Algebraic methods for deterministic blind beamforming

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 86, Issue 10, 1998, Pages 1987-2008

  Van Der Veen, Alle Jan ^a,b,c  

^a DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^b IEEE   (Netherlands)

^c DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Array signal processing; Blind source separation; Constant modulus algorithm; Delay estimation; Direction of arrival estimation; Frequency estimation; Multipath channels; Sequence estimation; Singular value decomposition; Space division multiplexing

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHMS; ANTENNA PHASED ARRAYS; COMMUNICATION CHANNELS (INFORMATION THEORY); EIGENVALUES AND EIGENFUNCTIONS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS;

BLIND BEAMFORMING; BLIND SOURCE SEPARATION; SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION; SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING;

SIGNAL PROCESSING;

EID: 0032187672     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/5.720249     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. W. C. Jakes, Ed., Microwave Mobile Communications. New York: Wiley, 1974.
2. W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals. New York: Wiley, 1993.
3. T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996.
4. E. Lee and D. Messerschmitt, Digital Communication. Boston: Kluwer, 1994.
5. R. Steele, Ed., Mobile Radio Communications. New York: IEEE Press, 1994.
6. J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.
7. W. C. Y. Lee, "Overview of cellular CDMA," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 40, pp. 291-302, May 1991.
8. B. Ottersten, "Array processing for wireless communications," in Proc. IEEE Workshop Statistics, Signal, Array Processing, Corfu, Greece, June 1996, pp. 466-473.
9. B. Sklar, "Rayleigh fading channels in mobile digital communication systems, Part I: Characterization," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 35, pp. 90-100, July 1997.
10. A. J. Paulraj and C. B. Papadias, "Space-time processing for wireless communications," IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol. 14, pp. 49-83, Nov. 1997.
11. K. Pahlavan and A. H. Levesque, "Wireless data communications," Proc. IEEE, vol. 82, pp. 1398-1430, Sept. 1994.
12. A. Klein, W. Mohr, R. Thomas, P. Weber, and B. Wirth, "Direction of arrival of partial waves in wideband mobile radio channels for intelligent antenna concepts," in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., Nov. 1996, pp. 849-853.
13. R. A. Monzingo and T. W. Miller, Introduction to Adaptive Arrays. New York: Wiley, 1980.
14. B. D. van Veen and K. M. Buckley, "Beamforming: A versatile approach to spatial filtering," IEEE Audio Speech Signal Processing Mag., vol. 5, pp. 4-24, Apr. 1988.
15. D. H. Johnson and D. E. Dudgeon, Array Signal Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993.
16. S. Haykin, Array Signal Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984.
17. S. U. Pillai, Array Signal Processing. New York: Springer, 1989.
18. H. Krim and M. Viberg, "Two decades of array signal processing research, the parametric approach," IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol. 13, pp. 67-94, July 1996.
19. R. O. Schmidt, "Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, vol. 34, pp. 276-280, Mar. 1986.
20. M. Viberg and B. Ottersten, "Sensor array processing based on subspace fitting," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 39, pp. 1110-1121, May 1991.
21. M. Viberg, B. Ottersten, and T. Kailath, "Detection and estimation in sensor arrays using weighted subspace fitting," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 39, pp. 2436-2449, Nov. 1991.
22. P. Stoica and K. C. Sharman, "Maximum likelihood methods for direction-of-arrival estimation," IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, vol. 38, pp. 1132-1143, July 1990.
23. P. Stoica and A. Nehorai, "MUSIC, maximum likelihood, and Cramer-Rao bound: Further results and comparisons," IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, vol. 38, pp. 2140-2150, Dec. 1990.
24. R. Roy and T. Kailath, "ESPRIT - Estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques," IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, vol. 37, pp. 984-995, July 1989.
25. M. Haardt and J. A. Nossek, "Unitary ESPRIT: How to obtain increased estimation accuracy with a reduced computational burden," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 43, pp. 1232-1242, May 1995.
26. B. Ottersten, M. Viberg, and T. Kailath, "Performance analysis of the total least squares ESPRIT algorithm," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 39, pp. 1122-1135, May 1991.
27. T. J. Shan, M. Wax, and T. Kailath, "On spatial smoothing for direction-of-arrival estimation of coherent signals," IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, vol. 33, pp. 806-811, Apr. 1985.
