The making of an underground market: Drug selling in Chicago, 1900-1940

Journal of Social History

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 27-47

  Spillane, Joseph ^a  

^a Center for Studies in Criminology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032162286     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh/32.1.27     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. On drug selling as deviance, much of the relevant literature focused on drug involvement more generally as a reflection of subcultural value systems. Howard S. Becker's article, "Becoming a Marijuana User," American Journal of Sociology 59 (November, 1953) was among the most influential. On drug selling as a manifestation of addiction or the addict's hustling lifestyle, see: Harold Finestone, "Cats, Kicks, and Color," Social Problems 5 (July, 1957); Edward Preble and John J. Casey, Jr., "Taking Care of Business: The Heroin User's Life on the Street," International Journal of the Addictions 4 (March, 1969) and Alfred R. Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law (Bloomington, 1965). The classic social scientific literature identifying drug selling as a manifestation of various individual and community pathologies includes: Isidor Chein, et. al., The Road to H: Narcotics, Juvenile Delinquency, and Social Policy (New York, 1964); Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York, 1965); and Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity (New York, 1960). A more recent work which draws upon this tradition is Elliot Currie, Reckoning: Drugs, The Cities, and the American Future (New York, 1993).
2. On drug selling as deviance, much of the relevant literature focused on drug involvement more generally as a reflection of subcultural value systems. Howard S. Becker's article, "Becoming a Marijuana User," American Journal of Sociology 59 (November, 1953) was among the most influential. On drug selling as a manifestation of addiction or the addict's hustling lifestyle, see: Harold Finestone, "Cats, Kicks, and Color," Social Problems 5 (July, 1957); Edward Preble and John J. Casey, Jr., "Taking Care of Business: The Heroin User's Life on the Street," International Journal of the Addictions 4 (March, 1969) and Alfred R. Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law (Bloomington, 1965). The classic social scientific literature identifying drug selling as a manifestation of various individual and community pathologies includes: Isidor Chein, et. al., The Road to H: Narcotics, Juvenile Delinquency, and Social Policy (New York, 1964); Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York, 1965); and Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity (New York, 1960). A more recent work which draws upon this tradition is Elliot Currie, Reckoning: Drugs, The Cities, and the American Future (New York, 1993).
3. On drug selling as deviance, much of the relevant literature focused on drug involvement more generally as a reflection of subcultural value systems. Howard S. Becker's article, "Becoming a Marijuana User," American Journal of Sociology 59 (November, 1953) was among the most influential. On drug selling as a manifestation of addiction or the addict's hustling lifestyle, see: Harold Finestone, "Cats, Kicks, and Color," Social Problems 5 (July, 1957); Edward Preble and John J. Casey, Jr., "Taking Care of Business: The Heroin User's Life on the Street," International Journal of the Addictions 4 (March, 1969) and Alfred R. Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law (Bloomington, 1965). The classic social scientific literature identifying drug selling as a manifestation of various individual and community pathologies includes: Isidor Chein, et. al., The Road to H: Narcotics, Juvenile Delinquency, and Social Policy (New York, 1964); Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York, 1965); and Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity (New York, 1960). A more recent work which draws upon this tradition is Elliot Currie, Reckoning: Drugs, The Cities, and the American Future (New York, 1993).
4. On drug selling as deviance, much of the relevant literature focused on drug involvement more generally as a reflection of subcultural value systems. Howard S. Becker's article, "Becoming a Marijuana User," American Journal of Sociology 59 (November, 1953) was among the most influential. On drug selling as a manifestation of addiction or the addict's hustling lifestyle, see: Harold Finestone, "Cats, Kicks, and Color," Social Problems 5 (July, 1957); Edward Preble and John J. Casey, Jr., "Taking Care of Business: The Heroin User's Life on the Street," International Journal of the Addictions 4 (March, 1969) and Alfred R. Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law (Bloomington, 1965). The classic social scientific literature identifying drug selling as a manifestation of various individual and community pathologies includes: Isidor Chein, et. al., The Road to H: Narcotics, Juvenile Delinquency, and Social Policy (New York, 1964); Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York, 1965); and Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity (New York, 1960). A more recent work which draws upon this tradition is Elliot Currie, Reckoning: Drugs, The Cities, and the American Future (New York, 1993).
