Antiepileptic polytherapy: Rational concepts versus proven efficacy;Antiepileptische kombinations-therapie: Rationale konzepte versus reelle effektivitat

Fortschritte der Neurologie Psychiatrie

Volumn 66, Issue 9, 1998, Pages 414-426

  Bauer, J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; ETHOSUXIMIDE; ETHYL(PHENYL)MALONAMIDE; GABAPENTIN; LAMOTRIGINE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PRIMIDONE; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN;

ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY; ARTICLE; COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MIXTURE; GRAND MAL SEIZURE; HUMAN; MYOCLONUS SEIZURE; NEUROTOXICITY; POLYPHARMACY; SEDATION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DRUG COMBINATION; EPILEPSY; REVIEW;

ANTICONVULSANTS; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; EPILEPSY; HUMANS;

EID: 0032162011     PISSN: 07204299     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-995280     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Adams, D. J., H. Lüders, C. Pippenger: Sodium valproate in the treatment of intractable seizure disorders: a clinical and electroencephalographic study. Neurology 28 (1978) 152-157
2. Aicardie, J., A. Arzimanoglou: Treatment of the childhood epilepsy syndromes. In: Shorvon, S., F. E. Dreifuss, D. Fish, D. Thomas (Eds.): The treatment of epilepsy. Blackwell Science, Oxford (1996) 199-214
3. Albright, P., J. Bruni: Reduction of polypharmacy in epileptic patients. Arch. Neurol. 42 (1985) 797-799
4. Allen, F. H. Jr.: Entering a new drug era: practical issues in the treatment of epilepsy. Neurology 45 (Suppl. 2) (1995) S5-S6
5. Andersen, E. B., A. Philbert, J. G. Klee: Carbamazepine monotherapy in epileptic outpatients. Acta Neurol. Scand. 94 (Suppl.) (1983) 29-34
6. Asconape, J., J. K. Penry: Some clinical and EEG aspects of benign juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 25 (1984) 108-114
7. Bauer, J.: 1st die Epilepsie eine chronische Erkrankung? Med. Welt 47 (1996) 268-272
8. Bauer, J., C. E. Elger: Medikamentöse antikonvulsive Therapie. Historische und aktuelle Aspekte. Nervenarzt 66 (1995) 760-769
9. Bauer, J., C. Helmstaedter, C. E. Elger: Nonconvulsive status epilepticus with generalized "fast activity". Seizure 6 (1996) 67-70
10. Bauer, J., G. Wagner, C. E. Elger: Sturzanfälle und nonkonvulsive Status epileptici als besondere Behandlungsindikation von Lamotrigin: Ergebnisse einer add-on Studie bei 46 Patienten mit pharmakoresistenten epileptischen Anfällen. Aktuel. Neurol. 22 (1993) 51-54
11. Beghi, E., R. Di Mascio, G. Tognoni: Drug treatment of epilepsy. Outlines, criticism and perspectives. Drugs 31 (1986) 249-265
12. Bennett, H. S., T. Dunlop, P. Ziring: Reduction of polypharmacy for epilepsy in an institution for the retarded. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 25 (1983) 735-737
13. Bourgeois, B. F. D.: Antiepileptic drug combinations and experimental background: the case of phenobarbital and phenytoin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 333 (1986) 406-411
14. Bourgeois, B. F. D.: Anticonvulsant potency and neurotoxicity of valproate alone and in combination with carbamazepine or phenobarbital. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 11 (1988) 348-359
15. Bourgeois, B. F. D.: Combination of valproate and ethosuximide: antiepileptic and neurotoxic interaction. J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Ther 247 (1988) 1128-1132
16. Bourgeois, B. F. D.: Problems of combination drug therapy in children. Epilepsia 29 (Suppl. 3) (1988) S20-24