28. U. K. Pillai and B. H. Kwon, "Forward/backward spatial smoothing techniques for coherent signal identification," IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, vol. 37, pp. 8-15, Jan. 1989.
29. T. Trump and B. Ottersten, "Estimation of nominal direction of arrival and angular spread using an array of sensors," Signal Processing, vol. 50, nos. 1-2, pp. 57-69, Apr. 1996.
30. D. Asztély, B. Ottersten, and A. L. Swindlehurst, "A generalized array manifold model for local scattering in wireless communications," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Munich, Germany, 1997, pp. 4021-4024.
31. A. J. van der Veen, P. B. Ober, and E. F. Deprettere, "Azimuth and elevation computation in high resolution DOA estimation," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 40, pp. 1828-1832, July 1992.
32. Y. Hua, "Estimating two-dimensional frequencies by matrix enhancement and matrix pencil," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 40, pp. 2267-2280, Sept. 1992.
33. C. P. Mathews and M. D. Zoltowski, "Eigenstructure techniques for 2-D estimation with uniform circular arrays," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 42, pp. 2395-2407, Sept. 1994.
34. M. D. Zoltowski, M. Haardt, and C. P. Mathews, "Closedform 2-D angle estimation with rectangular arrays in element space or beamspace via unitary ESPRIT," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 44, pp. 316-328, Feb. 1996.
35. M. Haardt, "Efficient one-, two-, and multidimensional high-resolution array signal processing," Ph.D. dissertation, TU München, Munich, Germany, 1997.
36. Y. Ogawa, N. Hamaguchi, K. Ohshima, and K. Itoh, "High-resolution analysis of indoor multipath propagation structure," IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E78-B, pp. 1450-1457, Nov. 1995.
37. J. Gunther and A. L. Swindlehiirst, "Algorithms for blind equalization with multiple antennas based on frequency domain subspaces," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Atlanta, GA, 1996, pp. 2421-2424.
38. M. Wax and A. Leshem, "Joint estimation of directions-of-arrival and time-delays of multiple reflections of known signal," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45, pp. 2477-2484, Oct. 1997.
39. M. C. Vanderveen, C. B. Papadias, and A. Paulraj, "Joint angle and delay estimation (JADE) for multipath signals arriving at an antenna array," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 1, pp. 12-14, Jan. 1997.
40. A. J. van der Veen, M. C. Vanderveen, and A. Paulraj, "Joint angle and delay estimation using shift-invariance techniques," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 405-418, Feb. 1998.
41. B. H. Khalaj, A. Paulraj, and T. Kailath, "2D RAKE receivers for CDMA cellular systems," in Proc. Globecom, San Francisco, CA, Nov. 1994, vol. 1, pp. 400-404.
42. M. Honig, U. Madhow, and S. Verdu, "Blind adaptive multiuser detection," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory; vol. 41, pp. 944-960, July 1995.
43. H. Liu and G. Xu, "A subspace method for signature wave-form estimation in synchronous CDMA systems," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 44, pp. 1346-1354, Oct. 1996.
44. H. Liu and M. D. Zoltowski, "Blind equalization in antenna array CDMA systems," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45, pp. 161-172, Jan. 1997.
45. M. Torlak and G. Xu, "Blind multiuser channel estimation in asynchronous CDMA systems," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45, pp. 137-147, Jan. 1997.
46. J. Ramos and M. D. Zoltowski, "Reduced complexity blind 2D RAKE receiver for CDMA," in Proc. IEEE SP Workshop on Statistics Signal Array Processing. Corfu, Greece, 1996, pp. 502-505.
47. J. Ramos, M. D. Zoltowski, and H. Liu, "A low-complexity space-time RAKE receiver for DS-CDMA communications," IEEE Signal Processing Lett., vol. 4, pp. 262-265, Sept. 1997.
48. M. D. Zoltowski and C. P. Mathews, "Real-time frequency and 2-D angle estimation with sub-Nyquist spatio-temporal sampling," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 42, pp. 2781-2794, Oct. 1994.
49. K.-B. Yu, "Recursive super-resolution algorithm for low-elevation target angle tracking in multipath," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. - Radar, Sonar and Navigation, vol. 141, no. 4, pp. 223-229, Aug. 1994.
