Female microentrepreneurs in the host family sector: Key motivations and socio-economic variables

International Journal of Hospitality Management

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 319-342

  Lynch, Paul ^a  

^a QUEEN MARGARET UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bed and breakfast; Female entrepreneurs; Host family

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032163646     PISSN: 02784319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0278-4319(98)00025-5     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Allen, S., Truman, C., Wolkowitz, C., 1992. Home-based work: self-employment and small business. In: Leighton, P., Felstead, A. (Eds.) The New Entrepreneurs: Self-Employment and Small Business in Europe. Kogan Page, London, pp. 123-142.
2. Allen, S., Truman, C. (Eds.) 1993. Women in Business - Perspectives on Female Entrepreneurs. London, Routledge, p. 1.
3. Ashdown Millan Ltd., 1991. Presentation to the Edinburgh EFL Development Working Party. Ashdown Millan Ltd., Edinburgh.
4. Bevan, G., 1994. Discriminant Analysis. Unpublished, Department of Management and Social Sciences, Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh, p.1.
5. Bryman, A., Cramer, D., 1994. Quantitative Data Analysis for Social Scientists. Routledge, London, pp. 62-75.
6. Carter, S., 1993. Female business ownership: current research and possibilities for the future. In Allen, S., Truman, C. (Eds.), Women in Business - Perspectives on Female Entrepreneurs. Routledge, London, pp. 148-160.
7. Craig-Smith, S.J., Cody, N., Middleton, S., 1993. How to be Successful at Home Hosting and Farm Tourism: A Self-Instruction Guide. Gatton College, The University of Queensland.
8. Cromie, S., Hayes, J., 1988. Towards a typology of female entrepreneurs. Sociological Review 36(1), 87-113.
9. Dawson, C.P., Brown, T.L., 1987. A summary of the 1987 bed and breakfast lodging industry in New York State. Coastal Tourism Sea Grant Co-operative Extension, pp. 1-4.
10. Emerick, R., Emerick, C., 1990. Survey of bed and breakfast accommodations 1986 and 1988. In: Sonke, S. (Ed.), B & B Industry Sourcebook. American Bed and Breakfast Association, Midlothian, VA, pp. 18-23.
11. Emerick, R., Emerick, C., 1994. Profiling American bed and breakfast accommodations. Journal of Travel Research 32(4), 20-25.
12. Employment Department and BTA/ETB Statistical Research, 1992. English Language Course Visitors to the UK 1990 International Passenger Survey. BTA/ETB Research Services, London, p. 4.
13. Evans, N.J., Ilbery, B.W., 1989. A conceptual framework for investigating farm-based accommodation and tourism in Britain. Journal of Rural Studies 5(3), 257-266.
14. Gardner Smith Associates, 1993. Research Among EFL Students Staying with Host Families. Gardner Smith Associates, London.
15. Glancey, K., Pettigrew, M., 1997. Entrepreneurship in the small hotel sector. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 9(1), 21-24.
16. Goffee, R., Scase, R., 1985. Women in Charge: The Experiences of Female Entrepreneurs, George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London.
17. Goss, D., 1991. Small Business and Society. Routledge, London, p. 59.
18. Hakim, C., 1979. Occupational Segregation. In: Cromie, S., Hayes, J., (1988) Towards a typology of female entrepreneurs. Sociological Review 36(1), 87-113.
19. Hakim, C., 1989. New recruits to self-employment in the 1980s. Employment Gazette. 286-297.
20. Hall, G., 1995. Surviving and Prospering in the Small Firm Sector. Routledge, London, pp. 123-146.
21. Lennon, J.J., Wood, R.C., 1989. The sociological analysis of hospitality labour and the neglect of accommodation workers. International Journal of Hospitality Management 8(3), 227-235.
22. Lonsdale, S., 1985. Work and inequality. In: Cromie, S., Hayes, J., (1988) Towards a typology of female entreprenuers. Sociological Review 36(1), 87-113
23. Lynch, P.A., Howie, F.G., Ingram, A.G., 1993. A Profile of Bed and Breakfast Operators in Edinburgh. Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh.
24. Lynch, P.A., 1996. The Cinderella of hospitality management research: studying bed and breakfasts. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 8(5), 38-40.
25. Lynch, P.A., Guerin, S., 1996. Host Family Accommodation in Edinburgh. Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh.