5. On drug selling as deviance, much of the relevant literature focused on drug involvement more generally as a reflection of subcultural value systems. Howard S. Becker's article, "Becoming a Marijuana User," American Journal of Sociology 59 (November, 1953) was among the most influential. On drug selling as a manifestation of addiction or the addict's hustling lifestyle, see: Harold Finestone, "Cats, Kicks, and Color," Social Problems 5 (July, 1957); Edward Preble and John J. Casey, Jr., "Taking Care of Business: The Heroin User's Life on the Street," International Journal of the Addictions 4 (March, 1969) and Alfred R. Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law (Bloomington, 1965). The classic social scientific literature identifying drug selling as a manifestation of various individual and community pathologies includes: Isidor Chein, et. al., The Road to H: Narcotics, Juvenile Delinquency, and Social Policy (New York, 1964); Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York, 1965); and Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity (New York, 1960). A more recent work which draws upon this tradition is Elliot Currie, Reckoning: Drugs, The Cities, and the American Future (New York, 1993).
6. On drug selling as deviance, much of the relevant literature focused on drug involvement more generally as a reflection of subcultural value systems. Howard S. Becker's article, "Becoming a Marijuana User," American Journal of Sociology 59 (November, 1953) was among the most influential. On drug selling as a manifestation of addiction or the addict's hustling lifestyle, see: Harold Finestone, "Cats, Kicks, and Color," Social Problems 5 (July, 1957); Edward Preble and John J. Casey, Jr., "Taking Care of Business: The Heroin User's Life on the Street," International Journal of the Addictions 4 (March, 1969) and Alfred R. Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law (Bloomington, 1965). The classic social scientific literature identifying drug selling as a manifestation of various individual and community pathologies includes: Isidor Chein, et. al., The Road to H: Narcotics, Juvenile Delinquency, and Social Policy (New York, 1964); Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York, 1965); and Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity (New York, 1960). A more recent work which draws upon this tradition is Elliot Currie, Reckoning: Drugs, The Cities, and the American Future (New York, 1993).
7. On drug selling as deviance, much of the relevant literature focused on drug involvement more generally as a reflection of subcultural value systems. Howard S. Becker's article, "Becoming a Marijuana User," American Journal of Sociology 59 (November, 1953) was among the most influential. On drug selling as a manifestation of addiction or the addict's hustling lifestyle, see: Harold Finestone, "Cats, Kicks, and Color," Social Problems 5 (July, 1957); Edward Preble and John J. Casey, Jr., "Taking Care of Business: The Heroin User's Life on the Street," International Journal of the Addictions 4 (March, 1969) and Alfred R. Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law (Bloomington, 1965). The classic social scientific literature identifying drug selling as a manifestation of various individual and community pathologies includes: Isidor Chein, et. al., The Road to H: Narcotics, Juvenile Delinquency, and Social Policy (New York, 1964); Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York, 1965); and Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity (New York, 1960). A more recent work which draws upon this tradition is Elliot Currie, Reckoning: Drugs, The Cities, and the American Future (New York, 1993).
8. On drug selling as deviance, much of the relevant literature focused on drug involvement more generally as a reflection of subcultural value systems. Howard S. Becker's article, "Becoming a Marijuana User," American Journal of Sociology 59 (November, 1953) was among the most influential. On drug selling as a manifestation of addiction or the addict's hustling lifestyle, see: Harold Finestone, "Cats, Kicks, and Color," Social Problems 5 (July, 1957); Edward Preble and John J. Casey, Jr., "Taking Care of Business: The Heroin User's Life on the Street," International Journal of the Addictions 4 (March, 1969) and Alfred R. Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law (Bloomington, 1965). The classic social scientific literature identifying drug selling as a manifestation of various individual and community pathologies includes: Isidor Chein, et. al., The Road to H: Narcotics, Juvenile Delinquency, and Social Policy (New York, 1964); Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York, 1965); and Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity (New York, 1960). A more recent work which draws upon this tradition is Elliot Currie, Reckoning: Drugs, The Cities, and the American Future (New York, 1993).