50. K. Abed-Meraim, W. Qui, and Y. Hua, "Blind system identification," Proc. IEEE, vol. 85, no. 8, pp. 1310-1322, Aug. 1997.
51. L. Tong, G. Xu, and T. Kailath, "Blind identification and equalization based on second-order statistics: A time domain approach," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory; vol. 40, pp. 340-349, Mar. 1994.
52. E. Moulines, P. Duhamel, J.-F. Cardoso, and S. Mayrargue, "Subspace methods for the blind identification of multichannel FIR filters," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.43, pp. 516-525, Feb. 1995.
53. D. Slock, "Blind fractionally-spaced equalization, perfect-reconstruction filter banks and multichannel linear prediction," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, 1994, pp. IV:585-588.
54. K. Abed-Meraim, E. Moulines, and P. Loubaton, "Prediction error method for second-order blind identification," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45, pp. 694-705, Mar. 1997.
55. Y. Hua, K. Abed-Meraim, and M. Wax, "Blind system identification using minimum noise subspace," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45, pp. 770-773, Mar. 1997.
56. H. Liu and G. Xu, "Closed-form blind symbol estimation in digital communications," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 43, pp. 2714-2723, Nov. 1995.
57. A. J. van der Veen, S. Talwar, and A. Paulraj, "A subspace approach to blind space-time signal processing for wireless communication systems," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45, pp. 173-190, Jan. 1997.
58. G. Xu, H. Liu, L. Tong, and T. Kailath, "A least-squares approach to blind channel identification," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 43, pp. 2982-2993, Dec. 1995.
59. D. Gesbert, P. Duhamel, and S. Mayrargue, "On-line blind multichannel equalization based on mutually referenced filters," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45, pp. 2307-2317, Sept. 1997.
60. S. V. Schell and D. L. Smith, "Improved performance of blind equalization using prior knowledge of transmitter filter," in Proc. IEEE MILCOM, 1994, pp. 128-132 vol. 1.
61. Z. Ding and Z. Mao, "Knowledge-based identification of fractionally sampled channels," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Detroit, MI, May 1995, pp. 1996-1999.
62. M. Cedervall, B. C. Ng, and A. Paulraj, "Structured methods for blind multi-channel identification,"-in Proc. 13th Int. Conf. Digital Signal Processing, Santorini, Greece, July 1997, pp. 387-390.
63. D. Gesbert and P. Duhamel, "Robust blind channel identification and equalization based on multi-step predictors," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Munich, Germany, 1997, pp. 3621-3624.
64. E. De Carvalho and D. T. M. Slock, "Cramér-Rao bounds for semi-blind, blind and training sequence based channel estimation," in IEEE Workshop Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, Paris, Apr. 1997, pp. 129-132.
65. D. Pal, "Fractionally spaced equalization of multipath channels: A semi-blind approach," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, 1993, pp. 9-12 vol. 3.
66. A. Gorokhov and P. Loubaton, "Semi-blind second order identification of convolutive channels," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, 1997, pp. 3905-3908.
67. E. de Carvalho and D. T. M. Slock, "Maximum-likelihood blind FIR multi-channel estimation with Gaussian prior for the symbols," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, 1997, pp. 3593-3596.
68. B. G. Agee, S. V. Schell, and W. A. Gardner, "Spectral self-coherence restoral: A new approach to blind adaptive signal extraction using antenna arrays," Proc. IEEE, vol. 78, pp. 753-767, Apr. 1990.
69. S. V. Schell, "An overview of sensor array processing for cyclostationary signals," in Cyclostationarity in Communications and Signal Processing, W. A. Gardner, Ed. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1994, pp. 168-239.
70. A. Chevreuil and P. Loubaton, "On the use of conjugate cyclo-stationarity: A blind second-order multi-user equalization method," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Atlanta, GA, 1996, pp. 2439-2442.
71. M. K. Tsatsanis and G. B. Giannakis, "Coding induced cyclostationarity for blind channel equalization," in Proc. 29th Conf. Information Sciences Systems, Baltimore, MA, 1995, pp. 685-690.
