Graphite atomizers modified with high-melting carbides for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. II. Practical aspects

Spectrochimica acta, Part B: Atomic spectroscopy

Volumn 53, Issue 12, 1998, Pages 1607-1644

  Volynsky, A B ^a  

^a RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBIDES; GRAPHITE; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; OXIDES; SPECTROMETRY;

CARBIDE MODIFIED GRAPHITE TUBES; CHEMICAL MODIFIERS; ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; HIGH MELTING CARBIDES;

ATOMIZERS;

EID: 0032178971     PISSN: 05848547     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0584-8547(98)00221-3     Document Type: Review

References (318)

1. I.A. Kuzovlev Yu.N. Kuznetsov O.A. Sverdlina Improvement of technique and method of atomic absorption analysis with graphite cuvette Zavod. Lab. 39 1973 428 430 in Russian
2. A.B. Volynsky Application of graphite tubes modified with high-melting carbides in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. I. General approach Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 00 1998 000 in press
3. W. Slavin D.C. Manning G.R. Carnrick The stabilized temperature platform furnace At. Spectrosc. 2 1981 137 145
4. A.B. Volynskii Graphite atomizers with carbide coatings in atomic-absorption spectrometry J. Anal. Chem. (USSR) 42 1987 1223 1245
5. E. Norval H.G.C. Human L.R.P. Butler Carbide coating process for graphite tubes in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chem. 51 1979 2045 2048
6. H.M. Ortner W. Birzer B. Welz G. Schlemmer J.A. Curtius W. Wegscheider V. Sychra Surfaces and materials of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry — more than a merely morphological study Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 323 1986 681 688
7. T.A.M. Ure L.R.P. Butler B.V. L'vov I. Rubeska R. Sturgeon Nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis. XII. Terms related to electrothermal atomization (IUPAC Recommendations 1992) Pure Appl. Chem. 64 1992 253 259
8. P. Hocquellet Direct determination of tin at ultratrace levels in edible oils and fats by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization At. Spectrosc. 6 1985 69 73
9. D.T. Burns D. Dadgar M. Harriott Investigations of the direct determination of tin in organotin compounds using carbon furnace atomization Analyst 109 1984 1099 1100
10. G. van Dalen Determination of cadmium in edible oils and fats by direct electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 11 1996 1087 1092
11. T. Stiefel K. Schulze G. Tölg H. Zorn Ein Verbundverfahren zur Bestimmung von Beryllium in biologischen Matrices durch flammenlose Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie Anal. Chim. Acta 87 1976 67 78
12. V.J. Zatka Tantalum treated graphite atomizer tubes for atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chem. 50 1978 538 541
13. H.S. Wahab C.L. Chakrabarti Studies on the sensitivity of yttrium by electrothermal atomization from metallic and metal-carbide surfaces of heated graphite atomizer in atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 36 1981 463 474
14. H.M. Ortner E. Kantuscher Metallsalzimpraegnierung von Graphitrohren zur verbesserten AAS-Siliziumbestimmung Talanta 22 1975 581 586
15. E.L. Henn Determination of selenium in water and industrial effluents by flameless atomic absorption Anal. Chem. 47 1975 428 432
16. J.H. Runnels R. Merryfield H.B. Fisher Analysis of petroleum for trace metals. Part 1. A method for improving detection limits for some elements with the graphite furnace atomizer Anal. Chem. 47 1975 1258 1263
17. M.C. Almeida W.R. Seitz Carbide-treated graphite cuvettes for electrothermal atomization prepared by impregnation with metal chlorides Appl. Spectrosc. 40 1986 4 8
18. T.M. Vickrey G.V. Harrison G.J. Ramelow Treated graphite surfaces for determination of tin by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chem. 53 1981 1573 1576
19. A.B. Volynsky E.M. Sedykh Principal processes in graphite atomizers modified by high-melting carbides J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 4 1989 71 75
20. I.L. Shuttler M. Feuerstein G. Schlemmer Long-term stability of a mixed palladium–iridium trapping reagent for in situ hydride trapping within a graphite electrothermal atomizer J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 7 1992 1299 1301
21. A.B. Volynsky Terminology for the modification of graphite tubes with hight-melting carbides used in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 50 1995 1417 1419
22. D.L. Styris D.A. Redfield Perspectives on mechanisms of electrothermal atomization Spectrochim. Acta Rev. 15 1993 71 123
23. E.M. Sedykh Yu.I. Belyaev A study of sample volatilization in a graphite furnace by means of atomic and molecular absorption spectra Prog. Anal. At. Spectrosc. 7 1984 373 385
24. Z.-M. Ni X.-Q. Shan The reduction and elimination of matrix interferences in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 42 1987 937 949
25. B.V. L'vov V.G. Nicolaev E.A. Norman L.K. Polzik M. Mojica Theoretical calculation of the characteristic mass in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 41 1986 1043 1053
26. B.V. L'vov Recent advances in absolute analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 45 1990 633 655
27. W. Frech D.C. Baxter E. Lundberg Spatial and temporal non-isothermality as limiting factors for absolute analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3 1988 21 25
28. XXVII CSI Pre-Symposium, Graphite atomizer techniques in analytical spectroscopy. Discussion — Modelling of graphite furnace processes: what do we know? J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 7 (1992) 471–477.
29. W. Frech K. Li M. Berglung D.C. Baxter Effects of modifier mass and temperature gradients on analyte sensitivity in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 7 1992 141 145
30. B.V. L'vov G.N. Ryabchuk G.H.A. Fernandes Mechanism of the atomization of oxygen-containing alkali metal compounds in graphite furnaces for atomic absorption analysis J. Anal. Chem. (USSR) 39 1984 960 966
31. B.V. L'vov L.A. Pelieva Determination of atomization energies for gaseous monocyanides of alkaline metals by means of atomic-absorption spectrometry Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk. 31 1979 395 399 in Russian
32. R.E. Sturgeon S.S. Berman Analyte ionization in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chem. 53 1981 632 639
33. Landolt-Börnstein, O. Madelung (Ed.), Group IV, Macroscopic and Technical Properties of Matter, New Series, vol. 5, Phase Equilibria, Chrystallographic and Thermodynamic Data of Binary Alloys, Subvol. b, Springer, Berlin, 1991.