9. Vincenzo Ruggerio and Nigel South, Eurodrugs: Drug Use, Markets, and Trafficking in Europe (London, 1995). See also, Peter Reuter, Robert MacCoun, and Patrick Murphy, Money from Crime: A Study of the Economics of Drug Dealing in Washington, D.C. (Washington D.C., 1990).
10. Vincenzo Ruggerio and Nigel South, Eurodrugs: Drug Use, Markets, and Trafficking in Europe (London, 1995). See also, Peter Reuter, Robert MacCoun, and Patrick Murphy, Money from Crime: A Study of the Economics of Drug Dealing in Washington, D.C. (Washington D.C., 1990).
11. Patricia Adler, Wheeling and Dealing: An Ethnography of an Upper-Level Drug Dealing and Smuggling Community (New York, 1985); Terry Williams, The Cocaine Kids: The Inside Story of a Teenage Drug Ring (Reading, MA, 1989). Another interesting ethnographic study is Edmundo Morales, Cocaine: White Gold Rush in Peru (Tucson, 1989).
12. Patricia Adler, Wheeling and Dealing: An Ethnography of an Upper-Level Drug Dealing and Smuggling Community (New York, 1985); Terry Williams, The Cocaine Kids: The Inside Story of a Teenage Drug Ring (Reading, MA, 1989). Another interesting ethnographic study is Edmundo Morales, Cocaine: White Gold Rush in Peru (Tucson, 1989).
13. Patricia Adler, Wheeling and Dealing: An Ethnography of an Upper-Level Drug Dealing and Smuggling Community (New York, 1985); Terry Williams, The Cocaine Kids: The Inside Story of a Teenage Drug Ring (Reading, MA, 1989). Another interesting ethnographic study is Edmundo Morales, Cocaine: White Gold Rush in Peru (Tucson, 1989).
14. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
15. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
16. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
17. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
18. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
19. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
20. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
21. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
22. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
23. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
24. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
25. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
26. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
27. Mark H. Haller, "Illegal Enterprise: Historical Perspectives and Public Policy," in History and Crime: Implications for Criminal Justice Policy, James A. Inciardi and Charles E. Faupel, eds. (Beverly Hills, 1980). See also Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Social History 5 (Winter 1971-2): 210-234. On the business of prostitution, there is an excellent and well-developed historical literature, including: Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992); Gilfoyle, "Policing of Sexuality" in Inventing Times Square: Commerce and Culture at the Crossroads of the World, William R. Taylor, ed. (New York, 1991); Paula Petrik, No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865-1900 (Helena, 1987); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, 1982) and Neil Larry Shumsky, "Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution, 1870-1910," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665-679. For the most part, the historical literature on drug control tends to focus on the treatment of drug addicts, the development of legislation, or the institutional history of drug enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, there is revealing information concerning the retail drug trade to be found in a number of these studies, including: Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1987); Alan A. Block, "Organizing the Cocaine Trade," in Organizing Crime, Alan A. Block and William J. Chambliss, eds. (New York, 1981); David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 (Cambridge, 1982); David T. Courtwright, Herman Joseph and Don Des Jarlais, eds. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965 (Knoxville, 1989); Marek Kohn, Dope Girls: The Birth of the British Drug Underground (London, 1992); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New York, 1973); and Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia, 1983).
28. On the prevalence of opiate addiction among American prostitutes, see Anne M. Butler, Daughters of Joy, Sisters of Misery: Prostitutes in the American West, 1865-90 (Urbana, IL, 1985), 67-69.
