"Dr. Sharp with His Little Knife": Therapeutic and Punitive Origins of Eugenic Vasectomy - Indiana, 1892-1921

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

Volumn 53, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 371-406

  Gugliotta, Angela ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR CONTROL; CONTRACEPTION; GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION; HISTORY; HUMAN; INDIANA STATE REFORMATORY; LAW; LEGAL APPROACH; LEGAL ASPECT; MALE; MEDICAL GENETICS; MENTAL PATIENT; NINETEENTH CENTURY; PRISONER; RISK ASSESSMENT; TWENTIETH CENTURY; UNITED STATES; VASECTOMY;

GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION; INDIANA STATE REFORMATORY; LEGAL APPROACH; NINETEENTH CENTURY; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

BEHAVIOR CONTROL; EUGENICS; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; INDIANA; LEGISLATION; MALE; MENTALLY DISABLED PERSONS; PRISONERS; RISK ASSESSMENT; STERILIZATION, INVOLUNTARY; UNITED STATES; VASECTOMY;

EID: 0032186965     PISSN: 00225045     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/53.4.371     Document Type: Article

References (207)

1. Harry C. Sharp M.D., "Rendering sterile of confirmed criminals and mental defectives," in Proceedings of the Annual Congress of the National Prison Association 1907, by the National Prison Association of the United States (Chicago: Knight and Leonard, 1907), pp. 177-85, p. 185. Sharp's address was followed by a panel discussion which was published along with the address.
2. G. Henri Bogart, "Sterilization of the unfit: the law in Indiana, Connecticut, California, Utah, Oregan [sic], and Ontario, Canada," Tex. Med. J., 1910-1911, 26, 279-86, pp. 280-81; first published as G. Henri Bogart, "Sterilization The Indiana Plan'," ibid., 1910-1911, 26, 79-86.
3. G. Henri Bogart, "Sterilization of the unfit: the law in Indiana, Connecticut, California, Utah, Oregan [sic], and Ontario, Canada," Tex. Med. J., 1910-1911, 26, 279-86, pp. 280-81; first published as G. Henri Bogart, "Sterilization The Indiana Plan'," ibid., 1910-1911, 26, 79-86.
4. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 181.
5. Ibid., p. 185.
6. Bogart, (n. 2), pp. 281-82.
7. G. Henri Bogart, "The Indiana Plan," Med. Herald St. Joseph Mo., 1911, 30, 81-84, 82.
8. Philip R. Reilly, The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
9. See Mark Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1963); Donald Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968); Daniel Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution; Edward J. Larson, "Belated progress: The enactment of eugenic legislation in Georgia," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1991, 46, 44-64.
10. See Mark Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1963); Donald Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968); Daniel Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution; Edward J. Larson, "Belated progress: The enactment of eugenic legislation in Georgia," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1991, 46, 44-64.
11. See Mark Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1963); Donald Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968); Daniel Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution; Edward J. Larson, "Belated progress: The enactment of eugenic legislation in Georgia," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1991, 46, 44-64.
12. See Mark Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1963); Donald Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968); Daniel Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution; Edward J. Larson, "Belated progress: The enactment of eugenic legislation in Georgia," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1991, 46, 44-64.
13. See Mark Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1963); Donald Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968); Daniel Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution; Edward J. Larson, "Belated progress: The enactment of eugenic legislation in Georgia," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1991, 46, 44-64.
14. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, 2 vols., trans. Robert Hurly (New York: Pantheon, 1978), 1, 118-19. Philip Pauly, in a 1993 essay review, called for greater attention to extra-eugenic motivations for sterilization surgery, particularly in the Indiana case. (Philip J. Pauly, "Essay review: The eugenics industry: growth or restructuring?" J. Hist. Biol., 1993, 26, 131-145.)
15. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, 2 vols., trans. Robert Hurly (New York: Pantheon, 1978), 1, 118-19. Philip Pauly, in a 1993 essay review, called for greater attention to extra-eugenic motivations for sterilization surgery, particularly in the Indiana case. (Philip J. Pauly, "Essay review: The eugenics industry: growth or restructuring?" J. Hist. Biol., 1993, 26, 131-145.)
16. Pickens (n. 8) Eugenics and the Progressives, pp. 87-88; Haller, (n. 8) Eugenics, pp. 49-50, 131, 136; Kevles, (n. 8) In the Name of Eugenics, pp. 93, 100, 108; Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution, pp. 31-36, 40, 55.
17. Pickens (n. 8) Eugenics and the Progressives, pp. 87-88; Haller, (n. 8) Eugenics, pp. 49-50, 131, 136; Kevles, (n. 8) In the Name of Eugenics, pp. 93, 100, 108; Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution, pp. 31-36, 40, 55.
18. Pickens (n. 8) Eugenics and the Progressives, pp. 87-88; Haller, (n. 8) Eugenics, pp. 49-50, 131, 136; Kevles, (n. 8) In the Name of Eugenics, pp. 93, 100, 108; Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution, pp. 31-36, 40, 55.
19. Pickens (n. 8) Eugenics and the Progressives, pp. 87-88; Haller, (n. 8) Eugenics, pp. 49-50, 131, 136; Kevles, (n. 8) In the Name of Eugenics, pp. 93, 100, 108; Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution, pp. 31-36, 40, 55.
20. Reilly also chronicles Sharp's accumulation of cases, the enactment of Indiana's law in 1907, and Sharp's promotion of vasectomy nationwide; Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution, pp. 31-36.
21. Ibid., pp. 32-36.
22. Kevles, (n. 8) In the Name of Eugenics, p. 108.
23. Haller, (n. 8) Eugenics, pp. 49-50.
24. Ibid., p. 132.
25. Joel T. Braslow, "In the name of therapeutics: The practice of sterilization in a California state hospital," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1996, 51, 29-51, p. 50.
26. David L. Gollaher, "From ritual to science: The medical transformation of circumcision in America." J. Soc. Hist., 1994, 28, 5-36.