34. B.V. L'vov Electrothermal atomization — the way toward absolute methods of atomic absorption analysis Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 33 1978 153 193
35. J.D. Stafford J.A. Holcombe Time-gated resonance schlieren studies of analyte distribution in a graphite furnace atomizer J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3 1988 35 42
36. C.W. Huie C.J. Curran Jr The effect of internal gas flow on the spatial distribution of sodium atoms within a graphite furnace atomizer Appl. Spectrosc. 44 1990 1329 1336
37. C.-H. Chung E. Iwamoto Y. Yamamoto Periodic trends in sensivity and its dependence on the properties of pyrolytic and non-pyrolytic graphite in graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry Talanta 34 1987 927 932
38. B.V. L'vov L.A. Pelieva The efficiency of lining a graphite furnace with tantalum foil in atomic absorption spectrometry Can. J. Spectrosc. 23 1978 1 4
39. P. Boer R. Fransen W.H. Boer H.A. Koomans Increased performance in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry of lithium in renal tubular fluid by use of tantalum foil J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 8 1993 611 614
40. H. Daidoji S. Tamura Atomization using a tantalum boat in graphite furnace in atomic absorption spectrometry Bunseki Kagaku 31 1982 217 218 in Japanese
41. S. Luan X.-Q. Shan Z.-M. Ni Determination of lithium in serum and whole blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3 1988 989 995
42. B. Sampson Determination of low concentrations of lithium in biological samples using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 6 1991 115 118
43. M. Shalmi J.D. Kibble J.P. Day P. Christensen J.C. Atherton Improved analysis of picomole quantities of lithium, sodium, and potassium in biological fluids Am. J. Physiol. 267 1994 F695 F701
44. L.A. Nash L.N. Peterson S.P. Nadler D.Z. Levine Determination of sodium and potassium in nanoliter volumes of biological fluids by furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chem. 60 1988 2413 2418
45. L.J. Prell D.L. Styris D.A. Redfield Comparison of atomization mechanisms for group IIA elements in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 6 1991 25 32
46. R.St.C. McIntyre D.C. Gregoire C.L. Chakrabarti Vaporization of radium and other alkaline earth elements in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 12 1997 547 551
47. M.I.C. Monteiro A.J. Curtius Determination of barium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 10 1995 329 334
48. B.V. L'vov V.G. Nicolaev E.A. Norman Atomic absorption determination of alkaline earth and rare earth elements using a foil-lined graphite furnace with a tantalum platform J. Anal. Chem. (USSR) 43 1988 37 43
49. K. Brajter K. Klejny Determination of beryllium in Pt–Be alloy by atomic absorption spectrometry after ion-exchange separation Talanta 32 1985 521 524
50. J. Ueda K. Miyanaga T.C. Rains Electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometric determination of tin after coprecipitation with hafnium hydroxide J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3 1988 1031 1033
51. J. Koreckova, Determination of beryllium in surface waters by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace, in: 24th Colloq. Spectrosc. Int., Book Abstr., vol. 3, Dortmund, 1985, pp. 536–537.
52. H. Vanhoe C. Vandecasteele B. Desmet R. Dams Determination of beryllium in environmental samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3 1988 703 707
53. A.I. Samchuk V. Ya Demchenko, Determination of beryllium in natural objects by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Ukr. Chim. Zh. 63 1997 30 33 in Russian
54. W.F. Schmidt F. Dietl Determination of beryllium in soils by means of flameless atomic absorption with zirconium-coated graphite tubes Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 326 1987 40 42
55. W.F. Schmidt F. Dietl Determination of beryllium in plants by means of flameless atomic absorption with zirconium-coated and non-coated graphite tubes Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 329 1988 853 855
56. G.R. Carnrick W. Slavin Determination of barium using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3 1988 1023 1026
57. W. Slavin D.C. Manning G.R. Carnrick Effect of graphite furnace substrate materials on analysis by furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chem. 53 1981 1504 1509
58. B.V. L'vov L.A. Pelieva Atomic-absorption determination of cerium with atomization of samples in a graphite furnace J. Anal. Chem. (USSR) 34 1979 1354 1363
59. M.M. Chaudhry D. Littlejohn J.E. Whitley Application of radioactive tracers for investigation of dysprosium and manganese vaporization in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 7 1992 29 34
60. J. Haines The determination of selected lanthanoid elements by atomic absorption spectroscopy using electrothermal atomization At. Spectrosc. 7 1986 161 174
61. Y. Gao B. Deng Experimental study on the reasons for low sensitivity and memory effects in the determination of lanthanum and samarium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 51 1996 1147 1153
62. U. Hamm K. Bächmann Uranbestimmung mit der Graphitrohrofen — AAS Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 315 1983 591 597
63. J.G. Sen Gupta Determination of the rare earths, yttrium and scandium in silicate rocks and four new geological reference materials by electrothermal atomization from graphite and tantalum surfaces Talanta 32 1985 1 6
64. A. Skroce M. McCormick B. Meehan V. Dolic K. Peverill Determination of lanthanum by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with a tantalum platform Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 48 1993 1639 1644
65. L.J. Prell D.L. Styris Mechanism of electrothermal atomization for yttrium by mass spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 46 1991 45 49
66. D.M. Goltz D.C. Gregoire J.P. Byrne C.L. Chakrabarti Vaporization and atomization of uranium in a graphite tube electrothermal vaporizer: a mechanistic study using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 50 1995 803 814
67. D.M. Goltz D.C. Gregoire C.L. Chakrabarti Mechanism of vaporization of yttrium and rare earth elements in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 50 1995 1365 1382
68. G.-W. Zhao S.-X. Wang M.-Y. Zhu K. Sakai Enhancement of sensitivity for rare earth elements by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using several kinds of treated tubes Bunseki Kagaku 32 1983 164 168 in Japanese
69. J. Sneddon V.A. Fuavao Effect of atomizer surface type on the quantification of molybdenum and ytterbium by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chim. Acta 167 1985 317 324
70. F.H. Jasim N.A.N. Awad ETA-AAS investigations of Sc, Tb, Eu, and Yb using different metal carbide coated pyrographite atomizers and matrix modifiers Anal. Proc. 23 1986 234
71. E. Norval Pyrolytic carbon coating method for contoured graphite tubes and their use in furnace atomic absorption spectrometric determination of boron and uranium Anal. Chim. Acta 181 1986 169 178
72. J. Komarek P. Husek J. Vrestal Influence of the nature of atomizer surface on the determination of europium, praeseodymium and yttrium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Chem. Listy 85 1991 427 434 in Czech
73. J. Bellanger Determination of ytterbium by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in digesta samples and feces using Ta-coated graphite tubes At. Spectrosc. 8 1987 140 141
74. R.C. Weast (Ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 62nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1981.