29. Herbert Asbury, Gem of the Prairie: An Informal History of the Chicago Underworld (New York, 1940), 246.
30. For Bradley's story, see the accounts by D. R. Brower, "The Effects of Cocaine on the Central Nervous System," Medical Age 4 (1886): 29, and "Cocaine's Destructive Work," New York Times (January 25, 1886).
31. For Bradley's story, see the accounts by D. R. Brower, "The Effects of Cocaine on the Central Nervous System," Medical Age 4 (1886): 29, and "Cocaine's Destructive Work," New York Times (January 25, 1886).
32. Alice Hamilton, Exploring the Dangerous Trades (Boston, 1943), 100-103; these reactions were noted in other cities as well, with young Pittsburghers reporting that they felt "as if I were Andrew Carnegie."
33. Annual Report of the Juvenile Court Committee (1905-1906), 2-3, Folder 125b, Juvenile Protective Association Papers, Special Collections Department, University Library, University of Illinois at Chicago. [hereafter JPA]
34. Charles W. Collins and John Day, "Nightmare of Cocaine," Everyday Life (September, 1909), 4-5; for additional material noting cases of cocaine use among parents and siblings of delinquents, see Sophonisba P. Breckenridge and Edith Abbott, The Delinquent Child and the Home (New York, 1912).
35. Charles W. Collins and John Day, "Nightmare of Cocaine," Everyday Life (September, 1909), 4-5; for additional material noting cases of cocaine use among parents and siblings of delinquents, see Sophonisba P. Breckenridge and Edith Abbott, The Delinquent Child and the Home (New York, 1912).
36. Hamilton, Exploring the Dangerous Trades, 100-103; Jane Adams, Twenty Years at Hull House (repr. ed., Chicago, 1990), 173; the efforts of the Illinois State Board of Pharmacy to control cocaine sales are partially recounted in "The Sale of Cocaine and Cocaine Snuffs," American Druggist 42 (March 9, 1903): 124.
37. Hamilton, Exploring the Dangerous Trades, 100-103; Jane Adams, Twenty Years at Hull House (repr. ed., Chicago, 1990), 173; the efforts of the Illinois State Board of Pharmacy to control cocaine sales are partially recounted in "The Sale of Cocaine and Cocaine Snuffs," American Druggist 42 (March 9, 1903): 124.
38. Hamilton, Exploring the Dangerous Trades, 100-103; Jane Adams, Twenty Years at Hull House (repr. ed., Chicago, 1990), 173; the efforts of the Illinois State Board of Pharmacy to control cocaine sales are partially recounted in "The Sale of Cocaine and Cocaine Snuffs," American Druggist 42 (March 9, 1903): 124.
39. "Profit in Child Victims to Cocaine," The Commons 9 (1904): 423.
40. "President's Address," Annual Report of the Juvenile Court Committee (1907-1908), 19, Folder 125b, JPA.
41. "Patent Medicine Legislation," Western Druggist (April, 1893): 128. To further the cause of legal control, a branch of the Legal Aid Society was established at Hull House. See William B. Hale, "The West Side Office of the Legal Aid Society at Hull House," Legal Aid Society of Chicago Quarterly Review 3 (April 1906): 1-2.
42. "Patent Medicine Legislation," Western Druggist (April, 1893): 128. To further the cause of legal control, a branch of the Legal Aid Society was established at Hull House. See William B. Hale, "The West Side Office of the Legal Aid Society at Hull House," Legal Aid Society of Chicago Quarterly Review 3 (April 1906): 1-2.
43. "The Sale of Cocaine and Cocaine Snuffs," American Druggist 42 (March 9, 1903): 124.
44. "New Cocaine Ordinance," Pharmaceutical Era 34 (November 16, 1905): 455-456; see also Chicago Record-Herald, Dec. 14, 1903; Jan. 1, 1904; Feb. 12, Oct. 15, 16, 1907; Jan. 20, Mar. 2, 1908, and Chicago Chronicle, Sept. 3, 1904.