17. Bourgeois, B. F. D.: Combination drug therapy (monotherapy versus polytherapy). In: Dodson, W. E., J. M. Pellock (Eds.): Pediatric epilepsy: diagnosis and treatment. Demos Publ., New Work (1991) 367-371
18. Bourgeois, B. F. D.: Pharmacological intervention and treatment of childhood seizure disorders: relative efficacy and safety of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 35 (Suppl. 2) (1994) S18-S23
19. Bourgeois, B. F. D., W. E. Dodson: Antiepileptic and neurotoxic interactions between antiepileptic drugs. In: Pitlick, W. H. (Ed.): Antiepileptic drug interactions. Demos Publ., New York (1989) 209-218
20. Bourgeois, B. F., N. Wad: Individual and combined antiepileptic and neurotoxic activity of carbamazepine and carbamazepine10,11-epoxide in mice. J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Ther 231 (1984) 411-415
21. Bourgeois, B. F. D., N. Wad: Combined administration of carbamazepine and phenobarbital; effect on anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity. Epilepsia 29 (1988) 482-487
22. Bourgeois, B. F. D., W. E. Dodson, J. A. Ferendelli: Primidone, phenobarbital, and PEMA. I. seizure protection, neurotoxicity, and therapeutic index of individual compounds in mice. Neurology 33 (1983) 283-290
23. Bourgeois, B. F. D., W. E. Dodson, J. A. Ferendelli: Primidone, phenobarbital, and PEMA. II. seizure protection, neurotoxicity, and therapeutic index of varying combinations in mice. Neurology 33 (1983) 291-295
24. Bourgeois, B. F. D., W. E. Dodson, J. A. Ferendelli: Potentiation of the antiepileptic activity of phenobarbital by nicotinamide. Epilepsia 24 (1983) 238-244
25. Bourgeois, B., A. Beaumanoir, B. Blajev, N. de la Cruz, P. A. Despland, M. Egli, B. Geudelin, U. Kaspar, E. Ketz, Ch. Kronauer, Ch. Meyer, G. Scollo-Lavizzari, C. Tosi, F. Vassella, S. Zagury, W. J. Ziegler: Monotherapy with valproate in primary generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia 28 (Suppl. 2) (1987) S8-S11
26. Bourgeois, B. F. D., A. Beaumanoir, B. Blajev, N. de la Cruz, P. A. Despland, M. Egli, B. Geudelin, U. Kaspar, E. Ketz, Ch. Kronauer, Ch. Meyer, G. Scollo-Lavizzari, C. Tosi, F. Vassella, S. Zagury, W. J. Ziegler: Primäre generalisierte Epilepsien. Eine multizentrische Studie über Monotherapie mit Natrium-Valproat. Therapiewoche 37 (1987) 2573-2577
27. Bruni, J., P. Albright: Valproic acid therapy for complex partial seizures. Its efficacy and toxicity. Arch. Neurol. 40 (1983) 135-137
28. Callaghan, N.: Partial seizures. In: Resor, S. R. Jr., H. Kutt (Eds.): The medical treatment of epilepsy. Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, Hong Kong (1992) 163-173
29. Callaghan, N., T. Goggin: Clobazam as adjunctive treatment in drug resistant epilepsy - report on an open prospective study. Ir. med. J. 77 (1984) 240-244
30. Callaghan, N., T. Goggin: Adjunctive therapy in resistant epilepsy. Epilepsia 29 (Suppl. 1) (1988) 29-35
31. Callaghan, N., R. O'Dwyer, J. Keating: Unnecessary polypharmacy in patients with frequent seizures. Acta Neurol. Scand. 69 (1984) 15-19
32. Callaghan, N., M. O'Callaghan, B. Duggan, M. Feely: Carbamazepine as a single drug in the treatment of epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 41 (1978) 907-912
33. Callaghan, N., J. O'Hare, D. O'Driscoll: Comparative study of ethosuximide and sodium valproate in the treatment of typical absence seizures (petit mal). Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 24 (1982) 830-836
34. Callaghan, N., R. A. Kenny, B. O'Neill, M. Crowley, T. Goggin: A comparative study between carbamazepine, phenytoin and sodium valproate as monotherapy in previously untreated and recently diagnosed patients with epilepsy: a preliminary communication. Br. J. Clin. Pract. 37 (Suppl. 27) (1983) 7-9