75. A.A. Brown M. Lee Peak profile and appearance times using totally pyrolytic cuvettes in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 323 1986 697 702
76. N.K. Belskii E.L. Timashuk L.I. Ochertyanova A.V. Garmash Determination of refractory carbide-forming elements Zr, Hf and Nb using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. Chem. (Russia) 49 1994 744 747
77. J.P. Byrne D.M. Hughes C.L. Chakrabarti D.C. Gregoire Mechanism of volatilization of tungsten in the graphite furnace investigated by electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 9 1994 913 917
78. S.-Y. Chen S.-Q. Lin G.-E. Zhou W.-Q. Qi Y.-W. Qian The effect of tantalum and tungsten coating of graphite tube on analysis characteristic of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Fenxi Huaxue 18 1990 645 648 in Chinese
79. R.E. Sturgeon C.L. Chakrabarti Evaluation of pyrolytic-graphite-coated tubes for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chem. 49 1977 90 97
80. G. Schlemmer B. Welz Influence of the tube surface on atomization behavior in a graphite tube furnace Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 323 1986 703 709
81. J. Sneddon J.H. Ottaway W.B. Rowston Mechanism of atomization of molybdenum in carbon furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry Analyst 103 1978 776 779
82. G. Mueller-Vogt W. Wendl P. Pfundstein Chemical reactions in the determination of molybdenum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 314 1983 638 641
83. W. Wendl G. Mueller-Vogt Chemical reactions of chromium and vanadium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 40 1985 527 532
84. C.L. Chakrabarti S. Wu F. Marcantonio K.L. Headrick Chemical reactions in the atomization of molybdenum in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 323 1986 730 736
85. J.P. Matousek H.K.J. Powell Mechanism for atomization of vanadium in the pyrolytic graphite-coated furnace Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 43 1988 167 172
86. B. Deng J.-P. Wang Study of the atomization mechanism of chromium on the graphite probe surface in graphite furnace Acta Chim. Sin. 49 1991 1124 1128 in Chinese
87. D.L. Styris J.H. Kaye Mechanisms of vaporization of vanadium pentaoxide from vitreous carbon and tantalum furnaces by combined atomic absorption/mass spectrometry Anal. Chem. 54 1982 864 869
88. R.W. Fonseka K.I. Wolfe J.A. Holcombe Mechanisms of vaporization for chromium using electrothermal atomization Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 49 1994 399 408
89. D.C. Manning W. Slavin Factors influencing the atomization of vanadium in graphite furnace AAS Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 40 1985 461 474
90. A. Hulanicki R. Karwowska J. Stanczak Experimental parameters of vanadium determination by atomic-absorption spectroscopy with graphite-furnace atomization Talanta 27 1980 214 216
91. J. Sponar, A. Sefflova, J. Komarek, Stanoveni vanadu v pitnych a povrchovych vodach AAS s elektrotermickou atomizaci, in: Hydrochemia'83: Nove anal. methody chem. vody, Bratislava, 1983, pp. 81–88.
92. Y. Shijo Y. Kimura T. Shimizu K. Sakai Determination of vanadium in seawater by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Bunseki Kagaku 32 1983 E285 E291
93. D. Littlejohn I.S. Duncan J.B.M. Hendry J. Marshall J.M. Ottaway Comparison of uncoated, pyro-coated and totally pyrolytic graphite tubes for the HGA-500 electrothermal atomizer Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 40 1985 1677 1687
94. P. Pantano J. Sneddon Effect of atomization surface on the quantitation of vanadium by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry Appl. Spectrosc. 43 1989 504 511
95. Z. Benzo C. Cecarelli N. Carrion M.A. Alvarez C. Rojas M. Rosso Analytical characteristics in electrothermal atomization studies of Cd, Cu, Ge, Mo, Pb and V from pyrolytic and tungsten coated L'vov platforms by atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 7 1992 1273 1280
96. K. Matsusaki M. Nomi T. Sata Determination of vanadium by graphite-furnace AAS with a titanium-coated tube Bunseki Kagaku 46 1997 281 285 in Japanese
97. L. Ping K. Matsumoto K. Fuwa Determination of urinary chromium levels for healthy men and diabetic patients by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chim. Acta 147 1983 205 212
98. Z.A. Benzo G. Castro N. Carrion J. Flores Preliminary study on the recuperation of exhausted graphite tubes for the analysis of Cu and Cr by ETAAS Mikrochim. Acta I 1986 311 324
99. K. Dungs, B. Neidhart, Zum Verhalten des Chroms im Graphitrohr und auf der Platform, in: B. Welz (Ed.), Fortschritte in der Atomspektrometrischen Spurenanalytik, vol. 2, VCH, Weinheim, 1986, pp. 25–36.
100. D.A. Mohammed Determination of chromium by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry Analyst 112 1987 209 211
101. K. Pyrzynska Determination of chromium by ETA-AAS using different furnace materials Anal. Lett. 22 1989 2847 2859
102. O.J. Mahmood F. Jasim Some observations on the use of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the determination of chromium and copper in portland cements Microchem. J. 41 1990 348 355
103. X.-Q. Shan Y. Zheng Z.-M. Ni Determination of chromium in urine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after solvent extraction with high molecular weight secondary alkyl amine At. Spectrosc. 11 1990 116 124
104. A.V. Granzhan G.M. Kuchuk A.K. Charykov Solvent extraction and atomic absorption determination of bismuth (III) and chromium (III) in some natural materials J. Anal. Chem. (USSR) 46 1991 585 587
105. A. Boughriet L. Deram M. Wartel Determination of dissolved chromium(III) and chromium(VI) in sea-water by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 9 1994 1135 1142
106. K. Pyrzynska Chemical modification of graphite surfaces for the determination of chromium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 50 1995 1595 1598
107. N.S. Thomaidis E.A. Piperaki C.K. Polydorou C.E. Efstathiou Determination of chromium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with various chemical modifiers J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 11 1996 31 36
108. P. Bermejo-Barrera A. Moreda-Pineiro J. Moreda-Pineiro A. Bermejo-Barrera Comparative study on the use of Ir, W and Zr-coated graphite tubes for the determination of chromium in slurries of human scalp hair by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 360 1998 712 716
109. A.B. Volynskii E.M. Sedykh Behavior of molybdenum in standard graphite atomizers and in atomizers modified with lanthanum carbides J. Anal. Chem. (USSR) 42 1987 844 847
110. G. Vos Determination of dissolved hexavalent chromium in river water, sea water and waste water Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 320 1985 556 561
111. T.J. Chruscinska Determination of trace impurities of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni in indium phosphate by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry Chem. Anal. 35 1990 539 548
112. J. Zhao J. Sun S. Jiang Determination of traces of chromium and manganese in serum by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace and Zeeman background correction Huanjing Huaxue 7 6 1988 29 33 in Chinese
113. S. Arpadjan V. Krivan Behaviour of chromium in the graphite furnace during the performance of the flameless absorption spectrometry Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 329 1988 745 749
114. E.J. Hinderberger M.L. Kaiser S.R. Koirtyohann Furnace atomic-absorption analysis of biological samples using the L'vov platform and matrix modification At. Spectrosc. 2 1981 1 7
115. S. Arpadjan V. Krivan Preatomization separation of chromium (III) from chromium (VI) in the graphite furnace Anal. Chem. 58 1986 2611 2614
116. P. Wang V. Majidi J.A. Holcombe Copper atomization mechanisms in graphite furnace atomizers Anal. Chem. 61 1989 2652 2658
117. W. Frech D.C. Baxter Spatial distributions of non-atomic species in graphite furnaces Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 51 1996 961 972
118. N.S. Ham T. McAllister Graphite furnace mass spectrometry of cobalt Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 43 1988 789 797
119. W.B. Rowston J.M. Ottaway Determination of noble metals by carbon furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Part 1. Atom formation processes Analyst 104 1979 645 659
120. J.P. Byrne D.C. Gregoire M.E. Benyounes C.L. Chakrabarti Vaporization and atomization of the platinum group elements in the graphite furnace investigated by electrothermal vaporization — inductively coupled plasma — mass spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 52 1997 1575 1586
121. J. Komarek M. Slaninova J. Vrestal L. Sommer Determination of cadmium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Coll. Czechoslov. Chem. Com. 56 1991 2082 2095
122. D.T.E. Hunt D.A. Winnard Appraisal of selected techniques for the determination of lead and cadmium in waters by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Analyst 111 1986 785 789
123. T.J. Chruscinska Surface modification of graphite atomizers in flameless atomic absorption spectrometry Chem. Anal. 35 1990 561 565
124. M.A. Alvarez N. Carrion H. Gutierrez Effects of atomization surfaces and modifiers on the electrothermal atomization of cadmium Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 50 1995 1581 1594
125. A. Criaud C. Fouillac Use of the L'vov platform and molybdenum coating for the determination of volatile elements in thermomineral waters by atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chim. Acta 167 1985 257 267
126. P.C. d'Haese L.V. Lamberts L. Liang F.L. van de Vyver M.E. de Broe Elimination of matrix and spectral interferences in the measurement of lead and cadmium in urine and blood by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with deuterium background correction Clin. Chem. 37 1991 1583 1588
127. R. Knutti, Matrixmodifikation zur direkten Bestimmung von Elementen im Ultraspurenbereich in Blut und Urin mittels Graphitrohr-Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie, in: B. Welz (Ed.), Fortschritte in der Atomspektrometrischen Spurenanalytik, vol. 1, VCH, Weinheim, 1986, pp. 327–336.
