Self-assembly in aqueous solutions of polyether-modified poly(acrylic acid)

Langmuir

Volumn 14, Issue 20, 1998, Pages 5806-5812

  Bromberg, Lev ^a,b  

^a Massachusetts Inst of Technology ^*  (United States)

^b Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGGLOMERATION; BLOCK COPOLYMERS; ELASTICITY; GELATION; GELS; GRAFT COPOLYMERS; POLYETHYLENE OXIDES; POLYPROPYLENE OXIDES; RELAXATION PROCESSES; SOLUTIONS; VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS;

POLYACRYLIC ACIDS;

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS;

EID: 0032164558     PISSN: 07437463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/la980737q     Document Type: Article

References (77)

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22. We wish to acknoledge a large number of publications dedicated to thermoassociative systems comprising poly(acrylic acid) modified with oligoalkylamine or polyether groups. These systems were introduced by Audebert and co-workers (see refs 2-10 herein, as well as: Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Audebert, R. Polymer 1994, 35, 2624. L'allouret, F.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1995, 273, 1163, L'allouret, F.; Maroy, P.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet. 1997, 52, 117. Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Durand, A.; Lafuma, F.; Audebert, R.; Cotton, J.-P. Macromolecules 1998, in press) and Hoffman et al. (Hoffman, A. S.; Chem, G. Int. Pat. Appl. WO 95/24430, 1995. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G. H.; Kaang, S. Y.; Ding, Z. L.; Randeri, K.; Kabra, B. In Advanced Biomaterials in Biomedical Engineering and Drug Delivery Systems; Ogata, N.; Kim, S. W., Feijen, J., Okano, T., Eds., Springer: Tokyo, 1996; pp 62-66. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Kaang, S.; Priebe, D. T. Proc. Inte. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 159. Chen, G.; Hoffman, A. S.; Ron, E. S. Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 167. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Wu, X.; Ding, Z.; Kabra, B.; Randeri, K.; Schiller, M.; Ron, E.; Peppas, N. A.; Brazel, C. Polym. Prepr. 1997, 38, 524). These graft copolymers are related to the copolymers described in the present study. However, the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the unique synthetic route is a feature that brands the copolymer at hand a distinct chemical entity (refs 14, 15, and 20). Aqueous solutions of this copolymer exhibit unparalleled symmetry between temperature-and concentration-dependent scaling of rheological properties (ref 12). Useful "smart hydrogels" depicted in the popular literature (Chem. Eng. News 1997, 75, 26) are actually the system originating from the recent invention (ref 14). The author is grateful to an anonymous reviewer for drawing his attention to a number of relevant references.
23. We wish to acknoledge a large number of publications dedicated to thermoassociative systems comprising poly(acrylic acid) modified with oligoalkylamine or polyether groups. These systems were introduced by Audebert and co-workers (see refs 2-10 herein, as well as: Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Audebert, R. Polymer 1994, 35, 2624. L'allouret, F.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1995, 273, 1163, L'allouret, F.; Maroy, P.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet. 1997, 52, 117. Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Durand, A.; Lafuma, F.; Audebert, R.; Cotton, J.-P. Macromolecules 1998, in press) and Hoffman et al. (Hoffman, A. S.; Chem, G. Int. Pat. Appl. WO 95/24430, 1995. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G. H.; Kaang, S. Y.; Ding, Z. L.; Randeri, K.; Kabra, B. In Advanced Biomaterials in Biomedical Engineering and Drug Delivery Systems; Ogata, N.; Kim, S. W., Feijen, J., Okano, T., Eds., Springer: Tokyo, 1996; pp 62-66. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Kaang, S.; Priebe, D. T. Proc. Inte. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 159. Chen, G.; Hoffman, A. S.; Ron, E. S. Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 167. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Wu, X.; Ding, Z.; Kabra, B.; Randeri, K.; Schiller, M.; Ron, E.; Peppas, N. A.; Brazel, C. Polym. Prepr. 1997, 38, 524). These graft copolymers are related to the copolymers described in the present study. However, the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the unique synthetic route is a feature that brands the copolymer at hand a distinct chemical entity (refs 14, 15, and 20). Aqueous solutions of this copolymer exhibit unparalleled symmetry between temperature-and concentration-dependent scaling of rheological properties (ref 12). Useful "smart hydrogels" depicted in the popular literature (Chem. Eng. News 1997, 75, 26) are actually the system originating from the recent invention (ref 14). The author is grateful to an anonymous reviewer for drawing his attention to a number of relevant references.
