Expanding the crisis planning function: Introducing elements of risk communication to crisis communication practice

Public Relations Review

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 387-400

  Williams, David E ^a   Olaniran, Bolanle A ^a  

^a TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032164115     PISSN: 03638111     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0363-8111(99)80147-7     Document Type: Article

References (60)

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18. 15. Timothy W. Coombs and Sherry J. Holladay, "Communication and Attributions in a Crisis: An Experimental Study in Crisis Communication," Journal of Public Relations Research 8 (1996), pp. 279-295; William G. Egelhoff and Falguni Sen, "An Information-Processing Model of Crisis Management," Management Communication Quarterly 5 (1992), pp. 443-484; Alfonzo Gonzalez-Herrero and Cornelius B. Pratt, "An Integrated Symmetrical Model for Crisis-Communications Management," Journal of Public Relations Research 8 (1996), pp. 79-105.
19. 15. Timothy W. Coombs and Sherry J. Holladay, "Communication and Attributions in a Crisis: An Experimental Study in Crisis Communication," Journal of Public Relations Research 8 (1996), pp. 279-295; William G. Egelhoff and Falguni Sen, "An Information-Processing Model of Crisis Management," Management Communication Quarterly 5 (1992), pp. 443-484; Alfonzo Gonzalez-Herrero and Cornelius B. Pratt, "An Integrated Symmetrical Model for Crisis-Communications Management," Journal of Public Relations Research 8 (1996), pp. 79-105.
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21. 16. Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents (New York: Basic Books, 1984); E.L. Quarantelli, "Disaster Crisis Management: A Summary of Research Findings," Journal of Management Studies 25 (1988), pp. 373-385; Charles I. Stubbart, "Improving the Quality of Crisis Thinking," Columbia Journal of World Business 22 (1987), pp. 89-99.
22. 16. Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents (New York: Basic Books, 1984); E.L. Quarantelli, "Disaster Crisis Management: A Summary of Research Findings," Journal of Management Studies 25 (1988), pp. 373-385; Charles I. Stubbart, "Improving the Quality of Crisis Thinking," Columbia Journal of World Business 22 (1987), pp. 89-99.
23. 17. David E. Williams and Bolanle A. Olaniran, "Exxon's Decision-Making Flaws: The Hypervigilant Response to the Valdez Grounding," Public Relations Review 20 (1994), pp. 5-18.
24. 18. William G. Engelhoff and Falguni Sen, op. cit.
25. 19. Timothy Coombs and Sherry J. Holladay, op. cit., p. 292.
26. 20. Alfonzo Gonzalez-Herrero and Cornelius B. Pratt, op. cit. p. 80.
27. 21. James E. Grunig, "The Message-Attitude-Behavior Relationship: Communication Behavior of Organizations," Communication Research 9 (1982), pp. 163-200; James E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J.E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1992), pp. 1-28; James E. Grunig and Todd Hunt, Managing Public Relations (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1984); James E. Grunig and F.C. Repper, "Strategic Management, Publics, and Issues," in J.E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1992), pp. 117-157.
28. 21. James E. Grunig, "The Message-Attitude-Behavior Relationship: Communication Behavior of Organizations," Communication Research 9 (1982), pp. 163-200; James E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J.E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1992), pp. 1-28; James E. Grunig and Todd Hunt, Managing Public Relations (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1984); James E. Grunig and F.C. Repper, "Strategic Management, Publics, and Issues," in J.E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1992), pp. 117-157.