128. F. Lacoste A. Castera J. Lespagne Dosage des metaux toxiques dans les corps gras: Cd, Pb, Sn, As et Cr Rev. Franc. Corps Gras 40 1993 19 31
129. E.I. Tserovsky S. Arpadjan D.L. Tsalev Activation energies for the atomization of cadmium, copper, iron and lead from aqueous and organic medium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrosc. Lett. 25 1992 693 705
130. S. Arpadjan E. Vassileva S. Momchilova Preconcentration methods for determination of trace amounts of impurities in high-purity copper salts by atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Analyst 117 1992 1933 1937
131. E. Tserovsky S. Arpadjan Behaviour of various organic solvents and analytes in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 6 1991 487 491
132. E. Tserovsky S. Arpadjan I. Karadjova Chemical modification of volatile elements in organic solvents and extracts by dithiocarbamate and complexes of noble metals in electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 47 1992 959 970
133. E. Tserovsky S. Arpadjan I. Karadjova Behaviour of cadmium, cobalt and lead in chlorine-containing organic solvents in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 8 1993 85 88
134. P. Hocquellet Application of microwave digestion and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry by reatomization from a second trapping surface to the determination of cadmium in plant and animal tissues Analusis 23 1995 159 163
135. J. Komarek A. Kacirova L. Sommer A contribution to the determination of lead and copper using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Scr. Fac. Sci. Natur. Univ. Purk. Brun. 15 1985 329 334
136. J. Komarek I. Palkova L. Sommer Determination of copper in blood serum and urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Scr. Fac. Sci. Natur. Univ. Purk. Brun. 16 1986 441 446
137. M.A. Alvarez N. Carrion H. Gutierrez Effects of atomization surfaces and modifiers on the kinetics of copper atomization in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 51 1996 1121 1132
138. D. Rojas M.A. Sanchez W. Olivares Influence of vapor redeposition and modifiers on the Arrhenius plots of copper in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 52 1997 1269 1281
139. D. Goforth J.D. Winefordner Laser-excited atomic fluorescence of atoms produced in a graphite furnace Anal. Chem. 58 1986 2598 2602
140. K. Takeda C. Akamatsu Y. Ishikawa Determination of manganese by electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry following coprecipitation with yttrium hydroxide Anal. Chim. Acta 298 1994 375 379
141. Y. Ma J. Cheng Comparative investigation of some tube atomizers for the determination of cobalt by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Fenxi Huaxue 14 1986 746 751 in Chinese
142. G. Zhou Direct determination of iron traces in semiconductor indium phosphide by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Fenxi Huaxue 15 1987 806 810 in Chinese
143. S. Arpadjan I. Karadjova E. Tserovsky Z. Aneva Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric determination of metallic impurities in platinum and palladium J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 5 1990 195 198
144. Y. Bei L.M. Dai L.Q. Tian X. Wang Direct determination of trace cobalt in cerebrospinal fluid by graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry Fenxi Huaxue 23 1995 367 in Chinese
145. X. Sun F.-X. Huang W.-D. Mei Determination of trace nickel in the serum of cancer patients by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry with use of ammonium vanadate and lanthanum as matrix modifiers with molybdate-coated tubes Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 14 4 1994 97 100 in Chinese
146. A. Castera F. Lacoste J. Lespagne Optimisation du dosage du fer par atomisation electrothermique dans les corps gras raffines. Utilisation de la theorie des plans d'experiences Analusis 20 1992 19 28
147. AOAC official method 990.05. Copper, iron, and nickel in edible oils and fats. Direct graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. First action 1990. Final action 1992, in: P. Cuniff (Ed.), Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. 16th ed., vol. 1. Agricultural chemicals; contaminants; drugs. AOAC International, Arlington, USA, 1995, chap. 9, pp. 7–8.
148. P.W. Hendrikse F.J. Slikkerveer J. Zaalberg A. Hautfenne Determination of copper, iron, and nickel in oils and fats by direct graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results of a collaborative study and the standardised method Pure Appl. Chem. 60 1988 893 900
149. J. Fazakas Critical study of the determination of palladium by graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Lett., Part A 14 1981 535 552
150. G.R. Carnrick W. Slavin Use of Th-treated platforms for the determination of Al and Pd At. Spectrosc. 7 1986 175 176
151. D.L. Tsalev A. D́Ulivo L. Lampugnani M. di Marko R. Zamboni Thermally stabilized iridium on an integrated, carbide-coated platform as a permanent modifier for hydride-forming elements in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Part 1. Optimization studies J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 10 1995 1003 1009
152. M.R.A. Michaelis W. Wegscheider H.M. Ortner Tantalum carbide coated platforms for atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization: performance characteristics for tin, selenium and rhodium J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3 1988 503 509
153. H.A. Hamid Determination of ruthenium by graphite furnace AAS At. Spectrosc. 10 1989 16 18
154. J. Haines, R.V.D. Robert, T.W. Steele, The determination, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using electrothermal atomization, of platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium. Mintek (Anal. Chem. Division), Report M 34, 1982.
155. V.I. Slaveykova L. Lampugnani D.L. Tsalev L. Sabbatini Morphological and spectroscopic investigation of the behaviour of a permanent iridium modifier deposited on pyrolytic graphite coated and zirconium treated platforms in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 52 1997 2115 2126
156. C.J. Rademeyer B. Radziuk N. Romanova N.P. Skaugset A. Skogstad Y. Thomassen Permanent iridium modifier for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 10 1995 739 745
157. D.L. Tsalev A. D́Ulivo L. Lampugnani M. di Marko R. Zamboni Thermally stabilized iridium on an integrated, carbide-coated platform as a permanent modifier for hydride-forming elements in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Part 2. Hydride generation and collection, and behaviour of some organoelement species J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 11 1996 979 988
158. E.M. Kim, Sorption preconcentration in the analysis of utility waste products for rhenium. Cand. Sci. Thesis, Moscow, 1988 (in Russian).