24. We wish to acknoledge a large number of publications dedicated to thermoassociative systems comprising poly(acrylic acid) modified with oligoalkylamine or polyether groups. These systems were introduced by Audebert and co-workers (see refs 2-10 herein, as well as: Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Audebert, R. Polymer 1994, 35, 2624. L'allouret, F.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1995, 273, 1163, L'allouret, F.; Maroy, P.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet. 1997, 52, 117. Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Durand, A.; Lafuma, F.; Audebert, R.; Cotton, J.-P. Macromolecules 1998, in press) and Hoffman et al. (Hoffman, A. S.; Chem, G. Int. Pat. Appl. WO 95/24430, 1995. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G. H.; Kaang, S. Y.; Ding, Z. L.; Randeri, K.; Kabra, B. In Advanced Biomaterials in Biomedical Engineering and Drug Delivery Systems; Ogata, N.; Kim, S. W., Feijen, J., Okano, T., Eds., Springer: Tokyo, 1996; pp 62-66. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Kaang, S.; Priebe, D. T. Proc. Inte. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 159. Chen, G.; Hoffman, A. S.; Ron, E. S. Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 167. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Wu, X.; Ding, Z.; Kabra, B.; Randeri, K.; Schiller, M.; Ron, E.; Peppas, N. A.; Brazel, C. Polym. Prepr. 1997, 38, 524). These graft copolymers are related to the copolymers described in the present study. However, the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the unique synthetic route is a feature that brands the copolymer at hand a distinct chemical entity (refs 14, 15, and 20). Aqueous solutions of this copolymer exhibit unparalleled symmetry between temperature-and concentration-dependent scaling of rheological properties (ref 12). Useful "smart hydrogels" depicted in the popular literature (Chem. Eng. News 1997, 75, 26) are actually the system originating from the recent invention (ref 14). The author is grateful to an anonymous reviewer for drawing his attention to a number of relevant references.
25. We wish to acknoledge a large number of publications dedicated to thermoassociative systems comprising poly(acrylic acid) modified with oligoalkylamine or polyether groups. These systems were introduced by Audebert and co-workers (see refs 2-10 herein, as well as: Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Audebert, R. Polymer 1994, 35, 2624. L'allouret, F.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1995, 273, 1163, L'allouret, F.; Maroy, P.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet. 1997, 52, 117. Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Durand, A.; Lafuma, F.; Audebert, R.; Cotton, J.-P. Macromolecules 1998, in press) and Hoffman et al. (Hoffman, A. S.; Chem, G. Int. Pat. Appl. WO 95/24430, 1995. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G. H.; Kaang, S. Y.; Ding, Z. L.; Randeri, K.; Kabra, B. In Advanced Biomaterials in Biomedical Engineering and Drug Delivery Systems; Ogata, N.; Kim, S. W., Feijen, J., Okano, T., Eds., Springer: Tokyo, 1996; pp 62-66. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Kaang, S.; Priebe, D. T. Proc. Inte. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 159. Chen, G.; Hoffman, A. S.; Ron, E. S. Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 167. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Wu, X.; Ding, Z.; Kabra, B.; Randeri, K.; Schiller, M.; Ron, E.; Peppas, N. A.; Brazel, C. Polym. Prepr. 1997, 38, 524). These graft copolymers are related to the copolymers described in the present study. However, the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the unique synthetic route is a feature that brands the copolymer at hand a distinct chemical entity (refs 14, 15, and 20). Aqueous solutions of this copolymer exhibit unparalleled symmetry between temperature-and concentration-dependent scaling of rheological properties (ref 12). Useful "smart hydrogels" depicted in the popular literature (Chem. Eng. News 1997, 75, 26) are actually the system originating from the recent invention (ref 14). The author is grateful to an anonymous reviewer for drawing his attention to a number of relevant references.