27. Pat Ireland Nixon, "A pioneer Texas emasculator. A chapter from the Life of Dr. Gideon Lincecum," Tex. State J. Med., 1940, 36, 34-38.
28. Reilly, (n. 7), Surgical Solution, pp. 28-29.
29. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
30. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
31. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
32. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
33. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
34. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
35. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
36. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
37. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
38. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
39. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
40. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
41. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
42. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
43. Orpheus Everts, "Asexualization as a penalty for crime and reformation of criminals," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1888, 59, n.s. 20, 377-80; R.E. M'Vey, "Crime - Its physiology and pathogenesis. How can medical men aid its prevention?" Kans. Med. J., 1890, 2, 499-504, p. 529; William A. Hammond, "A new substitute for capital punishment and means for preventing the propagation of criminals," N. Y. Med. Exam., 1891-1892, 1, 190-94; F.E. Daniel, "Should insane criminals or sexual perverts be allowed to procreate?" Med.-Leg. J. N. Y., 1893-1894, 11, 275-92; A.C. Ames, "A plea for castration as a punishment for crime," Omaha Clinic, 1893-1894, 6, 343-45; F. L. Sim, "Asexualization for the prevention of crime and the arrest of the propagation of criminals," in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee 1894, by the Medical Society of the State of Tennessee (Nashville: Medical Society of the State of Tennessee, 1894), pp. 100-14; [F. E. Daniel], "Emasculation of masturbators - Is it justifiable?" Tex. Med. J., 1894, 10, 239-44; A. C. Corr, "Emasculation and ovariotomy as a penalty for crime and as a reformatory agency" Med. Age, 1895, 13, 714-16; B. A. Arbogast, "Castration the remedy for crime," in ibid., pp. 324-27; E. Stuver, "Asexualization for the limitation of disease and the prevention and punishment of crime," Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society 1895 (Denver: Colorado State Medical Society, 1895), pp. 327-36; J. W. Frazier, "Castration for crime as preventative and curative treatment," Tex. Med. J., 1895-1896, 11, 498-503; E. Stuver, "Would asexualization of chronic criminals, sexual perverts and hereditary defectives benefit society and elevate the human race?" Tex. Med. J., 1896, 12, 225-31; G. Frank Lydston, "Asexualization in the prevention of crime," Med. News, 1896, 68, 573-78; Bernard Douglass Eastman, "Can society successfully organize to prevent over-production of defectives and criminals?" Kans. Med. J., 1897, 9, 351-55; Thomas Bassett Keyes, "Criminality and degeneracy - its treatment by surgery and hypnotism," Med.-Leg. J., 1897-1898, 15, 366-74.
44. Everts, (n. 20), p. 379; M'Vey, (n. 20), p. 503; Hammond, (n. 20), p. 191; Daniel, (n. 20), pp. 284-86; Ames, (n. 20), p. 344; Sim, (n. 20), pp. 102-3.
45. Hammond, (n. 20), p. 192; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 276, 282-84, 286; Sim, (n. 20), pp. 107-8; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of Disease," p. 331; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic Criminals," p. 227; Lydston, (n. 20), pp. 576-77; Eastman, (n. 20), p. 354.
46. Hammond, (n. 20), p. 192; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 276, 282-84, 286; Sim, (n. 20), pp. 107-8; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of Disease," p. 331; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic Criminals," p. 227; Lydston, (n. 20), pp. 576-77; Eastman, (n. 20), p. 354.
47. Hammond, (n. 20), p. 192; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 276, 282-84, 286; Sim, (n. 20), pp. 107-8; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of Disease," p. 331; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic Criminals," p. 227; Lydston, (n. 20), pp. 576-77; Eastman, (n. 20), p. 354.
48. Hammond, (n. 20), p. 192; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 276, 282-84, 286; Sim, (n. 20), pp. 107-8; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of Disease," p. 331; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic Criminals," p. 227; Lydston, (n. 20), pp. 576-77; Eastman, (n. 20), p. 354.
49. Hammond, (n. 20), p. 192; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 276, 282-84, 286; Sim, (n. 20), pp. 107-8; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of Disease," p. 331; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic Criminals," p. 227; Lydston, (n. 20), pp. 576-77; Eastman, (n. 20), p. 354.
50. Hammond, (n. 20), p. 192; M'Vey, (n. 20), p. 503; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 284, 286, 287-88, 291; [Daniel], (n. 20) "Emasculation of masturbators," pp. 241-42; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 334; Frazier, (n. 20), p. 501; Keyes, (n. 20), p. 372.
51. Hammond, (n. 20), p. 192; M'Vey, (n. 20), p. 503; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 284, 286, 287-88, 291; [Daniel], (n. 20) "Emasculation of masturbators," pp. 241-42; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 334; Frazier, (n. 20), p. 501; Keyes, (n. 20), p. 372.
52. Hammond, (n. 20), p. 192; M'Vey, (n. 20), p. 503; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 284, 286, 287-88, 291; [Daniel], (n. 20) "Emasculation of masturbators," pp. 241-42; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 334; Frazier, (n. 20), p. 501; Keyes, (n. 20), p. 372.
53. Hammond, (n. 20), p. 192; M'Vey, (n. 20), p. 503; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 284, 286, 287-88, 291; [Daniel], (n. 20) "Emasculation of masturbators," pp. 241-42; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 334; Frazier, (n. 20), p. 501; Keyes, (n. 20), p. 372.
54. Hammond, (n. 20), p. 192; M'Vey, (n. 20), p. 503; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 284, 286, 287-88, 291; [Daniel], (n. 20) "Emasculation of masturbators," pp. 241-42; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 334; Frazier, (n. 20), p. 501; Keyes, (n. 20), p. 372.
55. Everts, (n. 20), p. 379; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 276-79; Sim, (n. 20), pp. 104-5; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 328, 332-33; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic criminals," p. 227.
56. Everts, (n. 20), p. 379; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 276-79; Sim, (n. 20), pp. 104-5; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 328, 332-33; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic criminals," p. 227.