45. "New Cocaine Ordinance," Pharmaceutical Era 34 (November 16, 1905): 455-456; see also Chicago Record-Herald, Dec. 14, 1903; Jan. 1, 1904; Feb. 12, Oct. 15, 16, 1907; Jan. 20, Mar. 2, 1908, and Chicago Chronicle, Sept. 3, 1904.
46. "New Cocaine Ordinance," Pharmaceutical Era 34 (November 16, 1905): 455-456; see also Chicago Record-Herald, Dec. 14, 1903; Jan. 1, 1904; Feb. 12, Oct. 15, 16, 1907; Jan. 20, Mar. 2, 1908, and Chicago Chronicle, Sept. 3, 1904.
47. Jim Baumohl has demonstrated that even a drug's legal availability was of small comfort to those without the means to purchase it. Baumohl demonstratea that this was true of morphine addicts in pre-Harrison Act San Francisco, concluding that "we must acknowledge the extreme economic pressures on working and lower-class addicts." Baumohl, "The Dope Fiend's Paradise Revisited: Notes From Research in Progress on Drug Law Enforcement in San Francisco, 1875-1915," The Surveyor 24 (1992): 3-12.
48. Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, Eng., 1990).
49. Hamilton, 100-103.
50. Addams, 173.
51. Jessie F. Binford, "Report of Work During March of West Side Office of the Legal Aid Society at Hull House in Cocaine Cases," Legal Aid Society of Chicago Quarterly Review 3 (April, 1906): 2.
52. Charles H. Leichliter, "Fighting the Demon Cocaine," Sunday Record-Herald (November 29, 1908): 5; Louise de Koven Bowen, "Closing Remarks by the President," Annual Report of the Juvenile Court Committee (1905-1906), 21, Folder 125b, JPA.
53. Charles H. Leichliter, "Fighting the Demon Cocaine," Sunday Record-Herald (November 29, 1908): 5; Louise de Koven Bowen, "Closing Remarks by the President," Annual Report of the Juvenile Court Committee (1905-1906), 21, Folder 125b, JPA.
54. For police activity during 1908, see Chicago Record-Herald, Apr. 10, May 15, and June 4, 1908.
55. Chicago Record-Herald, Sept. 28, 1908.
56. Civil Service Commission, Final Report Civil Service Commission City of Chicago Police Investigation 1911-1912 (Chicago, 1912), Appendix "A"; Special Report, Case No. 2550 (July 30, 1914). Charles Merriam Papers, Vol. 87, folder 6, University of Chicago Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library, Chicago IL [hereafter Merriam Papers].
57. Civil Service Commission, Final Report Civil Service Commission City of Chicago Police Investigation 1911-1912 (Chicago, 1912), Appendix "A"; Special Report, Case No. 2550 (July 30, 1914). Charles Merriam Papers, Vol. 87, folder 6, University of Chicago Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library, Chicago IL [hereafter Merriam Papers].
58. Civil Service Commission, Final Report Civil Service Commission City of Chicago Police Investigation 1911-1912 (Chicago, 1912), Appendix "A"; Special Report, Case No. 2550 (July 30, 1914). Charles Merriam Papers, Vol. 87, folder 6, University of Chicago Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library, Chicago IL [hereafter Merriam Papers].
59. Bingham Dai, Opium Addiction in Chicago (Shanghai, 1937), 160-161.
60. Chicago Record-Herald, Nov. 28, 1908. One of Merriam's informants talked with two "sporting women and dope fiends," and commented that it was hard to get any drugs at present. "Stella said that it all depended upon who the person was and who they had been doing business with, and what kind of dope they wanted." "Special Report," August 21, 1914, Vol. 87, folder 6, Merriam Papers. See also "Like Opium! Ask For a Liverwurst Sandwich," Chicago Record-Herald, Oct. 22, 1910.