35. Callaghan, N., R. A. Kenny, B. O'Neill, M. Crowley, T. Goggin: A prospective study between carbamazepine, phenytoin and sodium valproate as monotherapy in previously untreated and recently diagnosed patients with epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 48 (1985) 639-644
36. Cereghino, J. J.: Treatment implications from classification of seizures and the epilepsies. In: Smith, D. B. (Ed.): Epilepsy: current approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Raven Press, New York (1990) 1-25
37. Cereghino, J. J., J. T. Brock, J. C. van Meter, J. K. Penry. L. D. Smith, B. G. White: Carbamazepine for epilepsy: a controlled prospective evaluation. Neurology 24 (1974) 401-410
38. Chadwick, D. W.: Valproate monotherapy in the management of generalized and partial seizures. Epilepsia 28 (Suppl. 2) (1987) S12-S17
39. Chadwick, D.: Measuring antiepileptic therapies: the patient vs. the physician viewpoint. Neurology 44 (Suppl. 8) (1994) S24-S28
40. Chadwick, D., D. M. Turnbull: The comparative efficacy of antiepileptic drugs for partial and tonic-clonic seizures. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 48 (1985) 1073-1077
41. Chez, M. G., B. F. D. Bourgeois, C. E. Pippenger, W. D. Knowles: Pharmacodynamic interactions between phenytoin and valproate: individual and combined antiepileptic and neurotoxic actions in mice. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 17 (1994) 32-37
42. Chiron, C., O. Dulac: Controlled trials in West syndrome. In: Fejerman, N., N. A. Chamoles (Eds.): New trends in pediatric neurology. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1993) 269-273
43. Christe, W., D. Janz: Stellenwert von Valproinsäure in der Therapie generalisierter Epilepsien bei Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen. In: Krämer, G., M. C. Laub (Hrsg.): Valproinsäure. Springer Verlag, Berlin (1992) 163-170
44. Cobos, J. E.: High-dose phenytoin in the treatment of refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia 28 (1987) 111-114
45. Coulter, D. A., J. R. Huguenard, D. A. Prince: Characterization of ethosuximide reduction of low-threshold calcium current in thalamic neurons. Ann. Neurol. 25 (1989) 582-593
46. Covanis, A., A. K. Gupta, P. M. Jeavons: Sodium valproate: monotherapy and polytherapy. Epilepsia 23 (1982) 693-720
47. Cramer, J. A., R. H. Mattson, M. L. Prevey: How often is medication taken as prescribed? A novel assessment technique. JAMA 261 (1989) 3273-3277
48. Czuczwar, S. J., L. Turski, Z. Kleinrok: Diphenylhydantoin potentiates the protective effect of diazepam against petylenetetrazol but not against bicuculline and isoniazid-induced seizures in mice. Neuropharmacology 20 (1981) 657-659
49. Czuczwar, S. J., L. Turski, Z. Kleinrok: Anticonvulsant action of phenobarbital, diazepam, carbamazepine, and diphenylhydantoin in the electroshock test in mice after lesion of hippocampal pyramidal cells with intracerebroventricular kainic acid. Epilepsia 23 (1982) 377-382
50. Czuczwar, S. J., L Turski, Z. Kleinrok: Effects of combined treatment with diphenylhydantoin and different benzodiazepines on pentylenetetrazol- and bicuculline-induced seizures in mice. Neuropharmacology 21 (1982) 563-567
51. Czuczwar, S. J., B. Chmielewska, M. Kozicka, Z. Kleinrok: Effect of combined treatment of diphenylhydantoin with clonazepam and chlordiazepoxide on the threshold for maximal electroconvulsion in mice. Meth. & Find. in Exp. & Clin. Pharmacol. 5 (1983) 33-37