159. D.L. Styris D.A. Redfield Mechanisms of graphite furnace atomization of aluminum by molecular beam sampling mass spectrometry Anal. Chem. 59 1987 2891 2897
160. D.A. Katskov A.M. Shtepan I.L. Grinshtein A.A. Pupyshev Atomization of aluminum oxide in electrothermal atomic absorption analysis Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 47 1992 1023 1041
161. W. Frech A. Cedergren Investigations of reactions involved in flameless atomic absorption procedures. Part 7. A theoretical and experimental study of factors influencing the determination of silicon Anal. Chim. Acta 113 1980 227 235
162. W. Frech, A. Cedergren, E. Lundberg, Vapour phase interference effects in electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), in: K. Dittrich (Ed.), Analytiktreffen 1982, Atomspektroskopie: Fortschritte und analytische Anwendungen, Karl-Marx-Universität, Leipzig, 1983, pp. 102–110.
163. J.A. Holcombe D.L. Styris J.D. Harris Mass spectrometric investigations of aluminum oxide reduction by gaseous aluminum carbides in electrothermal atomization Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 46 1991 629 639
164. C.J. Rademeyer I. Vermaak Atomization mechanisms of silicon in a graphite furnace atomizer J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 7 1992 347 351
165. G.N. Brown D.L. Styris M.W. Hinds Mechanisms controlling direct solid sampling of silicon from gold samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Part 2. Atomization from aqueous and solid samples J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 10 1995 527 531
166. J.-A. Persson W. Frech Investigations of reactions involved in electrothermal atomic absorption procedures. Part 8. A theoretical and experimental study of factors influencing the determination of phosphorus Anal. Chim. Acta 119 1980 75 89
167. G.A. Wiltshire D.T. Bolland D. Littlejohn Study of the atomization of boron in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and hollow cathode furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 9 1994 1255 1262
168. A.J. Curtius G. Schlemmer B. Welz Determination of phosphorus by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Part 1. Determination in the absence of a modifier J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1 1986 421 427
169. B. Welz U. Voellkopf Z. Grobenski Determination of phosphorus in steel with a stabilized-temperature graphite furnace and Zeeman-corrected atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chim. Acta 136 1982 201 214
170. 2 and Al in graphite tube electrothermal atomizers under various operating conditions J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 7 1992 1063 1068
171. C.L. Chakrabarti A.K. Gilmutdinov J.C. Hutton Digital imaging of atomization processes in electrothermal atomizers for atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chem. 65 1993 716 723
172. D.M. Goltz C.L. Chakrabarti R.E. Sturgeon D.M. Hughes D.C. Gregoire Investigation of the vaporization and atomization of boron in a graphite furnace using digital imaging techniques Appl. Spectrosc. 49 1995 1006 1016
173. J.P. Byrne D.C. Gregoire D.M. Goltz C.L. Chakrabarti Vaporization and atomization of boron in the graphite furnace investigated by electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 49 1994 433 443
174. M. Luguera Y. Madrid C. Camara Combination of chemical modifiers and graphite tube pre-treatment to determine boron by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 6 1991 669 671
175. G.M.A. Botelho A.J. Curtius R.C. Campos Determination of boron in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: testing different modifiers, atomization surfaces and potential interferents J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 9 1994 1263 1267
176. Y.-M. Liu B.-L. Gong Y.-L. Xu Z.-H. Li T.-Z. Lin Determination of boron in iron- and nickel-based alloys by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with a zirconium-nickel chemical modifier and a zirconium-pretreated graphite tube Anal. Chim. Acta 292 1994 325 328
177. B.-L. Gong Y.-M. Liu Y.-L. Xu Z.-H. Li T.-Z. Lin Direct determination of boron in a cobalt-based alloy by graphite furnace — atomic absorption spectrometry Talanta 42 1995 1419 1423
178. K. Matusaki T. Yamaguchi Y. Yamamoto Determination of boron by atomic absorption spectrometry using a graphite furnace coated with titanium–tungsten carbides Anal. Sci. 12 1996 301 305
179. R. Kobayashi S. Okamura K. Yamada M. Kudo Systematic study of boron determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Sci. 13 1997 31 34 Suppl.
180. T.W. Brueggemeyer F.L. Fricke Comparison of furnace atomization behavior of aluminum from standard and thorium-treated L'vov platforms Anal. Chem. 58 1986 1143 1148
181. E.A. Nater R.G. Burau M. Akeson Fluoride matrix modifiers for the determination of aluminum by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chim. Acta 225 1989 233 239
182. S. Costantini R. Giordano I. Vernillo Application of ZrC-coated tubes to the determination of aluminum in serum by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy Microchem. J. 30 1984 425 434
183. J. Komarek V. Kuchynova-Lehka L. Sommer Determination of silicon by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Scr. Fac. Sci. Natur. Univ. Purk. Brun. 15 1985 491 495
184. E.A. Nater R.G. Burau Alkali metal fluoride matrix modifiers for the determination of trace levels of silicon by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chim. Acta 220 1989 83 92
185. Y. Ren Y. Zheng C. Li D. Wang M. Zoun S. Xie L. Liu Determination of silicon traces by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Fenxi Huaxue 18 1990 741 744 in Chinese
186. J.M.P. Parajon A. Sanz-Medel Determination of silicon in biological fluids using metal carbide-coated graphite tubes J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 9 1994 111 116
187. A.F. Shoukry Y.M. Issa R.A. Farghaly M. Grasserbauer H. Puxbaum J. Rendl Determination of silicon using electrothermal Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry in presence of some transition metals as modifiers Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 360 1998 650 653
188. M. Taddia Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry of silicon vaporized from different surfaces Anal. Chim. Acta 182 1986 231 237
189. H.J. Gitelmal F.R. Alderman Determination of silicon in biological samples using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 5 1990 687 689
190. −4% silicon in metallic niobium J. Anal. Chem. (USSR) 40 1985 237 242
191. L.B. Kuznetsov L.N. Kolonina V.N. Belyaev Use of reaction gas extraction for atomic absorption determination of silicon in pure indium J. Anal. Chem. (USSR) 41 1986 63 67
192. E.S. Zolotovitskaya V.G. Potapova N.N. Grebenyuk A.B. Blank Atomic-absorption determination of aluminum, iron and silicon in potassium dihydrogen phosphate with the electrothermal atomizer J. Anal. Chem. (Russia) 50 1995 914 918
193. K. Matsusaki T. Yamaguchi T. Sata Matrix modification for the determination of silicon by atomic absorption spectrometry using a graphite furnace coated with titanium carbide Anal. Sci. 12 1996 797 800
194. K. Takeda M. Minobe T. Hoshika T. Jinno T. Yako Determination of trace elements in trimethylgallium by electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Analyst 115 1990 535 538
195. S.-W. Lin K. Julshamn A comparative study of the determination of phosphorus by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and solution spectrophotometry Anal. Chim. Acta 158 1984 199 206
196. T. Kubota K. Uchida T. Ueda T. Okutani Determination of phosphorus by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with a phosphorus hollow-cathode lamp as light source Anal. Chim. Acta 208 1988 351 355
197. I. Havezov E. Russeva Graphite-furnace atomization of phosphorus Anal. Chim. Acta 219 1989 127 134
198. T. Kubota T. Ueda T. Okutani Determination of phosphorus by atomic absorption spectrometry with the use of graphite tube treated with zirconium Bunseki Kagaku 33 1984 633 637 in Japanese
199. T. Kubota T. Ueda T. Okutani Determination of phosphorus in natural waters by atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration with zirconium hydroxide Bunseki Kagaku 35 1986 75 79 in Japanese
200. T. Kubota K. Uchida T. Ueda T. Okutani Determination of phosphorus in sediments by graphite furnace AAS Bunseki Kagaku 37 1988 381 383 in Japanese
201. T. Kubota N. Sugiyama T. Okutani Determination of phosphorus in natural waters by graphite furnace AAS after preconcentration as an ion pair of molybdophosphate and dodecyl-trimethylammonium Bunseki Kagaku 38 1989 322 326 in Japanese
202. T. Kubota T. Okutani I. Inamoto K. Takimoto A mechanism for sensitivity improvement for phosphorus with a zirconium modifier in graphite furnace AAS Bunseki Kagaku 41 1992 57 62 in Japanese
203. A.J. Curtius G. Schlemmer B. Welz Determination of phosphorus by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Part 2. Comparison of different modifiers J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2 1987 115 124
204. B. Casetta A. Giaretta G. Rampazzo Determination of phosphorus in siliceous rocks by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a graphite furnace At. Spectrosc. 7 1986 155 157
205. E. Russeva I. Havezov Electrothermal atomic absorption determination of phosphorus in lubricating oils and related products Izv. Khim. BAN 19 1986 422 426
206. I.P. Havezov, E.D. Ruseva, N.J. Petrov, Flameless atomic absorption determination of phosphorus with graphite furnace. Bulg. Patent 27674, 1984.