26. We wish to acknoledge a large number of publications dedicated to thermoassociative systems comprising poly(acrylic acid) modified with oligoalkylamine or polyether groups. These systems were introduced by Audebert and co-workers (see refs 2-10 herein, as well as: Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Audebert, R. Polymer 1994, 35, 2624. L'allouret, F.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1995, 273, 1163, L'allouret, F.; Maroy, P.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet. 1997, 52, 117. Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Durand, A.; Lafuma, F.; Audebert, R.; Cotton, J.-P. Macromolecules 1998, in press) and Hoffman et al. (Hoffman, A. S.; Chem, G. Int. Pat. Appl. WO 95/24430, 1995. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G. H.; Kaang, S. Y.; Ding, Z. L.; Randeri, K.; Kabra, B. In Advanced Biomaterials in Biomedical Engineering and Drug Delivery Systems; Ogata, N.; Kim, S. W., Feijen, J., Okano, T., Eds., Springer: Tokyo, 1996; pp 62-66. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Kaang, S.; Priebe, D. T. Proc. Inte. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 159. Chen, G.; Hoffman, A. S.; Ron, E. S. Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 167. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Wu, X.; Ding, Z.; Kabra, B.; Randeri, K.; Schiller, M.; Ron, E.; Peppas, N. A.; Brazel, C. Polym. Prepr. 1997, 38, 524). These graft copolymers are related to the copolymers described in the present study. However, the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the unique synthetic route is a feature that brands the copolymer at hand a distinct chemical entity (refs 14, 15, and 20). Aqueous solutions of this copolymer exhibit unparalleled symmetry between temperature-and concentration-dependent scaling of rheological properties (ref 12). Useful "smart hydrogels" depicted in the popular literature (Chem. Eng. News 1997, 75, 26) are actually the system originating from the recent invention (ref 14). The author is grateful to an anonymous reviewer for drawing his attention to a number of relevant references.
27. We wish to acknoledge a large number of publications dedicated to thermoassociative systems comprising poly(acrylic acid) modified with oligoalkylamine or polyether groups. These systems were introduced by Audebert and co-workers (see refs 2-10 herein, as well as: Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Audebert, R. Polymer 1994, 35, 2624. L'allouret, F.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1995, 273, 1163, L'allouret, F.; Maroy, P.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet. 1997, 52, 117. Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Durand, A.; Lafuma, F.; Audebert, R.; Cotton, J.-P. Macromolecules 1998, in press) and Hoffman et al. (Hoffman, A. S.; Chem, G. Int. Pat. Appl. WO 95/24430, 1995. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G. H.; Kaang, S. Y.; Ding, Z. L.; Randeri, K.; Kabra, B. In Advanced Biomaterials in Biomedical Engineering and Drug Delivery Systems; Ogata, N.; Kim, S. W., Feijen, J., Okano, T., Eds., Springer: Tokyo, 1996; pp 62-66. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Kaang, S.; Priebe, D. T. Proc. Inte. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 159. Chen, G.; Hoffman, A. S.; Ron, E. S. Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 167. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Wu, X.; Ding, Z.; Kabra, B.; Randeri, K.; Schiller, M.; Ron, E.; Peppas, N. A.; Brazel, C. Polym. Prepr. 1997, 38, 524). These graft copolymers are related to the copolymers described in the present study. However, the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the unique synthetic route is a feature that brands the copolymer at hand a distinct chemical entity (refs 14, 15, and 20). Aqueous solutions of this copolymer exhibit unparalleled symmetry between temperature-and concentration-dependent scaling of rheological properties (ref 12). Useful "smart hydrogels" depicted in the popular literature (Chem. Eng. News 1997, 75, 26) are actually the system originating from the recent invention (ref 14). The author is grateful to an anonymous reviewer for drawing his attention to a number of relevant references.