52. Dam, M., A. Jensen, J. Christiansen: Plasma level and effect of carbamazepine in grand mal and psychomotor epilepsy. Acta Neurol. Scand. 60 (Suppl.) (1975) 33-38
53. Davis, R., D. H. Peters, D. McTavish: Valproic acid: a reappraisal of its pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy in epilepsy. Drugs 47 (1994) 332-372
54. Dean, J. C., J. K. Penry: Valproate monotherapy in 30 patients with partial seizures (abstract). Epilepsia 28 (1987) 605
55. Dean, J. C., J. K. Penry: Carbamazepine/valproate treatment in 100 patients with partial seizures failing carbamazepine monotherapy: long-term follow-up (abstract). Epilepsia 29 (1988) 687
56. Dean, J. C., J. K. Penry: Valproate monotherapy in 30 patients with partial seizures. Epilepsia 29 (1988) 140-144
57. Delgado-Escueta, A. V., F. Enrile-Bascal: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy of Janz. Neurology 34 (1984) 285-294
58. De Romanis, F., M. Feliciani, S. Ruggieri: Rolandic paroxysmal epilepsy: a long term study in 150 children. Ital. J. Neurol. Sci. 7 (1986) 77-80
59. Doose, H., W. K. Baier, J. P. Ernst, I. Tuxhorn, E. Völzke: Benign partial epilepsy: treatment with sultiame. Develop. Med. Child. Neurol. 30 (1988) 683-684
60. Doyle, W. K., O. Devinsky, D. Luciano, K. Perrine, M. Dogali: Decreased seizure frequency after withdrawal and reinstitution of antiepileptic drug therapy. Seizure 3 (1994) 61-65
61. Dreifuss, F. E.: Absence epilepsies. In: Dam, M., L. Gram (Eds.): Comprehensive Epileptology. Raven Press, New York (1991) 145 -153
62. Dulac, O., D. Steru, E. Rey, A. Perret, M. Arthuis: Sodium valproate monotherapy in childhood epilepsy. Brain & Development 8 (1986) 47-52
63. Duncan, J. S.: Principles of treatment of patients with chronic active epilepsy. In: Shorvon, S., F. E. Dreifuss, D. Fish, D. Thomas (Eds.): The treatment of epilepsy. Blackwell Science, Oxford (1996) 177-190
64. Duncan, J. S., S. D. Shorvon, M. R. Trimble: Discontinuation of phenytoin, carbamazepine and sodium valproate in patients with active epilepsy. Epilepsia 31 (1990) 324-333
65. Duncan, J. S., S. D. Shorvon, M. R. Trimble: The effects of removal of phenytoin, carbamazepine and sodium valproate on cognitive function. Epilepsia 31 (1990) 548-591
66. Elkis, L. C., B. F. D. Bourgeois, E. Wyllie: Efficacy of second antiepileptic drug after failure of one drug in children with partial epilepsy (poster). American Epilepsy Society 1993
67. Faught, E., R. C. Sachdeo, M. P. Remler, S. Chaasirisobhon, V. J. Iragui-Modoz, R. E. Ramsay, T. P. Sutula, A. Kramer, R. N. Harner, R. Kuzniecky, L. D. Kramer, M. Kamin, A. Rosenberg: Felbamate monotherapy for partial-onset seizures. Neurology 43 (1993) 688-693
68. Feely, M. B. Duggan, M. O'Callaghan, N. Callaghan: A therapeutic range for phenytoin: a reappraisal. Irish Med. Sci. 148 (1979) 44 -49
69. Feely, M., M. O'Callaghan, B. Duggan, N. Callaghan: Phenobarbitone in previously untreated epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 43 (1980) 365-368
70. Ferendelli, J. A.: Relating pharmacology to clinical practice: the pharmacologic basis of rational polypharmacy. Neurology 45 (Suppl. 2) (1995) S12-S16
71. Feuerstein, J., M. Revol, J. Roger, C. Sallou, J. L. Truelle, P. Verceletto, M. Weber: La monotherapy par le valproate de sodium dans les epilepsies generalisees primaires. Sem. Hop. Paris 59 (1983) 1263-1274
72. Fischbacher, E.: Effect of reduction of anticonvulsants on wellbeing. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. 285 (1982) 423-424
73. Franzen, S.: Die medikamentöse Behandlung der Epilepsien mit Impulsiv-Petit mal. Thesis, Freie Universität Berlin 1988