61. Chicago Record-Herald, Nov. 28, 1908. One of Merriam's informants talked with two "sporting women and dope fiends," and commented that it was hard to get any drugs at present. "Stella said that it all depended upon who the person was and who they had been doing business with, and what kind of dope they wanted." "Special Report," August 21, 1914, Vol. 87, folder 6, Merriam Papers. See also "Like Opium! Ask For a Liverwurst Sandwich," Chicago Record-Herald, Oct. 22, 1910.
62. Chicago Record-Herald, Nov. 28, 1908. One of Merriam's informants talked with two "sporting women and dope fiends," and commented that it was hard to get any drugs at present. "Stella said that it all depended upon who the person was and who they had been doing business with, and what kind of dope they wanted." "Special Report," August 21, 1914, Vol. 87, folder 6, Merriam Papers. See also "Like Opium! Ask For a Liverwurst Sandwich," Chicago Record-Herald, Oct. 22, 1910.
63. Vice Commission of Chicago, The Social Evil in Chicago (Chicago, 1911), 85.
64. "Special Report," July 31, 1914, Vol. 87, Folder 6, Merriam Papers.
65. Vol. 88, Folders 1, 6, and 7, Merriam Papers; Sunday Record-Herald, Nov. 29, 1908.
66. Vol. 88, Folders 1, 6, and 7, Merriam Papers; Sunday Record-Herald, Nov. 29, 1908.
67. Chicago Record-Herald, June 24, 1910; December 19, 1911; February 15, March 8, 1912; "Special Report," August 10, 1914, Merriam Papers; Civil Service Commission, Final Report Civil Service Commission City of Chicago Police Investigation 1911-1912 (Chicago, 1912), 26; and Asbury, Gem of the Prairie.
68. Chicago Record-Herald, June 24, 1910; December 19, 1911; February 15, March 8, 1912; "Special Report," August 10, 1914, Merriam Papers; Civil Service Commission, Final Report Civil Service Commission City of Chicago Police Investigation 1911-1912 (Chicago, 1912), 26; and Asbury, Gem of the Prairie.
69. Chicago Record-Herald, June 24, 1910; December 19, 1911; February 15, March 8, 1912; "Special Report," August 10, 1914, Merriam Papers; Civil Service Commission, Final Report Civil Service Commission City of Chicago Police Investigation 1911-1912 (Chicago, 1912), 26; and Asbury, Gem of the Prairie.
70. Chicago Record-Herald, June 24, 1910; December 19, 1911; February 15, March 8, 1912; "Special Report," August 10, 1914, Merriam Papers; Civil Service Commission, Final Report Civil Service Commission City of Chicago Police Investigation 1911-1912 (Chicago, 1912), 26; and Asbury, Gem of the Prairie.
71. "List of Saloons and Drug Retailers," n.d. [probably 1914], Vol. 88, Folder 1, Merriam Papers; "Special Report," July 30 and 31, 1914, Vol. 87, Folder 6, Merriam Papers.
72. "List of Saloons and Drug Retailers," n.d. [probably 1914], Vol. 88, Folder 1, Merriam Papers; "Special Report," July 30 and 31, 1914, Vol. 87, Folder 6, Merriam Papers.
73. "Special Report," August 1, 1914, August 25, 1914, and August 29, 1914, Vol. 87, Folder 4, Merriam Papers.
74. Report of the City Council Committee on Crime (Chicago, 1915), 172-173; "Lists of Saloons and Drug Retailers," Vol. 88, Folder 1, Merriam Papers.
75. Report of the City Council Committee on Crime (Chicago, 1915), 172-173; "Lists of Saloons and Drug Retailers," Vol. 88, Folder 1, Merriam Papers.
76. Ben Karpman, Case Studies in the Psychopathology of Crime, Vol. II, 85.
77. Notable post-war studies of drug addicts include: Isidor Chein, The Road to H: Narcotics, Delinquency and Social Policy (New York, 1964) and Edward Preble and John J. Casey, Jr., "Taking Care of Business - The Heroin Addict's Life on the Street," The International Journal of the Addictions 4 (March, 1969): 1-24.