57. Everts, (n. 20), p. 379; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 276-79; Sim, (n. 20), pp. 104-5; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 328, 332-33; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic criminals," p. 227.
58. Everts, (n. 20), p. 379; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 276-79; Sim, (n. 20), pp. 104-5; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 328, 332-33; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic criminals," p. 227.
59. Everts, (n. 20), p. 379; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 276-79; Sim, (n. 20), pp. 104-5; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 328, 332-33; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic criminals," p. 227.
60. Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 287-88.
61. Everts, (n. 20), pp. 377, 380; Hammond, (n. 20), pp. 192, 193; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 286, 289; Ames, (n. 20), p. 344; Arbogast, (n. 20), p. 326; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 330, 334; Frazier, (n. 20), p. 502; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic criminals," pp. 227-28; Lydston, (n. 20), p. 573; Eastman, (n. 20), p. 355.
62. Everts, (n. 20), pp. 377, 380; Hammond, (n. 20), pp. 192, 193; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 286, 289; Ames, (n. 20), p. 344; Arbogast, (n. 20), p. 326; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 330, 334; Frazier, (n. 20), p. 502; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic criminals," pp. 227-28; Lydston, (n. 20), p. 573; Eastman, (n. 20), p. 355.
63. Everts, (n. 20), pp. 377, 380; Hammond, (n. 20), pp. 192, 193; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 286, 289; Ames, (n. 20), p. 344; Arbogast, (n. 20), p. 326; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 330, 334; Frazier, (n. 20), p. 502; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic criminals," pp. 227-28; Lydston, (n. 20), p. 573; Eastman, (n. 20), p. 355.
64. Everts, (n. 20), pp. 377, 380; Hammond, (n. 20), pp. 192, 193; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 286, 289; Ames, (n. 20), p. 344; Arbogast, (n. 20), p. 326; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 330, 334; Frazier, (n. 20), p. 502; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic criminals," pp. 227-28; Lydston, (n. 20), p. 573; Eastman, (n. 20), p. 355.
65. Everts, (n. 20), pp. 377, 380; Hammond, (n. 20), pp. 192, 193; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 286, 289; Ames, (n. 20), p. 344; Arbogast, (n. 20), p. 326; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 330, 334; Frazier, (n. 20), p. 502; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic criminals," pp. 227-28; Lydston, (n. 20), p. 573; Eastman, (n. 20), p. 355.
66. Everts, (n. 20), pp. 377, 380; Hammond, (n. 20), pp. 192, 193; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 286, 289; Ames, (n. 20), p. 344; Arbogast, (n. 20), p. 326; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 330, 334; Frazier, (n. 20), p. 502; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic criminals," pp. 227-28; Lydston, (n. 20), p. 573; Eastman, (n. 20), p. 355.
67. Everts, (n. 20), pp. 377, 380; Hammond, (n. 20), pp. 192, 193; Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 286, 289; Ames, (n. 20), p. 344; Arbogast, (n. 20), p. 326; Stuver, (n. 20) "Limitation of disease," pp. 330, 334; Frazier, (n. 20), p. 502; Stuver, (n. 20) "Chronic criminals," pp. 227-28; Lydston, (n. 20), p. 573; Eastman, (n. 20), p. 355.
68. Hammond, (n. 20), p. 193.
69. Reilly, (n. 7) The Surgical Solution, pp. 28-29 ; [Daniel], (n. 20) "Emasculation of masturbators," pp. 239-44.
70. Reilly, (n. 7) The Surgical Solution, pp. 28-29 ; [Daniel], (n. 20) "Emasculation of masturbators," pp. 239-44.
71. Reilly, (n. 7) The Surgical Solution, p. 31; J. Ewing Mears, "Asexualization as a remedial measure in relief of certain forms of mental, moral and physical degeneration," Boston Med. Surg. J., 1909, 161, 584-86.
72. Reilly, (n. 7) The Surgical Solution, p. 31; J. Ewing Mears, "Asexualization as a remedial measure in relief of certain forms of mental, moral and physical degeneration," Boston Med. Surg. J., 1909, 161, 584-86.
73. Oschner was chief surgeon at St. Mary's Hospital and Augustana Hospital in Chicago and later professor of clinical surgery at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
74. Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution, pp. 30-32.
75. The reformatory was known as the Indiana State Prison South prior to April 1897. (The Indiana State Prison: One Hundred Years of Penal Progress [n.p., n.d.], p. 1; Indiana Department of Corrections Manual [n.p., n.d.]).
76. The reformatory was known as the Indiana State Prison South prior to April 1897. (The Indiana State Prison: One Hundred Years of Penal Progress [n.p., n.d.], p. 1; Indiana Department of Corrections Manual [n.p., n.d.]).
77. Seventy-Third Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1894, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1894), pp. 37-39; Seventy-Fifth Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1896, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1896), pp. 37-38; Indiana Reformatory Biennial Report, 1897-8 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1898), pp. 23-27. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 177; Indiana State Prison South, Record of Minutes of the Board of Managers, 1897, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana; Indiana State Reformatory, Record of Minutes of the Board of Trustees, May 1908-July 1918, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana.
78. Seventy-Third Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1894, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1894), pp. 37-39; Seventy-Fifth Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1896, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1896), pp. 37-38; Indiana Reformatory Biennial Report, 1897-8 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1898), pp. 23-27. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 177; Indiana State Prison South, Record of Minutes of the Board of Managers, 1897, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana; Indiana State Reformatory, Record of Minutes of the Board of Trustees, May 1908-July 1918, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana.
79. Seventy-Third Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1894, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1894), pp. 37-39; Seventy-Fifth Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1896, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1896), pp. 37-38; Indiana Reformatory Biennial Report, 1897-8 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1898), pp. 23-27. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 177; Indiana State Prison South, Record of Minutes of the Board of Managers, 1897, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana; Indiana State Reformatory, Record of Minutes of the Board of Trustees, May 1908-July 1918, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana.