74. Fröscher, W., K.-D. Stoll: Antiepileptische Monotherapie und Kombinationstherapie bei einfach-fokalen Anfällen. Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiat. 53 (1985) 447-453
75. Fröscher, W., M. Eichelbaum, G. Hildenbrand, K. Hildenbrand, H. Penin: Prospektive Untersuchungen zur Epilepsietherapie mit Carbamazepin. Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiat. 50 (1982) 396-408
76. Gram, L.: Epilepsy care: image of the future. Epilepsia 36 (Suppl. 6) (1995) S22-S24
77. Gram, L., H. Flachs, A. Würtz-Jorgensen, J. Parnas, B. Andersen: Sodium valproate, serum level and clinical effect in epilepsy: a controlled study. Epilepsia 20 (1979) 303-312
78. Gruber, C. M., J. M. Mosier, P. Grant: Objective comparison of primidone and phenobarbital in epileptics. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 120 (1957) 184-187
79. Gupta, A. K., P. M. Jeavons: Complex partial seizures: EEG foci and response to carbamazepine and sodium valproate. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 48 (1985) 1010-1014
80. Hakkarainen, H.: Carbamazepine vs diphenylhydantoin vs their combination in adult epilepsy (abstract). Neurology 30 (1980) 354
81. Harden, C. L., J. Zisfein, E. C. Atos-Radzion, A. J. Tuchman: Combination valproate-carbamazepine therapy in partial epilepsies resistant to carbamazepine monotherapy. J. Epilepsy 6 (1993) 91 -94
82. Hart, Y. M.: Principles of treatment of newly diagnosed patients. In: Shorvon, S., F. E. Dreifuss, D. Fish, D. Thomas (Eds.): The treatment of epilepsy. Blackwell Science, Oxford (1996) 169-176
83. Harwood, G., P. K. P. Harvey: Results of a clinical trial on the use of Epilim in convulsive disorders, with special reference to its efficacy in temporal lobe attacks with focal features. In: Legg, N.J. (Ed.): Clinical and pharmacological aspects of sodium valproate (Epilim) in the treatment of epilepsy. MCS Consultants, Tunbridge Wells (1976) 40-43
84. Heller, A. J., D. Chesterman, R. D. C. Elwes, E. H. Reynolds: Monotherapy for newly diagnosed adult epilepsy. J. Neurol. 237 (Suppl.) (1990) 28-29
85. Heller, A. J., D. Chesterman, R. D. C. Elwes, P. Crawford, D. Chadwick, A. L. Johnson, E. H. Reynolds: Phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate for newly diagnosed adult epilepsy: a randomised comparative monotherapy trial. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 58 (1995) 44-50
86. Holland, K. D., A. C. McKeon, A. J. Canney, D. F. Covey, J. A. Ferendelli: Relative anticonvulsant effects of GABAmimetic and GABA modulatory agents. Epilepsia 33 (1992) 981-986
87. Janz, D.: Die Epilepsien. Thieme, Stuttgart 1969
88. Janz, D.: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. In: Dam, M. L. Gram (Eds.): Comprehensive Epileptology. Raven Press, New York (1991) 171-185
89. Janz, D., W. Christe: Generalized epilepsies. In: Resor, S. R. Jr., H. Kutt (Eds.): The medical treatment of epilepsy. Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, Hong Kong (1992) 145-162
90. Jeavons, P. M.: Nosological problems of myoclonic epilepsies in childhood and adolescence. Develop. Med. Child. Neurol. 19 (1977) 3-8
91. Jeavons, P., J. E. Clark: Sodium valproate in the treatment of epilepsy. Br. Med. J. 2 (1974) 584-586
92. Jensen, P.: Felbamate in treatment of refractory partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia 34 (Suppl. 7) (1993) S25-S29
93. Juul-Jensen, P.: Epilepsy: a clinical and social analysis of 1020 adult patients with epileptic seizures (thesis). Munksgaard, Copenhagen 1963