207. X.-Q. Shan Z.-M. Ni Z.-N. Yuan Determination of indium in minerals, river sediments and coal fly ash by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with palladium as a matrix modifier Anal. Chim. Acta 171 1985 269 277
208. Y. Zheng D. Zhang Factors influencing the atomization of germanium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chem. 64 1992 1656 1659
209. P.S. Doidge T. McAllister Atomic absorption, equilibrium and mass spectrometry of germanium in graphite atomizers J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 8 1993 403 408
210. G.N. Brown D.L. Styris Elucidation of mechanisms that control the electrothermal atomization of tin chloride J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 8 1993 211 216
211. X.-L. Cheng C.-L. Bao X.-M. Guo Evaporation behaviour in the determination of gallium, indium and thallium by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with molybdenum-coated graphite tube Fenxi Huaxue 22 1994 512 514 in Chinese
212. B.V. L'vov G.N. Ryabchuk A new approach to the problem of atomization in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 37 1982 673 684
213. W. Frech E. Lundberg A. Cedergren Investigations of some methods used to reduce interference effects in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Prog. Anal. At. Spectrosc. 8 1985 257 370
214. Zeeman background correction. Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer GmbH, Ueberlingen, Publication B3207.
215. R.E. Sturgeon D.F. Mitchell S.S. Berman Atomization of lead in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chem. 55 1983 1059 1064
216. D.A. Bass J.A. Holcombe Mass spectral investigation of mechanisms of lead vaporization from a graphite surface used in electrothermal atomizers Anal. Chem. 59 1987 974 980
217. W. Wendl G. Mueller-Vogt Chemical reactions of lead in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3 1988 63 66
218. W. Wendl G. Mueller-Vogt Chemical reactions in the graphite tube for some carbide and oxide forming elements Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 39 1984 237 242
219. T. McAllister Mass spectrometry and equilibrium of oxides of arsenic, gallium and indium in the graphite furnace J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 5 1990 171 174
220. S. Lin Y. Zeng G. Su H. Tang Investigation of the atomization mechanism for lead compounds and of the reasons for double peaks Fenxi Huaxue 13 1985 847 849 in Chinese
221. H.A. Hamid Determination of gallium and thallium by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry At. Spectrosc. 10 1989 192 196
222. J.R. Clark Electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption conditions and matrix modifications for determining antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, gallium, gold, indium, lead, molybdenum, palladium, platinum, selenium, silver, tellurium, thallium and tin following back-extraction of organic amino halide extracts J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1 1986 301 308
223. H.A. Hamid M.I. Al Joboury A.K. Mohammed Determination of thallium by furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chim. Acta 243 1991 239 245
224. H. Tanaka A. Mitani K. Okamoto H. Morita S. Shimomura Determination of gallium by AAS using a tantalum carbide-coated graphite tube Bunseki Kagaku 46 1997 875 880 in Japanese
225. T. Shirasaki A. Yonetani K. Uchino K. Sakai Determination of gallium in environmental samples by graphite furnace AAS with a molybdenum-treated tube Bunseki Kagaku 40 1991 163 168 in Japanese
226. C. Bao X. Cheng Determination of gallium, indium and thallium in geological samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Mo-coated graphite tube Dizhi Xueyuan Xuebao 25 1995 232 236 in Chinese
227. S. Imai N. Hasegawa Y. Hayashi K. Saito Indium atomic absorption signals from non-pyrolytic and pyrolytically coated graphite furnaces in electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 11 1996 515 520
228. S. Imai M. Harada T. Tanaka Y. Hayashi Effect of nickel nitrate on graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for indium in infant formula and breast milk Anal. Sci. 13 1997 837 840
229. X.-P. Yan Z.-M. Ni X.-T. Yang G.-Q. Hong Kinetics of indium atomization from different atomizer surfaces in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) Talanta 40 1993 1839 1846
230. W.-M. Yang Z.-M. Ni Atomization efficiencies for indium and tin from different atomizer surfaces in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 52 1997 241 254
231. Y. Sohrin K. Isshiki T. Kuwamoto E. Nakayama Determination of germanium by graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry Talanta 34 1987 341 344
232. Y. Zheng D. Zhang Study of atomization processes in graphite furnace atomizer. IV. Effect of graphite furnace substrate materials on atomization of germanium Chin. J. Appl. Chem. 4 4 1987 21 25 in Chinese
233. E. Iwamoto H. Shimazu K. Yokota T. Kumamaru Determination of tin by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with a tungsten-coated tube J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 7 1992 421 424
234. Z.-M. Ni D.-Q. Zhang Influence of sample deposition and coating with Zr and Pd on the atomization kinetics of germanium in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 50 1995 1779 1786
235. M. Chamsaz J.D. Winefordner Determination of inorganic and organotin compounds in sea water by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3 1988 119 123
236. Q. Wenqi L. Shuqin C. Shuyu K. Sakai Determination of tin by AAS using a metal-carbide-coated graphite tube Bunseki Kagaku 38 1989 228 232 in Japanese
237. E.G. Kudryasheva G.E. Erkovich A.K. Kudryavina T.D. Gornostaeva V.D. Malykh Atomic absorption determination of tin in refined gold in a double-tube graphite furnace J. Anal. Chem. (USSR) 46 1991 273 276
238. K.S. Subramanian Determination of tin in lead/tin solder leachates from copper piping by graphite platform furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry Talanta 36 1989 1075 1080
239. A.B. Volynsky E.M. Sedykh B.Ya. Spivakov Yu.A. Zolotov Minimizing the effect of organic matrices in the analysis of tin-containing extracts by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Determination of tin in rocks Anal. Chim. Acta 177 1985 129 138
240. D.T. Burns M. Harriott F. Glockling The extraction, determination and speciation of tributyltin in seawater Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 327 1987 701 703
241. S.C. Apte M.J. Gardner Determination of organotins in natural waters by toluene extraction and graphite furnace AAS Talanta 35 1988 539 544
242. C. Donaghy M. Harriott D.T. Burns Use of surface coatings in the determination of bis (tributyltin) oxide in fresh water by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Proc. 26 1989 260 262
243. E.T. Kabeshova A.B. Volynskii A.N. Kashin Determination of tin in organotin compounds by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. Chem. (USSR) 44 1989 1600 1604
244. K. Takeda C. Akamatsu Y. Inoue Pre-concentration of traces of tin by coprecipitation with yttrium hydroxide for electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 339 1991 50 54
245. 3 Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 339 1991 871 873
246. Z.-M. Ni H.-B. Hang A. Li B. He F.-Z. Xu Determination of tributyltin and inorganic tin in sea-water by solvent extraction and hydride generation electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 6 1991 385 387
247. E. Iwamoto H. Shimazu K. Yokota T. Kumamaru Atomization of tin in saline water media in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with a tungsten-coated tube using palladium as a chemical modifier Anal. Chim. Acta 274 1993 231 235
248. S. Kagaya J. Ueda Separation and concentration of tin(IV) by co-precipitation with gallium phosphate for electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 66 1993 1404 1407
249. T. Oimatsu H. Manabe T. Nakahara Direct determination of trace amounts of tin in titanium dioxide by slurry introduction/graphite furnace AAS Bunseki Kagaku 42 1993 599 603 in Japanese
250. A. Osojnik, T. Drglin, Determination of traces of tin in steels and nickel alloys using GF AAS and/or HG AAS, in: CANAS'93, Universitaet Leipzig und UFZ-Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig-Halle, 1993, pp. 617–625.
