Blind equalization using the constant modulus criterion: A review

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 86, Issue 10, 1998, Pages 1927-1949

  Johnson Jr , C Richard ^a,c,d   Schniter, Philip ^a   Endres, Thomas J ^b   Behm, James D ^c   Brown, Donald R ^a   Casas, Raúl A ^a  

^a Cornell University   (United States)

^b Sarnoff Digital Communications   (United States)

^c Department of Defense ^*  (United States)

^d Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptive equalizers; Blind deconvolution; Blind equalization; Constant modulus algorithm (CMA); Digital communication; Equalizers; Intersymbol interference; Least mean square methods

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE FILTERING; ALGORITHMS; COMMUNICATION CHANNELS (INFORMATION THEORY); DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS; INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE; LEAST SQUARES APPROXIMATIONS; RANDOM PROCESSES;

ADAPTIVE EQUALIZERS; BLIND DECONVOLUTION; BLIND EQUALIZATION; CONSTANT MODULUS ALGORITHMS (CMA);

EQUALIZERS;

EID: 0032188650     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/5.720246     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. J. W. M. Bergmans and A. J. E. M. Janssen, "Robust data equalization, fractional tap spacing and the Zak transform," Philips J. Res., vol. 42, no. 4, PP.351-398, 1987.
2. Z. Ding, "Characteristics of band-limited channels unidentifiable from second-order cyclostationary statistics," IEEE Signal Processing Lett., vol. 3, PP.150-152, May 1996.
3. G. D. Forney, L. Brown, M. V. Eyuboglu, and J. L. Moran III, "The V.34 high-speed modem standard," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 34, PP.28-33, Dec. 1996.
4. R. D. Gitlin, "Fractionally spaced equalization: An improved digital transversal equalizer," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 60, PP.275-296, Feb. 1981.
5. R. D. Gitlin, J. F. Hayes, and S. B. Weinstein, Data Communications Principles. New York: Plenum Press, 1992.
6. S. Haykin, Adaptive Filter Theory, 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996.
7. C. R. Johnson, Jr. et al., "On fractionally spaced equalizer design for digital microwave radio channels," in Proc. Asilomar Conf. Signals, Syst. Comput., Pacific Grove, CA, Oct. 1995, PP.290-294.
8. T. Kailath, Linear Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980.
9. M. G. Larimore and M. J. Goodman, "Implementation of the constant modulus algorithm at RF bandwidths," in Proc. Asilomar Conf. Signals, Syst. Comput., Pacific Grove, CA, Nov. 1985, PP.626-630.
10. E. A. Lee and D. G. Messerschmitt, Digital Communication, 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Kluwer, 1994.
11. R. W. Lucky, 'Techniques for adaptive equalization of digital communication systems," Bell Syst. Techn. J., vol. 45, PP.255-286, Feb. 1966.
12. _, "Signal filtering with the transversal equalizer," in Proc. Allerton Conf. Circuits Syst. Theory, Allerton, IL, Oct. 1969, p. 792.
13. D. G. Luenbcrger, Optimization by Vector Space Methods, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1990.
14. O. Macchi and L. Guidoux, "A new equalizer: The double-sampling equalizer," Annales des Telecommun., vol. 30, nos. 9/10, PP.331-338, Sept. 1975.
15. E. Moulines, P. Duhamel, J. Cardoso, and S. Mayrargue, "Subspace methods for blind identification of multichannel FIR filters," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 43, PP.516-525, Feb. 1995.
16. J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.
17. S. U. H. Qureshi, "Adjustment of the position of the reference tap of an adaptive equalizer," IEEE Trans. Commun., PP.1046-1052, Sept. 1973.
18. _, "Adaptive equalization," Proc. IEEE, vol. 73, PP.1349-1387, Sept. 1985.
19. Y. Sato, "A method of self-recovering equalization for multilevel amplitude-modulations systems," IEEE Trans. Commun., PP.679-682, June 1975.
20. G. Strang, Linear Algebra and its Applications, 3rd ed. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988.
21. L. Tong, "A fractionally spaced adaptive blind equalizer," in Proc. Conf. Inform. Sci. Syst., Princeton, NJ, Mar. 1992, PP.711-716.
22. L. Tong, G. Xu, B. Hassibi, and T. Kailath, "Blind identification and equalization based on second-order statistics: A frequency-domain approach," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 41, PP.329-334, Jan. 1995.
23. J. R. Treichler, I. Fijalkow, and C. R. Johnson, Jr., "Fractionally spaced equalizers: How long should they really be?," IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol. 13, PP.65-81, May 1996.
24. J. R. Treichler, M. G. Larimore, and J. C. Harp, "Practical blind demodulators for high-order QAM signals," this issue, PP.1907-1926.