72. M. K. Tsatsanis and G. B. Giannakis, "Transmitter induced cyclostationarity for blind channel equalization," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45, pp. 1785-1794, July 1997.
73. A. Chevreuil and Ph. Loubaton, "Blind second-order identification of FIR channels: Forced cyclostationarity and structured subspace method," IEEE Signal Processing Lett., vol. 4, pp. 204-206, July 1997.
74. W. A. Gardner, "A new method of channel identification," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 39, pp. 813-817, June 1991.
75. K. J. Pope and R. E. Bogner, "Blind signal separation. I. Linear, instantaneous combinations," Digital Signal Processing, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 5-16, Jan. 1996.
76. C. Jutten and J. Herault, "Blind separation of sources. I. An adaptive algorithm based on neuromimetic architecture," Signal Processing, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1-10, July 1991.
77. J. F. Cardoso and A. Souloumiac, "Blind beamforming for non-Gaussian signals," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 140, pt. F, no. 6, pp. 362-370, Dec. 1993.
78. L. Tong, Y. Inouye, and R.-W. Liu, "Waveform-preserving blind estimation of multiple independent sources," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 41, pp. 2461-2470, July 1993.
79. P. Comon, "Independent component analysis, a new concept?," Signal Processing, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 287-314, Apr. 1994.
80. J.-F. Cardoso and B. H. Laheld, "Equivariant adaptive source separation," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 44, pp. 3017-3030, Dec. 1996.
81. L. De Lathauwer, B. De Moor, and J. Vandewalle, "Independent component analysis based on higher-order statistics only," in Proc. IEEE Signal Processing Workshop on Statistical Signal Array Processing, Corfu, Greece, 1996, pp. 356-359.
82. A. Mansour and C. Jutten, "A direct solution for blind separation of sources," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 746-748, Mar. 1996.
83. L. De Lathauwer, "Signal processing based on multilinear algebra," Ph.D. dissertation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, 1997.
84. E. Gönen and J. M. Mendel, "Applications of cumulants to array processing - Part III: Blind beamforming for coherent signals," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45, pp. 2252-2264, Sept. 1997.
85. S. Van Gerven and D. Van Compernolle, "On the use of decor-relation in scalar signal separation," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, 1994, pp. III.57-60.
86. U. Lindgren and A. J. van der Veen, "Source separation based on second order statistics - An algebraic approach," in Proc. IEEE Signal Processing Workshop Statistical Signal Array Procssing, Corfu, Greece, June 1996, pp. 324-327.
87. A. Belouchrani, K. A. Meraim, J.-F. Cardoso, and E. Moulines, "A blind source separation technique using second-order statistics," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45, pp. 434-444, Feb. 1997.
88. Y. Sato, "A method of self-recovering equalization for multilevel amplitude-modulation systems," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 23, pp. 679-682, June 1975.
89. D. N. Godard, "Self-recovering equalization and carrier tracking in two-dimensional data communication systems," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 28, pp. 1867-1875, Nov. 1980.
90. J. R. Treichler and B. G. Agee, "A new approach to multipath correction of constant modulus signals," IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, vol. 31, pp. 459-471, Apr. 1983.
91. J. R. Treichler and M. G. Larimore, "New processing techniques based on constant modulus adaptive algorithm," IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, vol. 33, pp. 420-431, Apr. 1985.
92. J. J. Shynk and R. P. Gooch, "The constant modulus array for cochannel signal copy and direction finding," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 44, pp. 652-660, Mar. 1996.
93. A. J. van der Veen and A. Paulraj, "An analytical constant modulus algorithm," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 44, pp. 1136-1155, May 1996.
94. A. L. Swindlehurst, M. J. Goris, and B. Ottersten, "Some experiments with array data collected in actual urban and suburban environments," in IEEE Workshop Signal Processing Advances Wireless Communications, Paris, France, Apr. 1997, pp. 301-304.
95. C. B. Papadias and A. J. Paulraj, "A constant modulus algorithm for multiuser signal separation in presence of delay spread using antenna arrays," IEEE Signal Processing Lett., vol. 4, pp. 178-181, June 1997.
96. D. Yellin and B. Porat, "Blind identification of FIR systems excited by discrete-alphabet inputs," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 41, pp. 1331-1339, Mar. 1993.