251. P. Bermejo-Barrera R.M. Soto-Ferreiro M. Aboal-Somoza A. Bermejo-Barrera Comparative study between the use of zirconium coated graphite tubes and palladium-magnesium nitrate as a chemical modifier for tin determination in tap water by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization Quim. Anal. 13 1994 15 18
252. R. Giordano L. Ciaralli G. Gattorta M. Ciprotti S. Costantini Analysis of tricyclohexyltin hydroxide using Zeeman furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Microchem. J. 49 1994 69 77
253. Z. Quan Z.-M. Ni X.-P. Yan Influence of atomizer surface on the kinetics of tin atomization in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Can. J. Appl. Spectrosc. 39 1994 54 59
254. X. Sun F.-X. Huang W. Mei S.-Z. Hong Determination of trace tin in the serum of cancer patients by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 15 1 1995 79 82 in Chinese
255. R.-L. Qu F. Her Determination of micro amount of tin in copper alloys with Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry and La-coating technique Fenxi Shiyanshi 14 6 1995 53 55 in Chinese
256. M. Takeo N. Tsunekage E. Takata Y. Maeda Determination of tin by AAS using a lanthanum-treated graphite tube. Removal of intereference from amino acids containing sulfur Bunseki Kagaku 44 1995 697 702 in Japanese
257. G. Müller-Vogt F. Weigend W. Wendl Role of oxygen in the determination of oxide forming elements by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Part 3. Effect of oxygen on the reactions of tin in uncoated, pyrolytically coated and zirconium carbide coated graphite tube atomizers Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 51 1996 1133 1137
258. G. Weber The importance of tin in the environment and its determination at trace levels Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 321 1985 217 224
259. W. Slavin D.C. Manning Reduction of matrix interferences for lead determination with the L'vov platform and the graphite furnace Anal. Chem. 51 1979 261 265
260. X.-P. Yan Z.-M. Ni Electrothermal atomization of lead from different atomizer surfaces Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 48 1993 1315 1323
261. Z.A. de Benzo R.V. Fraile Behavior of low salt content aqueous solutions of lead in hafnium treated graphite tubes for atomic absorption spectrometry At. Spectrosc. 5 1984 204 208
262. P. Hocquellet Application de la spectrometrie a'absorption atomique avec atomisation electrothermique au dosage direct des elements traces dans les huiles: cadmium, plomb, arsenic et etain Rev. Franc. corps gras 31 1984 117 122
263. D.C. Manning W. Slavin Determination of lead in a chloride matrix with the graphite furnace Anal. Chem. 50 1978 1234 1238
264. Y. Zheng Y. Liu Influence of chlorides on the atomization of lead compounds in graphite furnace Fenxi Huaxue 15 1987 161 164 in Chinese
265. J. Tombers, G. Weidig, J. Wannemacher, G. Lensch, Quecksilber- und Bleibestimmung in silikatischen Proben, in: B. Welz (Ed.), 4 Colloq. Atomspektrom. Spurenanalytik, Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer GmbH., Überlingen, 1987, pp. 315–324.
266. R. Gaetha A. Thiruvengadasami T.R. Mahalingam Determination of trace metals in lithium by electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 4 1989 447 450
267. N.A.N. Awad F. Jasim Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of lead in aluminum alloys using direct atomization of solid in a pyrocoated graphite-cup atomizer Microchem. J. 40 1989 352 359
268. J. Dedina W. Frech I. Lindberg E. Lundberg A. Cedergren Determination of selenium by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Part 1. Interaction between selenium and carbon J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2 1987 287 291
269. H. Docekalova B. Docekal J. Komarek I. Novotny Determination of selenium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Part 1. Chemical modifiers J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 6 1991 661 668
270. M.S. Droessler J.A. Holcombe Mass spectral and atomic absorption studies of selenium vaporization from a graphite surface Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 42 1987 981 994
271. D.L. Styris L.J. Prell D.A. Redfield J.A. Holcombe D.A. Bass V. Majidi Mechanisms of selenium vaporization with palladium modifiers using electrothermal atomization and mass spectrometric detection Anal. Chem. 63 1991 508 517
272. D.L. Styris L.J. Prell D.A. Redfield Mechanisms of palladium-induced stabilization of arsenic in electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectroscopy Anal. Chem. 63 1991 503 507
273. M.S. Droessler J.A. Holcombe Spatially resolved absorbance profiles detailing the selenium vaporisation process in electrothermal atomisers J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2 1987 785 792
274. E.G. Kudryasheva G.E. Erkovich V.D. Malykh Factors affecting the atomic-absorption determination of antimony and arsenic in technological solutions using a graphite atomizer J. Anal. Chem. (USSR) 40 1985 1715 1720
275. P. Hocquellet M.-P. Candillier Evaluation of microwave digestion and solvent extraction for the determination of trace amounts of selenium in feeds and plant and animal tissues by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Analyst 116 1991 505 509
276. P. Hocquellet Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry by reatomization from a second trapping surface Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 47 1992 719 729
277. V. Krivan S. Arpadjan Radiotracer study of the behaviour of arsenic in the graphite furnace Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 335 1989 743 747
278. A.A. Grabinski Determination of arsenic (III), arsenic (V), monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate by ion-exchange chromatography with flameless atomic absorption spectrometric detection Anal. Chem. 53 1981 966 968
279. W.-M. Wang M.-Q. Zhang Determination of trace selenium and tellurium in geological samples by isobutyl methyl ketone extraction - graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Yankuang Ceshi 13 1994 125 127 in Chinese
280. V.I. Slaveykova F. Rastegar M.J.F. Leroy Behaviour of various arsenic species in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 11 1996 997 1002
281. Y.-L. Chen W.-Q. Qi J.-S. Cao M.-S. Chang Determination of arsenic (V) and arsenic (III) species in environmental samples by coprecipitation with zirconium hydroxide and pre-atomization atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 8 1993 379 381
282. T.M. Vickrey G.V. Harrison G.J. Ramelov Zirconium surface treatment of graphite furnace tubes for the analysis of organolead compounds by atomic absorption spectrometry At. Spectrosc. 1 1980 116 119
283. T.M. Vickrey G.V. Harrison G.J. Ramelow J.C. Carver Use of metal carbide coated graphite cuvettes for the atomic absorption analysis of organotins Anal. Lett., Part A 13 1980 781 795
284. T.M. Vickrey H.E. Howell G.V. Harrison G.J. Ramelow Post column digestion methods for liquid chromatography — graphite furnace atomic absorption speciation of organolead and organotin compounds Anal. Chem. 52 1980 1743 1746
285. I. Havezov E. Russeva N. Jordanov Flameless atomic-absorption determination of phosphorus using ZrC coated graphite atomizer tubes Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 296 1979 125 127
286. D.T. Burns D. Dadgar Investigations on the determination of germanium in organogermanium compounds using carbon furnace atomisation Analyst 107 1982 452 455
287. D.T. Burns D. Dadgar M. Harriott K. McBride W.J. Swindall Investigations on the determination of aluminum in aluminum alkoxides and carboxylates using direct carbon-furnace atomisation Analyst 109 1984 1613 1614
288. X.-P. Yan Z.-M. Ni Determination of lead by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with in situ concentration in a zirconium coated graphite tube J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 6 1991 483 486
289. H.O. Haug L. Yiping Investigation of automated determination of germanium by hydride generation using in situ trapping on stable coatings in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 10 1995 1069 1076
290. Y.P. Liao, H.O. Haug, Hydride generation — GF-AAS of tin with long-term stable trapping reagents for automated analysis, in: B. Welz (Ed.), CANAS'95, 1996, pp. 315–319.