78. Notable post-war studies of drug addicts include: Isidor Chein, The Road to H: Narcotics, Delinquency and Social Policy (New York, 1964) and Edward Preble and John J. Casey, Jr., "Taking Care of Business - The Heroin Addict's Life on the Street," The International Journal of the Addictions 4 (March, 1969): 1-24.
79. Karpman, 87.
80. The following sources provided information on individual drug sellers: reports of the investigators of Charles Merriam's City Council Commission on Crime, Vol. 87, Folders 3,4,6, and 7, and Vol. 88, Folders 1,6, and 7, Merriam Papers; The Chicago Record-Herald; and various newspaper clippings in the Crerar scrapbooks, University of Chicago Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library, Chicago IL.
81. The following sources provided information on individual drug sellers: reports of the investigators of Charles Merriam's City Council Commission on Crime, Vol. 87, Folders 3,4,6, and 7, and Vol. 88, Folders 1,6, and 7, Merriam Papers; The Chicago Record-Herald; and various newspaper clippings in the Crerar scrapbooks, University of Chicago Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library, Chicago IL.
82. The Vice Commission of Chicago, The Social Evil in Chicago, 243-244.
83. "Special Report," August 26, 1914, Vol. 87, Folder 4, Merriam Papers.
84. Report of the City Council Committee on Crime (Chicago, 1915), 88d-88e. The only exception to the low number of drug arrests was for the criminal misdemeanor of being an "inmate of an opium den." Unlike drug sale laws, this was quite easy to prove, and was widely used before passage of the federal Harrison Narcotic Act in 1914. The peak year for arrests in this
85. Report of the City Council Committee on Crime (Chicago, 1915), 88d-88e. The only exception to the low number of drug arrests was for the criminal misdemeanor of being an "inmate of an opium den." Unlike drug sale laws, this was quite easy to prove, and was widely used before passage of the federal Harrison Narcotic Act in 1914. The peak year for arrests in this category was 1901, when the Chicago Police Department made 534 such arrests. For the period 1897-1914, police made an average of 218 arrests per year for residing in an opium den. For those years in which more detailed arrest reports are available, 88% of arrestees were male. Police reports identified 48% of arrestees as "American", 36% as "American colored", and 9% as "Chinese. " Chicago Department of Police, Annual Report of the General Superintendent of Police of the City of Chicago, 1900, 1902, 1907-1909, 1911-1912, 1914-1920.
86. For West Side opium dens' payments, see Chicago American, October 27, 1903; for the Rivard Brothers drugstore, see "Special Report," August 25, 1914, Vol. 87, Folder 3, Merriam Papers; for Eugene Hustion, see Chicago Record-Herald, December 19, 1911. On graft paid by drug sellers to police more generally, see Vice Commission of Chicago, The Social Evil in Chicago (Chicago, 1911).
87. For West Side opium dens' payments, see Chicago American, October 27, 1903; for the Rivard Brothers drugstore, see "Special Report," August 25, 1914, Vol. 87, Folder 3, Merriam Papers; for Eugene Hustion, see Chicago Record-Herald, December 19, 1911. On graft paid by drug sellers to police more generally, see Vice Commission of Chicago, The Social Evil in Chicago (Chicago, 1911).
88. For West Side opium dens' payments, see Chicago American, October 27, 1903; for the Rivard Brothers drugstore, see "Special Report," August 25, 1914, Vol. 87, Folder 3, Merriam Papers; for Eugene Hustion, see Chicago Record-Herald, December 19, 1911. On graft paid by drug sellers to police more generally, see Vice Commission of Chicago, The Social Evil in Chicago (Chicago, 1911).
89. For West Side opium dens' payments, see Chicago American, October 27, 1903; for the Rivard Brothers drugstore, see "Special Report," August 25, 1914, Vol. 87, Folder 3, Merriam Papers; for Eugene Hustion, see Chicago Record-Herald, December 19, 1911. On graft paid by drug sellers to police more generally, see Vice Commission of Chicago, The Social Evil in Chicago (Chicago, 1911).