26. MacRitchie, C.A., MacDonald, C., 1994. Employment and ownership patterns in hospitality establishments in the Western Isles. Council for Hospitality Management Education Third Annual Research Conference. Napier University, Edinburgh, pp. 1-17.
27. McCallen, B., 1989. English: A World Commodity. Special Report No. 1166, The Economist Intelligence Unit, London.
28. McCallen, B., 1992. EFL Agents and Their Attitudes: A Sample Study. The British Council, Manchester.
29. Miles, R.E., Snow, C.C., 1978. Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process. McGraw-Hill, New York.
30. Mulreany, M., 1988. Entrepreneurs, intrapreneurs and opportunity: the tourist and hospitality industries in conditions of severe economic constraint. Proceedings of the International Conference on Entrepreneurship in the Hospitality Industry, Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh.
31. Olsen, M.D., Schmelzer, C.D., 1988. Entrepreneurship and the organization life cycle. Proceedings of the International Conference on Entrepreneurship in the Hospitality Industry. Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh.
32. Pearce, P.L., 1990. Farm tourism in New Zealand, a social situation analysis. Annals of Tourism Research 17(3), 335-352.
33. Quain, W.J., Render, B., Hermann, P.W., 1991. A multivariate approach towards marketing decisions in the convention segment. International Journal of Hospitality Management 10(2), 147-155.
34. Quinn, U., Larmour, R., McQuillan, N., 1992. The small firm in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 1, 11-14.
35. Schuman, H., Presser, S., 1981. Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording and Content. Academic Press, New York.
36. Small, R.W., Swetnam, R.I., 1988. Socio-cultural dimensions of the entrepreneurial event among southern California restaurant entrepreneurs. Proceedings of the International Conference on Entrepreneurship in the Hospitality Industry. Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh.
37. Smith, N.R., 1967. The Entrepreneur and his Firm: The Relationship Between Type of Man and Type of Company. Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Michigan State University, Michigan.
38. Stanworth, M.J.K., Curran, J., 1973. Management Motivation in the Smaller Business. Gower Press, Farnborough, pp. 120-125.
39. Stokes, N., 1993. Dealing in our national currency: The English as a foreign language industry in the UK with special reference to Scotland. MSc Thesis, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.
40. Storey, D., Watson, R., Wynarczyk, P., 1988. Fast growth small businesses: case studies of 40 small firms in North-East England, Research Paper No. 67, Department of Employment, London, p. 23.
41. Stringer, P.F., 1981. Hosts and guests - the bed and breakfast phenomenon. Annals of Tourism Research 8(3), 357-376.
42. The British Council, 1993. English Language Schools Recognition Scheme Handbook. The British Council, Manchester.
43. Thomas, R., 1996. Issues in small hospitality business research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 8(4), 4.
44. Tse, E.C., Ellwood, C.M., 1990. Synthesis of the life cycle concept with strategy and management style: a case analysis in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management 9(3), 223-236.
45. Tull, D.S., Hawkins, D.I., 1990. Marketing Research: Measurement and Method, 5th ed. MacMillan Publishing Co., New York, pp. 277-279.
46. Walton, J.K., 1978. The Blackpool Landlady - A Social History. Manchester University Press, Manchester.
47. Warnick, R.B., Klar, L.R. Jr, 1991. The bed and breakfast and small inn industry of the commonwealth of Massachusetts: an exploratory survey. Journal of Travel Research 17-25.
48. Watkins, J.M., 1982. The female entrepreneur - American experience and its implications for the UK. In Stanworth, J., Westrip, A., Watkins, D., Lewis, J. (Eds.), Perspectives on a Decade of Small Business Research. Gower, Aldershot.
49. Watkins, J.M., Watkins, D.S., 1984. The female entrepreneur: her background and determinants of business choice - some British data. International Small Business Journal 2(4), 21-31.
50. Williams, C.E., Tse, E.C.Y., 1995. The relationship between strategy and entrepreneurship in the U.S. restaurant sector. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 7(1), 22-26.