80. Report of the State Penal Correctional Survey Commission (N.p., n.d.). On Progressive Era prison reform see: Blake McKelvey, American Prisons: A History of Good Intentions (Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith, 1977). The indeterminate sentence and the reformatory idea went hand in hand. On the beginnings of the reformatory at Jeffersonville, see McKelvey, pp. 163-64.
81. Bogart, (n. 2), p. 28; Sharp, (n. 1), p. 179; Harry C. Sharp, "Vasectomy as a means of preventing procreation in defectives," J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1909, 53, 1897-1902. Like his 1907 paper, Sharp's address was followed by a panel discussion which was published along with it.
82. Bogart, (n. 2), p. 28; Sharp, (n. 1), p. 179; Harry C. Sharp, "Vasectomy as a means of preventing procreation in defectives," J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1909, 53, 1897-1902. Like his 1907 paper, Sharp's address was followed by a panel discussion which was published along with it.
83. Bogart, (n. 6), p. 81; Bogart, (n. 2), p. 281; Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1901.
84. Bogart, (n. 6), p. 81; Bogart, (n. 2), p. 281; Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1901.
85. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 177. For more on spermatorrhea, see John S. Haller and Robin M. Haller, The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America (New York: Norton Library, 1974). For medical views on masturbation, see Haller and Haller, and H. Tristam Engelhardt, Jr., "The Disease of Masturbation," Bull. Hist. Med., 1974, 48, 234-48.
86. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 177. For more on spermatorrhea, see John S. Haller and Robin M. Haller, The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America (New York: Norton Library, 1974). For medical views on masturbation, see Haller and Haller, and H. Tristam Engelhardt, Jr., "The Disease of Masturbation," Bull. Hist. Med., 1974, 48, 234-48.
87. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 177.
88. Harry C. Sharp, "The severing of the vasa deferentia and its relation to the neuropsychopathic constitution," N.Y. Med. J., 1902 (8 March), pp. 411-14, p. 413. (This article is a reprint of talk read before the Mississippi Valley Medical Association at Put-in-Bay, Ohio, 14 September 1901.)
89. Ibid.
90. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 178.
91. Ibid., p. 178.
92. Bogart, (n. 6), p. 82.
93. Sharp, (n. 39), p. 413.
94. I owe this metaphor to Christopher Hamlin.
95. Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1901.
96. Reilly, (n. 7), p. 29.
97. Letter from H.D. Rogers to Governor W.L. Durbin, 28 April 1902, State Board of Charities, Indiana Reformatory Warden's Correspondence, 1898-1909, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana.
98. Mears, (n. 29), p. 585.
99. Sharp, (n. 39), pp. 413-14.
100. A detailed analysis of the intended and unintended contusions between vasectomy and castration, in the rhetoric in which vasectomy was promoted, would make a fascinating story in itself, but such analysis lies beyond the scope of this paper.
101. Bogart, (n. 2), p. 280-81; Sharp, (n. 1), p. 179; Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1900.
102. Bogart, (n. 2), p. 280-81; Sharp, (n. 1), p. 179; Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1900.
103. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 179.
104. G. Henri Bogart, "More on vasectomy," Tex. Med. J., 1910-1911, 26, 240.
105. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 179. For more on Brown-Sequard's views on testicular secretions see M. Borell, "Brown-Sequard's organotherapy and its appearance in America at the end of the nineteenth century," Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50, 309-20; M. Borell, "Organotherapy, British physiology and discovery of the internal secretions," J. Hist. Biol., 1976, 9, 235-68; J. M. D. Olmsted, Charles-Edouard Brown-Sequard, A Nineteenth Century Neurologist and Endocrinologist (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1946), esp. pp. 205-30; and Michael J. Aminoff, Brown-Sequard, A Visionary of Science (New York: Raven Press, 1993), esp. pp. 163-71.
106. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 179. For more on Brown-Sequard's views on testicular secretions see M. Borell, "Brown-Sequard's organotherapy and its appearance in America at the end of the nineteenth century," Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50, 309-20; M. Borell, "Organotherapy, British physiology and discovery of the internal secretions," J. Hist. Biol., 1976, 9, 235-68; J. M. D. Olmsted, Charles-Edouard Brown-Sequard, A Nineteenth Century Neurologist and Endocrinologist (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1946), esp. pp. 205-30; and Michael J. Aminoff, Brown-Sequard, A Visionary of Science (New York: Raven Press, 1993), esp. pp. 163-71.
107. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 179. For more on Brown-Sequard's views on testicular secretions see M. Borell, "Brown-Sequard's organotherapy and its appearance in America at the end of the nineteenth century," Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50, 309-20; M. Borell, "Organotherapy, British physiology and discovery of the internal secretions," J. Hist. Biol., 1976, 9, 235-68; J. M. D. Olmsted, Charles-Edouard Brown-Sequard, A Nineteenth Century Neurologist and Endocrinologist (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1946), esp. pp. 205-30; and Michael J. Aminoff, Brown-Sequard, A Visionary of Science (New York: Raven Press, 1993), esp. pp. 163-71.
108. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 179. For more on Brown-Sequard's views on testicular secretions see M. Borell, "Brown-Sequard's organotherapy and its appearance in America at the end of the nineteenth century," Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50, 309-20; M. Borell, "Organotherapy, British physiology and discovery of the internal secretions," J. Hist. Biol., 1976, 9, 235-68; J. M. D. Olmsted, Charles-Edouard Brown-Sequard, A Nineteenth Century Neurologist and Endocrinologist (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1946), esp. pp. 205-30; and Michael J. Aminoff, Brown-Sequard, A Visionary of Science (New York: Raven Press, 1993), esp. pp. 163-71.
109. Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1900. For the connections between manliness and self-restraint, see Gail Bederman, "'Civilization' and the decline of middle- class manliness, and Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign (1892-94)," Radical Hist. Rev., 1992, 52, 5-30. Also see Haller and Haller, (n. 37) The Physician and Sexuality; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), especially pp. 227-43; G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half- Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1976).
110. Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1900. For the connections between manliness and self-restraint, see Gail Bederman, "'Civilization' and the decline of middle-class manliness, and Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign (1892-94)," Radical Hist. Rev., 1992, 52, 5-30. Also see Haller and Haller, (n. 37) The Physician and Sexuality; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), especially pp. 227-43; G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half- Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1976).
111. Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1900. For the connections between manliness and self-restraint, see Gail Bederman, "'Civilization' and the decline of middle- class manliness, and Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign (1892-94)," Radical Hist. Rev., 1992, 52, 5-30. Also see Haller and Haller, (n. 37) The Physician and Sexuality; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), especially pp. 227-43; G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half- Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1976).
112. Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1900. For the connections between manliness and self-restraint, see Gail Bederman, "'Civilization' and the decline of middle- class manliness, and Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign (1892-94)," Radical Hist. Rev., 1992, 52, 5-30. Also see Haller and Haller, (n. 37) The Physician and Sexuality; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), especially pp. 227-43; G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half- Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1976).
113. Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1900. For the connections between manliness and self-restraint, see Gail Bederman, "'Civilization' and the decline of middle- class manliness, and Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign (1892-94)," Radical Hist. Rev., 1992, 52, 5-30. Also see Haller and Haller, (n. 37) The Physician and Sexuality; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), especially pp. 227-43; G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half- Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1976).
114. Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1900. For the connections between manliness and self-restraint, see Gail Bederman, "'Civilization' and the decline of middle- class manliness, and Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign (1892-94)," Radical Hist. Rev., 1992, 52, 5-30. Also see Haller and Haller, (n. 37) The Physician and Sexuality; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), especially pp. 227-43; G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1976).
115. N. Heckford, "Circumcision as a remedial measure in certain cases of epilepsy, chorea and c.," in Clinical Lectures and Reports By the Medical and Surgical Staff of London Hospital 1865 (n.p., 1865), pp. 58-64.
116. George M. Beard, "Circumcision as a cure of nervous symptoms," Med. Bull., 1882, 4, 248-49; W. M. Donald, "Circumcision as a therapeutic measure," Med. Age, 1898, 16, 292-93; Mark H. O'Daniel, "Circumcision, its importance in the treatment and prevention of certain reflex nervous phenomena," Trans. Med. Assoc. Georgia, 1905, pp. 129-32; A. W. Taylor, "Circumcision; its moral and physical necessities and advantages," Trans. Med. Soc. New Jersey, 1899, pp. 187-92.
117. George M. Beard, "Circumcision as a cure of nervous symptoms," Med. Bull., 1882, 4, 248-49; W. M. Donald, "Circumcision as a therapeutic measure," Med. Age, 1898, 16, 292-93; Mark H. O'Daniel, "Circumcision, its importance in the treatment and prevention of certain reflex nervous phenomena," Trans. Med. Assoc. Georgia, 1905, pp. 129-32; A. W. Taylor, "Circumcision; its moral and physical necessities and advantages," Trans. Med. Soc. New Jersey, 1899, pp. 187-92.
118. George M. Beard, "Circumcision as a cure of nervous symptoms," Med. Bull., 1882, 4, 248-49; W. M. Donald, "Circumcision as a therapeutic measure," Med. Age, 1898, 16, 292-93; Mark H. O'Daniel, "Circumcision, its importance in the treatment and prevention of certain reflex nervous phenomena," Trans. Med. Assoc. Georgia, 1905, pp. 129-32; A. W. Taylor, "Circumcision; its moral and physical necessities and advantages," Trans. Med. Soc. New Jersey, 1899, pp. 187-92.
119. George M. Beard, "Circumcision as a cure of nervous symptoms," Med. Bull., 1882, 4, 248-49; W. M. Donald, "Circumcision as a therapeutic measure," Med. Age, 1898, 16, 292-93; Mark H. O'Daniel, "Circumcision, its importance in the treatment and prevention of certain reflex nervous phenomena," Trans. Med. Assoc. Georgia, 1905, pp. 129-32; A. W. Taylor, "Circumcision; its moral and physical necessities and advantages," Trans. Med. Soc. New Jersey, 1899, pp. 187-92.
120. B. Merrill Ricketts, "One hundred and fifty circumcisions and the lessons they teach," Cincin. Lancet-Clinic, 1892, 67, n.s. 28, 359-66.
121. R.E.L. Miller, "Circumcision and its scope as a beneficial operation," Tex. Med. Gazette, 1902, 2, 9-14.
122. An annual report was issued for 1892, followed by biennial reports for 1893-1906 (reports for 1900 and 1902 were unavailable), and then annual reports for 1907-1915.
123. Seventy-First Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1892, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1892), pp. 22-24; Seventy-Second Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1893, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1893), pp. 37-38; Seventy-Third Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1894, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1894), pp. 37-39.
124. Seventy-First Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1892, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1892), pp. 22-24; Seventy-Second Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1893, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1893), pp. 37-38; Seventy-Third Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1894, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1894), pp. 37-39.
125. Seventy-First Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1892, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1892), pp. 22-24; Seventy-Second Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1893, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1893), pp. 37-38; Seventy-Third Annual Report of the Directors and Officers of the Indiana State Prison South, Jeffersonville, Indiana, for the Year Ending October 31, 1894, to the Governor (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1894), pp. 37-39.
126. Indiana Reformatory Biennial Report, 1897-8 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1898), pp. 23-27.
127. Of 355 surgical cases treated in 1902-1904, 143 operations were done on the male genital organs: 1 testectomy due to testicular atrophy from syphilis, 24 varicocelectomies, 78 circumcisions, and 42 vasectomies. (Indiana Reformatory Biennial Report, 1902-1904 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1904], pp. 51-56.) Sharp's 1904-1906 physician's report lists 100 circumcisions, 30 vasectomies and 38 cases of varicocele. It is not clear from this report whether these cases were treated surgically, but Sharp had clearly done so in similar cases in previous years. Of 339 surgical cases, then, 130 (or 168 counting varicocelectomies) were genital operations. (Indiana Reformatory Biennial Report, 1904-1906 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1906], pp. 63-68.) The 1906-1907 report offers no tabulated medical or surgical statistics but mentions that 21 vasectomies had been performed during that year under the sanction of the new law. (Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1906 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1907), pp. 39-41.) The report for 1907-1908 exhibits a similar proportion of genital operations: 119 vasectomies, 1 testectomy, 14 varicocelectomies, and 98 circumcisions out of 465 surgical procedures performed from 1 October 1907 to 30 September 1908. (Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1907 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1908], pp. 51-53.)
