mangiarini L, Hollenbach B, Hasenbank R, Bates GP, Davies SW, Lehrach H, Wanker EE. Huntingtin-encoded polyglutamine expansions form amyloid-like protein aggregates in vitro and in vivo. Cell. 90:1997;549-558 This paper shows that recombinant exon 1 of huntingtin carrying polyglutamine stretches in the pathological range assembles into sheet-like structures that resemble the intranuclear inclusions discovered by Davies et al. [79].
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    • Scherzinger, E.1    Lurz, R.2    Turmaine, M.3    Mangiarini, L.4    Hollenbach, B.5    Hasenbank, R.6    Bates, G.P.7    Davies, S.W.8    Lehrach, H.9    Wanker, E.E.10
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    • of special interest. This paper reports the presence of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in brain tissue from Huntington's disease patients. They were found to be immunoreactive with an antibody directed against the amino terminus of huntingtin and with an anti-ubiquitin antibody. Dystrophic neurites with similar staining and ultrastructural characteristics were also observed. Immunoblot analysis suggests cleavage of huntingtin before it enters the nucleus.
    • of special interest DiFiglia M, Sapp E, Chase KO, Davies SW, Bates GP, Vonsattel JP, Aronin N. Aggregation of huntingtin in neuronal intranuclear inclusions and dystrophic neurites in brain. Science. 277:1997;1990-1993 This paper reports the presence of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in brain tissue from Huntington's disease patients. They were found to be immunoreactive with an antibody directed against the amino terminus of huntingtin and with an anti-ubiquitin antibody. Dystrophic neurites with similar staining and ultrastructural characteristics were also observed. Immunoblot analysis suggests cleavage of huntingtin before it enters the nucleus.
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    • Intranuclear inclusions of expanded polyglutamine protein in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3
    • of outstanding interest. This paper describes the presence of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in spinocerebellar ataxia type-3. The first immunohistochemical demonstration of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in a human trinucleotide repeat disorder.
    • of outstanding interest Paulson HL, Perez MK, Trottier Y, Trojanowski JQ, Subramony SH, Das SS, Vig P, Mandel JL, Fischbeck KH, Pittman RN. Intranuclear inclusions of expanded polyglutamine protein in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Neuron. 19:1997;333-344 This paper describes the presence of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in spinocerebellar ataxia type-3. The first immunohistochemical demonstration of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in a human trinucleotide repeat disorder.
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    • Chaperone suppression of aggregation and altered subcellular proteasome localization imply protein misfolding in SCA1
    • of special interest. This paper demonstrates the staining of neuronal intranuclear inclusions for the 20S proteasome and the molecular chaperone HDJ-2/HSDJ. Overexpression of antrophin-1 in HeLa cells leads to the formation of intranuclear inclusions immunoreactive for the 20S proteasome and HDJ-2/HSDJ. Overexpression of HDJ-2/HSDJ decreases the frequency of inclusions.
    • of special interest Cummings CJ, Mancini MA, Antalffy B, De Franco DB, Orr HT, Zoghbi HY. Chaperone suppression of aggregation and altered subcellular proteasome localization imply protein misfolding in SCA1. Nat Genet. 19:1998;148-154 This paper demonstrates the staining of neuronal intranuclear inclusions for the 20S proteasome and the molecular chaperone HDJ-2/HSDJ. Overexpression of antrophin-1 in HeLa cells leads to the formation of intranuclear inclusions immunoreactive for the 20S proteasome and HDJ-2/HSDJ. Overexpression of HDJ-2/HSDJ decreases the frequency of inclusions.
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    • Immunocytochemical co-localization of the proteasome in ubiquitinated structures in neurodegenerative diseases and the elderly
    • of special interest. This paper shows that both ubiquitinated Lewy bodies of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies and ubiquitinated dystrophic neurites of Alzheimer's disease are immunoreactive for the 20S proteasome.
    • of special interest Ii K, Itoh H, Tanaka K, Hirano A. Immunocytochemical co-localization of the proteasome in ubiquitinated structures in neurodegenerative diseases and the elderly. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 56:1997;125-131 This paper shows that both ubiquitinated Lewy bodies of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies and ubiquitinated dystrophic neurites of Alzheimer's disease are immunoreactive for the 20S proteasome.
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    • Suppression of aggregate formation and apoptosis by transglutaminase inhibitors in cells expressing truncated DRPLA protein with an expanded polyglutamine stretch
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    • Intranuclear neuronal inclusions in Huntington's disease and dentatorubral and pallidoluysian atrophy: Correlation between the density of inclusions and IT15 CAG triplet repeat length
    • Becher MW, Kotzuk JA, Sharp AH, Davies SW, Bates GP, Price DL, Ross CA. Intranuclear neuronal inclusions in Huntington's disease and dentatorubral and pallidoluysian atrophy: correlation between the density of inclusions and IT15 CAG triplet repeat length. Neurobiol Dis. 4:1998;387-397.
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    • Ectopically expressed CAG repeats cause intranuclear inclusions and a progressive late onset neurological phenotype in the mouse
    • of special interest. The authors generated transgenic mice that express hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase with a long polyglutamine tract in nerve cells. These mice display a neurological phenotype and develop large numbers of neuronal intranuclear inclusions. This finding provides further compelling evidence that long polyglutamine tracts are inherently toxic to nerve cells.
    • of special interest Ordway JM, Tallaksen-Greene S, Gutekunst CA, Bernstein EM, Cearley JA, Wiener HW, Dure LS, Lindsey R, Hersch SM, Jope R, et al. Ectopically expressed CAG repeats cause intranuclear inclusions and a progressive late onset neurological phenotype in the mouse. Cell. 91:1997;753-763 The authors generated transgenic mice that express hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase with a long polyglutamine tract in nerve cells. These mice display a neurological phenotype and develop large numbers of neuronal intranuclear inclusions. This finding provides further compelling evidence that long polyglutamine tracts are inherently toxic to nerve cells.
    • (1997) Cell , vol.91 , pp. 753-763
    • Ordway, J.M.1    Tallaksen-Greene, S.2    Gutekunst, C.A.3    Bernstein, E.M.4    Cearley, J.A.5    Wiener, H.W.6    Dure, L.S.7    Lindsey, R.8    Hersch, S.M.9    Jope, R.10
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    • Expanded polyglutamine protein forms nuclear inclusions and causes neural degeneration in Drosphila
    • of special interest. The authors show that expression of a fragment of human ataxin-3 with an expanded polyglutamine repeat in nerve cells in Drosophila leads to the formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions and results in nerve cell degeneration.
    • of special interest Warrick JM, Paulson HL, Gray-Board GL, Bui QT, Fischbeck KH, Pittman RN, Bonini NM. Expanded polyglutamine protein forms nuclear inclusions and causes neural degeneration in Drosphila. Cell.
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