97. S. Talwar, M. Viberg, and A. Paulraj, "Blind estimation of synchronous co-channel digital signals using an antenna array. Part I: Algorithms," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 44, pp. 1184-1197, May 1996.
98. K. Anand, G. Mathew, and V. U. Reddy, "Blind separation of multiple co-channel BPSK signals arriving at anwntenna array," IEEE Signal Processing Lett., vol. 2, pp. 176-178, Sept. 1995.
99. A. Swindlehurst, S. Daas, and J. Yang, "Analysis of a decision directed beamformer," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 43, pp. 2920-2927, Dec. 1995.
100. A. J. van der Veen, "Analytical method for blind binary signal separation," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 45, pp. 1078-1082, Apr. 1997.
101. L. K. Hansen and G. Xu, "A hyperplance-based algorithm for the digital co-channel communications problem," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 43, pp. 1536-1548, Sept. 1997.
102. A. J. van der Veen and J. Tol, "Separation of zero/constant modulus signals," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Munich, Germany, Apr. 1997, pp. 3445-3448.
103. L. Tong, "Joint blind signal detection and carrier recovery over fading channels," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Detroit, MI, 1995, pp. 1205-1208.
104. A. J. van der Veen, "Blind separation of BPSK sources with residual carriers," submitted for publication.
105. P. Lancaster and M. Tismenetsky, The Theory of Matrices: With Applications, 2nd ed. Orlando, FL: Academic, 1985.
106. R. A. Horn and C. R. Johnson, Matrix Analysis. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge, 1985.
107. G. Golub and C. F. Van Loan, Matrix Computations. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1989.
108. G. W. Stewart and J. G. Sun, Matrix Perturbation Theory. Boston, MA: Academic, 1990.
109. S. Chandrasekaran and I. C. F. Ipsen, "On rank-revealing factorizations," SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Applicat., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 592-622, Apr. 1994.
110. G. W. Stewart, "An updating algorithm for subspace tracking," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 40, pp. 1535-1541, June 1992.
111. A. J. van der Veen, "A Schur method for low-rank matrix approximation," SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Applicat., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 139-160, Jan. 1996.
112. P. Comon and G. H. Golub, "Tracking a few extreme singular values and vectors in signal processing," Proc. IEEE, vol. 78, pp. 1327-1343, Aug. 1990.
113. B. Yang, "Projection approximation subspace tracking," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 43, pp. 95-107, Jan. 1995.
114. M. Moonen, P. Van Dooren, and F. Vanpoucke, "On the QR algorithm and updating the SVD and URV decomposition in parallel," Linear Algebra Applicat., vol. 188/189, pp. 549-568, July 1993.
115. P. Binding, "Simultaneous diagonalization of several Hermitian matrices," SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Applicat., vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 531-536, 1990.
116. M. T. Chu, "A continuous Jacobi-like approach to the simultaneous reduction of real matrices," Lin. Algebra Applicat, vol. 147, pp. 75-96, 1991.
117. A. Bunse-Gerstner, R. Byers, and V. Mehrmann, "Numerical methods for simultaneous diagonalization," SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Applicat., vol. 4, pp. 927-949, 1993.
118. B. D. Flury and B. E. Neuenschwander, "Simultaneous diagonalization algorithms with applications in multivariate statistics," in Approximation and Computation, R. V. M. Zahar, Ed. Basel, Germany: Birkhäuser, 1995, pp. 179-205.
119. J.-F. Cardoso and A. Souloumiac, "Jacobi angles for simultaneous diagonalization," SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Applicat., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 161-164, 1996.
120. M. Wax and J. Sheinvald, "A least-squares approach to joint diagonalization," IEEE Signal Processing Lett., vol. 4, pp. 52-53, Feb. 1997.
121. R. M. Trim, "Mode S: An introduction and overview," Electron. Commun. Eng. J., vol. 2, pp. 53-59, Apr. 1990.
122. "International standards and recommended practices, aeronautical telecommunications: Annex 10," in Convention International Civil Aviation, International Civil Aviation Organization, 1985.
123. E. Chaumette, P. Comon, and D. Muller, "ICA-based technique for radiating sources estimation: Application to airport surveillance," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. vol. 140, pt. F, no. 6, pp. 395-401, Dec. 1993.