128. Of 355 surgical cases treated in 1902-1904, 143 operations were done on the male genital organs: 1 testectomy due to testicular atrophy from syphilis, 24 varicocelectomies, 78 circumcisions, and 42 vasectomies. (Indiana Reformatory Biennial Report, 1902-1904 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1904], pp. 51-56.) Sharp's 1904-1906 physician's report lists 100 circumcisions, 30 vasectomies and 38 cases of varicocele. It is not clear from this report whether these cases were treated surgically, but Sharp had clearly done so in similar cases in previous years. Of 339 surgical cases, then, 130 (or 168 counting varicocelectomies) were genital operations. (Indiana Reformatory Biennial Report, 1904-1906 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1906], pp. 63-68.) The 1906-1907 report offers no tabulated medical or surgical statistics but mentions that 21 vasectomies had been performed during that year under the sanction of the new law. (Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1906 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1907), pp. 39-41.) The report for 1907-1908 exhibits a similar proportion of genital operations: 119 vasectomies, 1 testectomy, 14 varicocelectomies, and 98 circumcisions out of 465 surgical procedures performed from 1 October 1907 to 30 September 1908. (Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1907 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1908], pp. 51-53.)
129. Of 355 surgical cases treated in 1902-1904, 143 operations were done on the male genital organs: 1 testectomy due to testicular atrophy from syphilis, 24 varicocelectomies, 78 circumcisions, and 42 vasectomies. (Indiana Reformatory Biennial Report, 1902-1904 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1904], pp. 51-56.) Sharp's 1904-1906 physician's report lists 100 circumcisions, 30 vasectomies and 38 cases of varicocele. It is not clear from this report whether these cases were treated surgically, but Sharp had clearly done so in similar cases in previous years. Of 339 surgical cases, then, 130 (or 168 counting varicocelectomies) were genital operations. (Indiana Reformatory Biennial Report, 1904-1906 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1906], pp. 63-68.) The 1906-1907 report offers no tabulated medical or surgical statistics but mentions that 21 vasectomies had been performed during that year under the sanction of the new law. (Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1906 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1907), pp. 39-41.) The report for 1907-1908 exhibits a similar proportion of genital operations: 119 vasectomies, 1 testectomy, 14 varicocelectomies, and 98 circumcisions out of 465 surgical procedures performed from 1 October 1907 to 30 September 1908. (Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1907 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1908], pp. 51-53.)
130. Of 355 surgical cases treated in 1902-1904, 143 operations were done on the male genital organs: 1 testectomy due to testicular atrophy from syphilis, 24 varicocelectomies, 78 circumcisions, and 42 vasectomies. (Indiana Reformatory Biennial Report, 1902-1904 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1904], pp. 51-56.) Sharp's 1904-1906 physician's report lists 100 circumcisions, 30 vasectomies and 38 cases of varicocele. It is not clear from this report whether these cases were treated surgically, but Sharp had clearly done so in similar cases in previous years. Of 339 surgical cases, then, 130 (or 168 counting varicocelectomies) were genital operations. (Indiana Reformatory Biennial Report, 1904-1906 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1906], pp. 63-68.) The 1906-1907 report offers no tabulated medical or surgical statistics but mentions that 21 vasectomies had been performed during that year under the sanction of the new law. (Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1906 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1907), pp. 39-41.) The report for 1907-1908 exhibits a similar proportion of genital operations: 119 vasectomies, 1 testectomy, 14 varicocelectomies, and 98 circumcisions out of 465 surgical procedures performed from 1 October 1907 to 30 September 1908. (Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1907 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1908], pp. 51-53.)
131. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 179. For more on Hanly and the Republican philosophy of government see Phillip R. VanderMeer, The Hoosier Politician: Officeholding and Political Culture in Indiana 1806-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), esp. pp. 19-22.
132. Thurman B. Rice, The Hoosier Health Officer: A Biography of Dr. J.N. Hurty and the History of the Indiana State Board of Health to 1925 (n.p., n.d.), pp. 210-12.
133. Shively was an Indiana State Senator, 1894-1898. (VanderMeer, [n. 65] Hoosier Politician, p. 65.) On 2 March 1907 a new law renamed the Board of Managers ot the Reformatory the "Board of Trustees." The four Trustees were to be appointed by the governor and no more than two of them could be of the same political party. Board members received minimal compensation, and had a term of four years. The board appointed the superintendent who then had power to appoint all other staff members, supposedly without regard to party affiliation. ("The New Law Governing State Institutions," Annual Reports of the Officers of the State of Indiana, Administrative Officers, Trustees and Superintendents of the Several Benevolent, Reformatory and Educational Institutions . . . , 2 vols. (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1908), 2, 45-48.
134. Sharp successfully advanced his career during the years in which he was experimenting with and promoting vasectomy. In 1905-1906 he was vice president of the Indiana State Medical Society. (G. W. H. Kemper, A Medical History of the State of Indiana [Chicago: American Medical Association Press, 1911], p. 181.)
135. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 179.
136. Ibid., p. 179; Harry H. Laughlin, The Legal, Legislative and Administrative Aspects of Sterilization. Eugenics Record Office: Bulletin No. 10B, Report of the Committee to Study and to Report on the Bestt Practical Means of Cutting Off the Defective Germ-Plasm in the American Population, vol. 2 (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1914.) The text of the law is found in Burns Indiana Statutes, chp. 215, sec. 2232, 377 (1908). Records of the bill's progress through the Indiana General Assembly are available in the Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Indiana . . . , 2 vols. (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1907) and Journal of the Indiana State Senate. . . (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1907.) These documents record no public legislative debate on the bill: no amendments were proposed in either body.