90. Drug sellers remained a significant source of payoffs for Chicago police officers throughout this period and beyond. The 1952 report of the Emergency Crime Committee of the Chicago City Council (better known as the Kohn Commission) alleged that city officials were indifferent to drug selling in city slums, and that some officers took money from drug sellers in exchange for protection. See Aaron Kohn, ed. The Kohn Report: Crime and Politics in Chicago (Chicago, 1953), 40-45.
91. John Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago, new ed. (Chicago, 1968).
92. Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago; James Lincoln Collier, Louis Armstrong: An American Genius (New York, 1983). Among the more colorful descriptions of the South Side in the 1920's are Milton "Mezz" Mezzrow and Bernard Wolfe, Really the Blues (New York, 1946).
93. Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago; James Lincoln Collier, Louis Armstrong: An American Genius (New York, 1983). Among the more colorful descriptions of the South Side in the 1920's are Milton "Mezz" Mezzrow and Bernard Wolfe, Really the Blues (New York, 1946).
94. Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago; James Lincoln Collier, Louis Armstrong: An American Genius (New York, 1983). Among the more colorful descriptions of the South Side in the 1920's are Milton "Mezz" Mezzrow and Bernard Wolfe, Really the Blues (New York, 1946).
95. The Chicago Commission on Race Relations, The Negro in Chicago (Chicago, 1922); John R. Schmidt, "The Mayor Who Cleaned Up Chicago": A Political Biography of William E. Dever (DeKalb, IL, 1989), 80.
96. The Chicago Commission on Race Relations, The Negro in Chicago (Chicago, 1922); John R. Schmidt, "The Mayor Who Cleaned Up Chicago": A Political Biography of William E. Dever (DeKalb, IL, 1989), 80.
97. "Special Report," July 29, 1914, Vol. 87, Folder 6, Merriam Papers.
98. Dai, Opium Addiction in Chicago, 92.
99. Dai, Opium Addiction in Chicago, 90-94.
100. According to Walter Reckless, the same patterns held true for prostitution - while the 22nd Street Levee district accounted for 34.6 percent of all resorts found by the Committee of Fifteen in 1914, by 1929 the same area accounted for only 2 percent of the resorts. In contrast, the Black Belt neighborhoods of "Douglas," "Oakland" and "Grand Boulevard" "Kenwood" and "Washington Park" accounted for 23.2 percent of resorts in 1914, 55.8 percent in 1922, and 47.5 percent by 1929 (the slight decrease because of the growth of roadhouse prostitution). Reckless, Vice in Chicago (Chicago, 1933).
101. James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago, 1989).
102. Jack Lait and Lee Mortimer, Chicago Confidential (New York, 1950), especially Chapter Four.
103. Dai, Opium Addiction in Chicago, 189.
104. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society," 210-234.5
105. St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (Chicago, 1945).
106. Thomas Lee Philpott, The Slum and the Ghetto: Immigrants, Blacks, and Reformers in Chicago, 1880-1930 (New York, 1978).
107. The Chicago Commission on Race Relations, The Negro in Chicago (Chicago, 1922).
108. Reckless, Vice in Chicago, 96-97 and "Indices of Commercialized Vice Areas," Journal of Applied Sociology (Sept. 1925): 249-257. On syndicate drug operations more generally, see Alson J. Smith, Syndicate City (Chicago, 1954).
109. Reckless, Vice in Chicago, 96-97 and "Indices of Commercialized Vice Areas," Journal of Applied Sociology (Sept. 1925): 249-257. On syndicate drug operations more generally, see Alson J. Smith, Syndicate City (Chicago, 1954).
110. Reckless, Vice in Chicago, 96-97 and "Indices of Commercialized Vice Areas," Journal of Applied Sociology (Sept. 1925): 249-257. On syndicate drug operations more generally, see Alson J. Smith, Syndicate City (Chicago, 1954).
111. Herman Kogan, Dope - And Chicago's Children (Chicago, 1950),JPA