291. H.O. Haug Study on stable coatings for determination of lead by flow-injection hydride-generation and in situ concentration in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 51 1996 1425 1433
292. S. Garbos M. Walcerz E. Bulska A. Hulanicki Simultaneous determination of Se and As by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with analyte concentration in a graphite furnace coated with zirconium Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 50 1995 1669 1677
293. H.O. Haug Y.-P. Liao Investigation of the automated determination of As, Sb and Bi by flow-injection hydride generation using in situ trapping on stable coatings in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 356 1996 435 444
294. D.L. Tsalev A. D́Ulivo L. Lampugnani M. di Marko R. Zamboni Thermally stabilized iridium on an integrated, carbide-coated platform as a permanent modifier for hydride-forming elements in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Part 3. Effect of l-cystein J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 11 1996 989 995
295. Z.-M. Ni B. He Determination of germanium in environmental samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with continuous flow hydride generation in dilute perchloric acid solution J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 10 1995 747 751
296. P. Bermejo-Barrera J. Moreda-Pineiro A. Moreda-Pineiro A. Bermejo-Barrera Use of flow injection cold vapour generation and preconcentration on coated graphite tubes for the determination of cadmium in sea-water by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 11 1996 1081 1086
297. H.G. Infante M.L.F. Sanchez A. Sanz-Medel Vesicular hydride generation — in situ preconcentration — electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry determination of sub-parts-per-billion of cadmium J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 12 1997 1333 1336
298. H. Matusiewicz R.E. Sturgeon Atomic spectrometric detection of hydride forming elements following in situ trapping within a graphite furnace Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 51 1996 377 397
299. A.B. Volynsky Catalytic processes in graphite furnaces for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 51 1996 1573 1589
300. A.B. Volynsky E.M. Sedykh Ya.B. Spivakov I. Havezov Factors influencing the free oxygen content in an electrothermal atomizer Anal. Chim. Acta 174 1985 173 182
301. J.A. Holcombe G.D. Rayson N. Akerlind Jr Time and spatial absorbance profiles within a graphite furnace atomizer Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 37 1982 319 330
302. J.A. Holcombe G.D. Rayson Analyte distribution and reactions within a graphite furnace atomizer Prog. Anal. At. Spectrosc. 6 1983 225 251
303. J.J. Sotera L.C. Cristiano M.K. Conley H.L. Kahn Reduction of matrix interferences in furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Anal. Chem. 55 1983 204 208
304. R. Bock, A handbook of decomposition methods in analytical chemistry. Revised ed., Glasgo, Int. Textbook, 1979.
305. A.B. Volynsky Ya.B. Spivakov Yu.A. Zolotov Solvent extraction — electrothermal atomic absorption analysis Talanta 31 1984 449 458
306. L. Sommer J. Komarek D.T. Burns Organic analytical reagents in atomic absorption spectrophotometry of metals Pure Appl. Chem. 64 1992 213 226
307. M. Hoenig A.-M. de Kersabiec Sample preparation steps for analysis by atomic spectroscopy methods: present status Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 51 1996 1297 1307
308. P. Hocquellet N. Labeyrie Etude de l'atomisation thermo-electrique sur carbure de tantale du silicium, du germanium, de l'etain et du plomb. Application a' la spectrometrie d'absorption atomique Analusis 3 1975 505 512
309. J. Komarek S. Gomiscek Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry of nickel in the presence of dithiocarbamates Vestn. Slov. Kem. Drus. 30 1983 443 458
310. A.B. Volynskii Ya.B. Spivakov Yu.A. Zolotov Atomic absorption determination of molybdenum in graphite furnace. Analysis of the organic extracts J. Anal. Chem. (USSR) 42 1987 1454 1459
311. H.M. Dong V. Krivan B. Welz G. Schlemmer Determination of trace impurities in titanium dioxide by slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 52 1997 1747 1762
312. S. Hauptkorn V. Krivan Solution and slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the analysis of high purity quartz Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 51 1996 1197 1210
313. D.L. Tsalev, V.I. Slaveykova, Chemical modification in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, in: J. Sneddon (Ed.), Advances in atomic spectroscopy, vol. 4, JAI Press, Greenwich CT, 1997.
314. S.-D. Huang K.-Y. Shin Direct determination of zinc in seawater by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 50 1995 837 846
315. R. Soman T.R. Gilbert A miniature electrothermal vaporization cell featuring a niobium carbide-coated heating element for plasma emission spectroscopy ICP Inf. Newslett. 14 1989 624 625
316. H. Wildner G. Wuensch Electrothermal vaporization — ICP-MS for the determination of metals in micro amounts in high-purity non-metals (P, As, Sb, S, Se, Te, I) Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 360 1998 520 526
317. P.B. Mandjukov D.L. Tsalev Study of cerium (IV) and cerium (IV) — palladium (II) as chemical modifiers in electrothermal atomization — atomic absorption spectrophotometry Microchem. J. 42 1990 339 348
318. I. Havezov A. Detcheva J. Rendl Study of some palladium-containing chemical modifiers in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry Mikrochim. Acta 119 1995 147 155