137. Ibid., p. 179; Harry H. Laughlin, The Legal, Legislative and Administrative Aspects of Sterilization. Eugenics Record Office: Bulletin No. 10B, Report of the Committee to Study and to Report on the Bestt Practical Means of Cutting Off the Defective Germ-Plasm in the American Population, vol. 2 (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1914.) The text of the law is found in Burns Indiana Statutes, chp. 215, sec. 2232, 377 (1908). Records of the bill's progress through the Indiana General Assembly are available in the Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Indiana . . . , 2 vols. (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1907) and Journal of the Indiana State Senate. . . (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1907.) These documents record no public legislative debate on the bill: no amendments were proposed in either body.
138. Later called the board of trustees.
139. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 185.
140. Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1902.
141. John H. Shaw to Harry C. Sharp, n.d., copied and enclosed in a letter from W. H. Whittaker to Gov. J. Frank Hanly, 26 February 1908, Hardy, J. Frank 1905-1909, Reformatory #2, Box 72, Folder 2, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana.
142. Governor Hanly addressed the 1907 National Prison Association meeting in Chicago on "The Indiana indeterminate sentence" (J. Frank Hanly, "The Indiana indeterminate sentence," in Proceedings of the Annual Congress of the National Prison Association of the United States [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1907], pp. 81-93), and the 1907 report of the Indiana Board of State Charities contains an article entitled "Ten years of the indeterminate sentence."
143. Annual Reports,(n. 67) 1908, 2, 46.
144. Bogart, (n. 6), p. 82.
145. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 180.
146. Reilly, (n. 7), pp. 33-37.
147. Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1908 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1908), p. 52.
148. Bogart, (n. 6), p. 82.
149. Sharp, (n. 1), pp. 180.
150. Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectoniy as a means," p. 1901.
151. General Garcia had been a member of the Cuban Delegation to the American Prison Congress in Chicago and had visited Jefferson ville Reformatory in 1907. ("Report of the Secretary," in Eighteenth Annual Report of the Board of State Charities of Indiana . . . 1907 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1908], p. 84.)
152. Coates was an official delegate from Ohio. ("List of Delegates and Visitors," in [n. 75] Proceedings, p. 325.)
153. Freeman was justice of the Branch Appellate Court for the First District of Illinois in Chicago. (George Fiedler, The Illinois Law Courts in Three Centuries 1673-1973: A Documentary History [Berwyn, Ill.: Physicians Record Company, 1973], pp. 348-49.) He was also a lecturer on legal ethics and medical jurisprudence at the University of Chicago. (Who's Who in America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women of the United States, 1912-1913, ed. Albert Nelson Marquis [Chicago: A. N. Marquis and Co., London: Kegan Paul Trench, Trubner and Co. Ltd., 1913], 7, 745); Sharp, (n. 1), pp. 181-85.
154. Freeman was justice of the Branch Appellate Court for the First District of Illinois in Chicago. (George Fiedler, The Illinois Law Courts in Three Centuries 1673-1973: A Documentary History [Berwyn, Ill.: Physicians Record Company, 1973], pp. 348-49.) He was also a lecturer on legal ethics and medical jurisprudence at the University of Chicago. (Who's Who in America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women of the United States, 1912-1913, ed. Albert Nelson Marquis [Chicago: A. N. Marquis and Co., London: Kegan Paul Trench, Trubner and Co. Ltd., 1913], 7, 745); Sharp, (n. 1), pp. 181-85.
155. Sharp, (n. 1), pp. 181-82. "Emasculation," used here reflects the continued equation of sexual (genital) surgery with castration.
156. This sort of conflict can also be seen in Hanly's discussion of the debate over the indeterminate sentence in Indiana, its constitutional challenge, and the lawyers' opposition to it. (Hanly, [n. 75].) In another panel discussion held two years later, following Sharp's address to the American Medical Association, Dr. Woods Hutchinson of New York made the physician's threat to the legal profession very clear. Crime is a medical problem in at least half of its extent; and 1 look forward to the day when the physician will be looked on as the criminologist of the country, and when our police courts and our police administration will be put largely under medical control; and when that time comes we shall see half the cost of our courts, our prisons, and our poorhouses (quoted in Sharp, [n. 35] "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1900).
157. Sharp, (n. 1), p. 185.
158. Ibid., p. 185.
159. Ibid., p. 181.
160. Ibid., p. 182.
161. Ibid., pp. 177-185.
162. Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution, pp. 45-46.
163. Laughlin, (n. 70) Aspects of Sterilization.
164. Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1898.
165. Bogart, (n.6), p. 83.
166. Daniel, (n. 20) "Insane criminals," pp. 277, 279-81, 287.
167. Statement of Oscar Heidelberg, Ex-Convict, Prison South, made to Secretary of Board of State Charities, 30 November 1896, State Board of Charities, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana.
168. 100. White to Gore, n.d.; Webb to Jones, n.d.; Webb to Jones, n.d. (2); Webb to Jones, 27 August 1906; H. McLaughlin to Reeves, n.d.; Webb to Jones, 28 August 1906; Coberly to Wilkins, 8 September 1906; Buford to Anon., n.d.; Coberly to Wilkins, 9 September 1906; all in Hanly, J. Frank, 1905-1909, Reformatory #2, Box 72, Folder 2, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana.
169. Ibid.
170. Letter from H. D. Rogers to Governor W. L. Durbin, 28 April 1902, State Board of Charities, Indiana Reformatory Warden's Correspondence, 1898-1909, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana.
171. Smith does not give aggregate statistics for surgical cases, so the total number of genital operations cannott compared with the total number of operations. (Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1909 [Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1909], pp. 33-42.)
172. For more on efforts to reduce partisanship, see Michael E. McGerr, The Decline of Popular Politics (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), esp. pp. 42-68; and Blake McKelvey, American Prisons: A History of Good Intentions (Monclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith, 1977), p. 174.
173. For more on efforts to reduce partisanship, see Michael E. McGerr, The Decline of Popular Politics (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), esp. pp. 42-68; and Blake McKelvey, American Prisons: A History of Good Intentions (Monclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith, 1977), p. 174.