28. We wish to acknoledge a large number of publications dedicated to thermoassociative systems comprising poly(acrylic acid) modified with oligoalkylamine or polyether groups. These systems were introduced by Audebert and co-workers (see refs 2-10 herein, as well as: Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Audebert, R. Polymer 1994, 35, 2624. L'allouret, F.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1995, 273, 1163, L'allouret, F.; Maroy, P.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet. 1997, 52, 117. Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Durand, A.; Lafuma, F.; Audebert, R.; Cotton, J.-P. Macromolecules 1998, in press) and Hoffman et al. (Hoffman, A. S.; Chem, G. Int. Pat. Appl. WO 95/24430, 1995. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G. H.; Kaang, S. Y.; Ding, Z. L.; Randeri, K.; Kabra, B. In Advanced Biomaterials in Biomedical Engineering and Drug Delivery Systems; Ogata, N.; Kim, S. W., Feijen, J., Okano, T., Eds., Springer: Tokyo, 1996; pp 62-66. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Kaang, S.; Priebe, D. T. Proc. Inte. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 159. Chen, G.; Hoffman, A. S.; Ron, E. S. Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 167. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Wu, X.; Ding, Z.; Kabra, B.; Randeri, K.; Schiller, M.; Ron, E.; Peppas, N. A.; Brazel, C. Polym. Prepr. 1997, 38, 524). These graft copolymers are related to the copolymers described in the present study. However, the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the unique synthetic route is a feature that brands the copolymer at hand a distinct chemical entity (refs 14, 15, and 20). Aqueous solutions of this copolymer exhibit unparalleled symmetry between temperature-and concentration-dependent scaling of rheological properties (ref 12). Useful "smart hydrogels" depicted in the popular literature (Chem. Eng. News 1997, 75, 26) are actually the system originating from the recent invention (ref 14). The author is grateful to an anonymous reviewer for drawing his attention to a number of relevant references.
29. We wish to acknoledge a large number of publications dedicated to thermoassociative systems comprising poly(acrylic acid) modified with oligoalkylamine or polyether groups. These systems were introduced by Audebert and co-workers (see refs 2-10 herein, as well as: Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Audebert, R. Polymer 1994, 35, 2624. L'allouret, F.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1995, 273, 1163, L'allouret, F.; Maroy, P.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet. 1997, 52, 117. Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Durand, A.; Lafuma, F.; Audebert, R.; Cotton, J.-P. Macromolecules 1998, in press) and Hoffman et al. (Hoffman, A. S.; Chem, G. Int. Pat. Appl. WO 95/24430, 1995. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G. H.; Kaang, S. Y.; Ding, Z. L.; Randeri, K.; Kabra, B. In Advanced Biomaterials in Biomedical Engineering and Drug Delivery Systems; Ogata, N.; Kim, S. W., Feijen, J., Okano, T., Eds., Springer: Tokyo, 1996; pp 62-66. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Kaang, S.; Priebe, D. T. Proc. Inte. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 159. Chen, G.; Hoffman, A. S.; Ron, E. S. Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 167. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Wu, X.; Ding, Z.; Kabra, B.; Randeri, K.; Schiller, M.; Ron, E.; Peppas, N. A.; Brazel, C. Polym. Prepr. 1997, 38, 524). These graft copolymers are related to the copolymers described in the present study. However, the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the unique synthetic route is a feature that brands the copolymer at hand a distinct chemical entity (refs 14, 15, and 20). Aqueous solutions of this copolymer exhibit unparalleled symmetry between temperature-and concentration-dependent scaling of rheological properties (ref 12). Useful "smart hydrogels" depicted in the popular literature (Chem. Eng. News 1997, 75, 26) are actually the system originating from the recent invention (ref 14). The author is grateful to an anonymous reviewer for drawing his attention to a number of relevant references.
30. We wish to acknoledge a large number of publications dedicated to thermoassociative systems comprising poly(acrylic acid) modified with oligoalkylamine or polyether groups. These systems were introduced by Audebert and co-workers (see refs 2-10 herein, as well as: Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Audebert, R. Polymer 1994, 35, 2624. L'allouret, F.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1995, 273, 1163, L'allouret, F.; Maroy, P.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet. 1997, 52, 117. Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Durand, A.; Lafuma, F.; Audebert, R.; Cotton, J.-P. Macromolecules 1998, in press) and Hoffman et al. (Hoffman, A. S.; Chem, G. Int. Pat. Appl. WO 95/24430, 1995. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G. H.; Kaang, S. Y.; Ding, Z. L.; Randeri, K.; Kabra, B. In Advanced Biomaterials in Biomedical Engineering and Drug Delivery Systems; Ogata, N.; Kim, S. W., Feijen, J., Okano, T., Eds., Springer: Tokyo, 1996; pp 62-66. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Kaang, S.; Priebe, D. T. Proc. Inte. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 159. Chen, G.; Hoffman, A. S.; Ron, E. S. Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 167. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Wu, X.; Ding, Z.; Kabra, B.; Randeri, K.; Schiller, M.; Ron, E.; Peppas, N. A.; Brazel, C. Polym. Prepr. 1997, 38, 524). These graft copolymers are related to the copolymers described in the present study. However, the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the unique synthetic route is a feature that brands the copolymer at hand a distinct chemical entity (refs 14, 15, and 20). Aqueous solutions of this copolymer exhibit unparalleled symmetry between temperature-and concentration-dependent scaling of rheological properties (ref 12). Useful "smart hydrogels" depicted in the popular literature (Chem. Eng. News 1997, 75, 26) are actually the system originating from the recent invention (ref 14). The author is grateful to an anonymous reviewer for drawing his attention to a number of relevant references.
31. We wish to acknoledge a large number of publications dedicated to thermoassociative systems comprising poly(acrylic acid) modified with oligoalkylamine or polyether groups. These systems were introduced by Audebert and co-workers (see refs 2-10 herein, as well as: Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Audebert, R. Polymer 1994, 35, 2624. L'allouret, F.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1995, 273, 1163, L'allouret, F.; Maroy, P.; Hourdet, D.; Audebert, R. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet. 1997, 52, 117. Hourdet, D.; L'allouret, F.; Durand, A.; Lafuma, F.; Audebert, R.; Cotton, J.-P. Macromolecules 1998, in press) and Hoffman et al. (Hoffman, A. S.; Chem, G. Int. Pat. Appl. WO 95/24430, 1995. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G. H.; Kaang, S. Y.; Ding, Z. L.; Randeri, K.; Kabra, B. In Advanced Biomaterials in Biomedical Engineering and Drug Delivery Systems; Ogata, N.; Kim, S. W., Feijen, J., Okano, T., Eds., Springer: Tokyo, 1996; pp 62-66. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Kaang, S.; Priebe, D. T. Proc. Inte. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 159. Chen, G.; Hoffman, A. S.; Ron, E. S. Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. 1995, 22, 167. Hoffman, A. S.; Chen, G.; Wu, X.; Ding, Z.; Kabra, B.; Randeri, K.; Schiller, M.; Ron, E.; Peppas, N. A.; Brazel, C. Polym. Prepr. 1997, 38, 524). These graft copolymers are related to the copolymers described in the present study. However, the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the C-C bonding between polyether and polyelectrolyte resulting from the unique synthetic route is a feature that brands the copolymer at hand a distinct chemical entity (refs 14, 15, and 20). Aqueous solutions of this copolymer exhibit unparalleled symmetry between temperature-and concentration-dependent scaling of rheological properties (ref 12). Useful "smart hydrogels" depicted in the popular literature (Chem. Eng. News 1997, 75, 26) are actually the system originating from the recent invention (ref 14). The author is grateful to an anonymous reviewer for drawing his attention to a number of relevant references.
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53. 0.5 at ω = γ + ̇ where η′ and η″ are real and imaginary components of the viscosity, ω is the angular frequency, and γ + ̇ is the shear rate.
54. The viscosity function (master curve) was related to the MWD by using a differential computation method (Malkin, A. Y.; Teishev, A. E. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1991, 31, 1590. Shaw, M. T.; Tuminello, W. H. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1994, 34, 159. Gordon, G. V.; Shaw, M. T. Computer Programs for Rheologists; Hanser: Munich, 1994. Liu, Y.; Shaw, M. T. J. Rheol. 1998, 42, 463).
55. The viscosity function (master curve) was related to the MWD by using a differential computation method (Malkin, A. Y.; Teishev, A. E. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1991, 31, 1590. Shaw, M. T.; Tuminello, W. H. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1994, 34, 159. Gordon, G. V.; Shaw, M. T. Computer Programs for Rheologists; Hanser: Munich, 1994. Liu, Y.; Shaw, M. T. J. Rheol. 1998, 42, 463).
56. The viscosity function (master curve) was related to the MWD by using a differential computation method (Malkin, A. Y.; Teishev, A. E. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1991, 31, 1590. Shaw, M. T.; Tuminello, W. H. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1994, 34, 159. Gordon, G. V.; Shaw, M. T. Computer Programs for Rheologists; Hanser: Munich, 1994. Liu, Y.; Shaw, M. T. J. Rheol. 1998, 42, 463).
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