29. 21. James E. Grunig, "The Message-Attitude-Behavior Relationship: Communication Behavior of Organizations," Communication Research 9 (1982), pp. 163-200; James E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J.E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1992), pp. 1-28; James E. Grunig and Todd Hunt, Managing Public Relations (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1984); James E. Grunig and F.C. Repper, "Strategic Management, Publics, and Issues," in J.E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1992), pp. 117-157.
30. 21. James E. Grunig, "The Message-Attitude-Behavior Relationship: Communication Behavior of Organizations," Communication Research 9 (1982), pp. 163-200; James E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J.E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1992), pp. 1-28; James E. Grunig and Todd Hunt, Managing Public Relations (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1984); James E. Grunig and F.C. Repper, "Strategic Management, Publics, and Issues," in J.E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1992), pp. 117-157.
31. 22. National Research Council, Improving Risk Communication (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989).
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34. 25. Robert L. Heath and Douglas D Abel, "Types of Knowledge as Predictors of Company Support: The Role of Information in Risk Communication," Journal of Public Relations Research 8 (1996), pp. 35-55.
35. 26. William Leiss, "Down and Dirty: The Use and Abuse of Public Trust in Risk Communication," Risk Analysis 15 (1995), pp. 685-691.
36. 27. Ibid.
37. 28. Richard G. Peters, Vincent T. Covello, and David B. McCallum, "The Determinants of Trust and Credibility in Environmental Risk Communication: An Empirical Study," Risk Analysis 17 (1997), pp. 43-54.
38. 29. Susan G. Hadden, A Citizen's Right to Know: Risk Communication and Public Policy (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
39. 30. Michael Siegrist, "Communicating Low Risk Magnitudes: Incidence Rates Expressed as Frequency Versus Rates Expressed as Probability," Risk Analysis 17 (1997), pp. 507-510.
40. 31. Vincent T. Covello, P. M. Sandman, and Paul Slovic, Risk Communication, Risk Statistics, and Risk Comparisons: A Manual for Plant Managers (Washington, DC: Chemical Manufacturers Association, 1988).
41. 32. Mary Ann Renz, "Communication about Environmental Risk: An Examination of a Minnesota County's Communication on Incineration," Journal of Applied Communication Research 20 (1992), pp. 1-18.
42. 33. Robert L. Heath and Douglas D. Able, op. cit., p. 37.
43. 34. Susan L. Santos, Vincent T. Covello, and David B. McCallum, "Industry Response to SARA Title III: Pollution Prevention, Risk Reduction, and Risk Communication," Risk Analysis 16 (1996), pp. 57-66.
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45. 36. Angela K. Brown, "O'Hair Shutters Continues to Push for Burner Permit," Lubbock Avalanche Journal (April 22, 1997).
46. 37. Mary A. Robbins, "Judge Denies City Group's Incinerator Lawsuit," Lubbock Avalanche Journal (October 9, 1997).
47. 38. Angela K. Brown, "Incinerator Foes Seek More Time to Air Protest," Lubbock Ava-lanche Journal (April 9, 1997).
48. 39. Angela K. Brown, "'Incinerator' Battle Leads Group to Sue State Agency," Lubbock Avalanche Journal (April 30, 1997).
49. 40. "Texarcana," Lingua Franca (December/January, 1997), p. 14.
50. 41. Angela K. Brown, "Neighborhood Unites to Fight Company's Plan to Burn Waste," Lubbock Avalanche Journal (April 1, 1997).
51. 42. Angela K. Brown, "Panel Denies Request to Ban Incinerator," Lubbock Avalanche Journal (May 16, 1997).
52. 43. Angela K. Brown, "O'Hair Incinerator Draws fire at Hearing," Lubbock Avalanche Journal (August 6, 1997).
53. 44. Angela K. Brown, "Panel Denies," op. cit., p. 1.
54. 45. Angela K. Brown, "Neighborhood Unites," op. cit., p. 1.
55. 46. Angela K. Brown, "Group Upset about Ruling to Incinerate," Lubbock Avalanche Journal (April 3, 1997).
56. 47. Susan Santos, Vincent Covello, and David B. McCallum, op. cit.
57. 48. Timothy Sellnow and Robert Ulmer, op. cit.
58. 49. Robert L. Heath and Douglas D. Abel, op. cit.
59. 50. Angela K. Brown, "Neighborhood Unites," op. cit.
60. 51. Robert L. Heath and Christine D. Gay, op. cit.