174. James Lyons to Gov. Thomas R. Marshall, 7 November 1908; J. Shrum to Gov. Thomas R. Marshall, 1 December 1908; John Burk to Gov. Thomas R. Marshall, 11 January 1909; all in Marshall, Thomas R., 1909-1913, Box 87, Correspondence, Documents and Reports, Folder 4, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana. One letter, in fact, accused Whittaker of "running the reformatory as an annex to the Republican party" and with "a decree of wastefulness that has all the earmarks of the political machine." (C. W. Cottom to Gov. Thomas R. Marshall, 19 January 1909, Marshall, Thomas R., 1909-1913, Box 87, Correspondence, Documents and Reports, Folder 4, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana [hereafter cited as Marshall correspondence].)
175. William O'Keefe to Gov. Thomas R. Marshall, 19 January 1909, Marshall correspondence, (n. 105), folder 2.
176. Investigation of the death of inmate Foster Parker, 17 February 1909, Marshall correspondence, (n. 105), folder 4.
177. W. H. Whittaker to Gov. Thomas R. Marshall, 30 March 1909, Marshall correspondence, (n. 105), folder 4.
178. Sharp included in his letter a quotation from a letter he received from "Leipsig, Ga." [sic] enquiring about vasectomy in Indiana.
179. Harry C. Sharp M.D. to Gov. Thomas R. Marshall, 13 May 1909, Marshall correspondence, (n. 105), folder 4, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana.
180. Inmate to Gov. Thomas R. Marshall, 9 July 1909, Marshall correspondence, (n. 105), folder 4.
181. Ibid.
182. Letter of Resignation from Superintendent Whittaker to the Board of Trustees of the Indiana State Reformatory at Jeffersonville, 6 July 1909, Indiana State Reformatory, Record of Minutes of the Board of Trustees, May 1908-February 1911, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana; Inspection Reports of the Indiana Reformatory, 1898-1927, July 4-5, 1909, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana.
183. David C. Peyton to Gov. Thomas R. Marshall, n.d., Marshall correspondence, (n. 105), folder 4, Indiana State Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana.
184. Sharp, (n. 35) "Vasectomy as a means," p. 1902.
185. Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution, p. 37.
186. Rice, (n. 66) Hoosier Health Officer, p. 211; Bogart, (n. 2), 281.
187. Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1911 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1911), pp. 35-42.
188. Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1912 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1912), pp. 35-40; Indiana Reformatory Animal Report, 1913 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1913) pp. 44-48.
189. Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1912 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1912), pp. 35-40; Indiana Reformatory Animal Report, 1913 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1913) pp. 44-48.
190. Indiana Reformatory Annual Report, 1914 (Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, 1914), pp. 46-50.
191. For more on the career of Harry Laughlin, see Reilly, (n. 7) Surgical Solution, pp. 56-70.
192. Laughlin, (n. 70) Aspects of Sterilization, pp. 78-79.
193. Ibid..
194. Ibid., pp. 12-13.
195. Ibid., pp. 78-79.
196. Ibid., pp. 12-13.
197. Annual Report, Indiana Reformatory, to the Governor, 1914-15 (Jeffersonville: Indiana Reformatory Printer, 1915), pp. 46-50.
198. Report of the State Penal Correctional Survey Commission (Indiana: n.p., n.d.).
199. Rice, (n. 66) Hoosier Health Officer, p. 21.
200. Williams et. al. v. Smith, No. 23709, 190 Indiana Reports 526-528 (1921). Clark County Circuit Court under Judge James M. Fortune prohibited physicians from performing a vasectomy on Warren Wallace Smith, a prisoner at the reformatory. The Supreme Court of Indiana upheld the lower court's decision based on the denial of due process. (Rice, [n. 66], p. 212; Reilly, (n. 7), p. 52.)
201. Davis v. Berry, 216 Fed. 413 (1914).
202. Reilly, (n. 7), pp. 86-87.
203. The 1927 act (An Act to provide for the sexual sterilization of inmates of state institutions in certain cases, Laws of the State of Indiana . . . , chp. 241 [1927]) covers institutionalized insane, feeble-minded (idiot and imbecile), and epileptic persons. A hearing before the board of trustees of the institution is required to determin mental condition and health effects of the operation. (Ancestry is not at issue: certain disabilities are simply assumed to be hereditary.) No court hearing is required, though appeal through the circuit court, and postponement of the operation during the appeal, are provided for. The act protects therapeutic use of the operations provided that the therapy is "recognized as legal and approved after due process of law." Castration and ovariotomy are explicitly proscribed. The 1931 act (An Act providing for the sexual sterilization of feeble minded persons . . . Acts of the Indiana General Assembly, chp. 50 [1931]) refers only to feeble-minded persons (idiots and imbeciles). The sterilization decision is made part of the court commitment hearing and court appeals with postponement of the operation during appeals are provided for. The 1931 law was to add to rather than to supersede the 1927 law.
204. "Genetic meddling: Records reveal 2,000 Hoosiers were sterilized," South Bend Tribune, 26 February 1996; Rice, (n. 66), p. 112; see L. Potter Harshman on later Indiana laws: "Medical and legal aspects of sterilization in Indiana," in Proceedings of the Fifty-Eighth Annual Session of the American Association on Mental Deficiency, 1934 (n.p. 1934), pp. 1-17.
205. "Genetic meddling: Records reveal 2,000 Hoosiers were sterilized," South Bend Tribune, 26 February 1996; Rice, (n. 66), p. 112; see L. Potter Harshman on later Indiana laws: "Medical and legal aspects of sterilization in Indiana," in Proceedings of the Fifty-Eighth Annual Session of the American Association on Mental Deficiency, 1934 (n.p. 1934), pp. 1-17.
206. Laughlin explicitly mentions the first three as separate functions in Laughlin, (n. 70) Aspects of Sterilization, pp. 12-13.
207. Quoted in Sharp, (n. 35), p. 1901. John Hurty made this statement in the panel discussion following Sharp's talk.