25. J. K. Tugnait, "On blind identifiability of multipath channels using fractional sampling and 2nd-order cyclostationary statistics," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 41, PP.308-311, Jan. 1995.
26. G. Ungerboeck, "Fractional tap spacing equalizer and consequences for clock recovery in data modems," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 24, no. 8, PP.856-864, Aug. 1976.
27. B. Widrow and S. D. Steams, Adaptive Signal Processing. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1985.
28. V. G. Wolff, R. P. Gooch, and J. R. Treichler, "Specification and development of an equalizer-demodulator for wideband digital microwave radio signals" in Proc. IEEE Military Commun. Conf., San Diego, CA, Oct. 1988, PP.461-467.
29. D. N. Godard, "Self-recovering equalization and carrier tracking in two-dimensional data communication systems," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 28, PP.1867-1875, Nov. 1980.
30. J. R. Treichler and B. G. Agee, "A new approach to multipath correction of constant modulus signals," IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, vol. 31, PP.459-72, Apr. 1983.
31. G. J. Foschini, "Equalizing without altering or detecting data (digital radio systems)," AT&T Tech. J., vol. 64, no. 8, PP.1885-1911, Oct. 1985.
32. Y. Li and Z. Ding, "Global convergence of fractionally spaced Godard (CMA) adaptive equalizers," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 44, no. 4, PP.818-826, Apr. 1996.
33. I. Fijalkow, A. Touzni, and J. R. Treichler, "Fractionally spaced equalization using CMA: Robustness to channel noise and lack of disparity," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45, no. 1, PP.56-66, Jan. 1997.
34. M. G. Larimore and J. R. Treichler, "Convergence behavior of the constant modulus algorithm," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, Boston, MA, Apr. 14-16, 1983, PP.13-16.
35. S. Lambotharan, J. Chambers, and C. R. Johnson, Jr., "Attraction of saddles and slow convergence in CMA adaptation," Signal Processing, vol. 59, no. 2, PP.335-340, June 1997.
36. A. Touzni and I. Fijalkow, "Does fractionally spaced CMA converge faster than LMS?," in Proc. European Signal Processing Conf., Trieste, Italy, Sept. 1996, PP.1227-1230.
37. I. Fijalkow, C. Manlove, and C. R. Johnson, Jr., "Adaptive fractionally spaced blind CMA equalization: Excess MSE," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 46, PP.227-231, Jan. 1998.
38. C. R. Johnson, Jr. and B. D. O. Anderson, "Godard blind equalizer error surface characteristics: White, zero-mean, binary case," Int. J. Adaptive Contr. Signal Processing, vol. 9, PP.301-324, July/Aug. 1995.
39. J. P. LeBlanc, I. Fijalkow, and C. Richard Johnson, Jr., "CMA fractionally spaced equalizers: Stationary points and stability under IID and temporally correlated sources," International Journal of Adaptive Contr. Signal Processing, 1998, to appear.
40. H. H. Zeng, L. Tong, and C. R. Johnson, Jr., "Relationships between the constant modulus and Wiener receivers," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 44, PP.1523-1538, July 1998.
41. W. Chung and J. P. LeBlanc, "The local minima of fractionally spaced CMA blind equalizer cost function in the presence of channel noise," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Seattle, WA, May 1998, PP.3345-3348.
42. Y. Li and K. J. R. Liu, "Static and dynamic convergence behavior of adaptive blind equalizers," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 44, PP.2736-2745, Nov. 1996.
43. T. J. Endres, B. D. O. Anderson, C. R. Johnson, Jr., and M. Green, "On the robustness of the fractionally spaced, constant modulus criterion to channel order undermodeling: Part I," in Proc. IEEE Signal Processing Workshop on Signal Processing Advances Wireless Commun., Paris, France, Apr. 16-18, 1997, PP.37-40.
44. _, "On the robustness of the fractionally spaced constant modulus criterion to channel order undermodeling: Part II," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech Signal Proc., Munich, Germany, Apr. 20-24, 1997, PP.3605-3608.
45. J. R. Treichler, V. Wolff, and C. R. Johnson, Jr., "Observed misconvergence in the constant modulus adaptive algorithm," in Proc. Asilomar Conf. Signals, Syst., Comput., Pacific Grove, CA, Nov. 1991, PP.663-667.
46. R. A. Axford, Jr., L. B. Milstein, and J. R. Zeidler, "The effects on PN sequences on the misconvergence of the constant modulus algorithm," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 46, PP.519-523, Feb. 1998.
47. J. P. LeBlanc, "Effects of source distributions and correlation on fractionally spaced blind constant modulus algorithm equalizers," Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, 1995.