94. Kalviäinen, R.: Newly diagnosed epileptic seizure disorder in adults. A prospective follow-up study in 100 patients. University of Kupio Series of Reports, No. 24 (1992)
95. Kleinrok, Z., S. J. Czuczwar, M. Kozicka, A. Zarkowski: Effect of combined GABA-ergic and dopaminergic stimulation on the action of some antiepileptic drugs in pentetrazol-induzed convulsions. Polish J. Pharmacol. Pharmacy 33 (1981) 13-23
96. Kosteljanetz, M., J. Christiansen, A. Mouritzen Dam, B. Stensgaard Hansen, B. Blatt Lyon, H. Pedersen, M. Dam: Carbamazepine vs Phenytoin. A controlled clinical trial in focal motor and generalized epilepsy. Arch. Neurol. 36 (1979) 22-24
97. Kutt, H.: Pharmacologic principles. In: Resor, S. R. Jr., H. Kutt (Eds.): The medical treatment of epilepsy. Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, Hong Kong (1992) 27-42
98. Kutt, H., G. Solomon, C. Wasterlain, H. Peterson, S. Louis, R. Carruthers: Carbamazepine in difficult to control epileptic out-patients. Acta Neurol. Scand. 60 (Suppl.) (1975) 27-32
99. Leach, M. J., M. G. Baxter, M. A. E. Critchley: Neurochemical and behavioral aspects of lamotrigine. Epilepsia 32 (1991) S4-S8
100. Leach, M. J., C. M. Marden, A. A. Miller: Pharmacological studies on lamotrigine, a novel potential antiepileptic drug. II. Neurochemical studies on the mechanism of action. Epilepsia 27 (1986) 490-497
101. Lerman, P.: Seizures induced or aggravated by anticonvulsants. Epilepsia 27 (1986) 706-710
102. Lesser, R. P., C. E. Pippenger, H. Lüders, D. S. Dinner: High-dose monotherapy in treatment of intractable seizures. Neurology 34 (1984) 707-711
103. Livingston, S., D. Peterson: Primidone (Mysoline) in the treatment of epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 254 (1956) 327-329
104. Livingston, S., L. L. Paulli, I. Price, I. I. Kramer: Valproic acid in epilepsy (letter). JAMA 241 (1979) 1892
105. Löscher, W., D. Schmidt: Which animal model should be used in the search for new antiepileptic drugs? A proposal based on experimental and clinical considerations. Epilepsy Res. 2 (1988) 145-181
106. Lortie, A., C. Chiron, J. Mumford, O. Dulac: The potential for increasing seizure frequency, relapse, and appearance of new seizure types with vigabatrin. Neurology 43 (Suppl. 5) (1993) S24 -S27
107. Loiseau, P., B. Duche: Carbamazepine: Clinical use. In: Levy, R. H., R. H. Mattson, B. S. Meldrum (Eds.): Antiepileptic drugs, 4th edition. Raven Press, New York (1995) 555-566
108. Loiseau, P., S. Cohadon, M. Jogeix, M. Legroux, J. F. Dartigues: Efficatite du valproate de sodium dans les epilepsies partielles. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 149 (1984) 434-437
109. Loiseau, P., B. Duche, S. Cordova, J. F. Dartigues, S. Cohadon: Prognosis of benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes: a follow-up study of 168 patients. Epilepsia 29 (1988) 229 -235
110. Ludgate, J., J. Keating, R. O'Dwyer, N. Callaghan: An improvement in cognitive function following polypharmacy reduction in a group of epileptic patients. Acta Neurol. Scand. 71 (1985) 448-452
111. Mattson, R. H.: Drug treatment of partial epilepsy. Adv. Neurol. 57 (1992) 643-650
112. Mattson, R. H., J. A. Cramer: Crossover from polytherapy to monotherapy in primary generalized epilepsy. Am. J. Med. 84 (Suppl. 1A) (1988) 23-28
113. Mattson, R. H., J. A. Cramer, P. D. Williamson, R. A. Novelly: Valproic acid in epilepsy: clinical and pharmacological effects. Ann. Neurol. 3 (1978) 20-25
114. Mattson, R. H., J. A. Cramer, J. F. Collins and the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group: Success with alternative antiepileptic drug selection (abstract). Epilepsia 27 (1986) 645
115. Mattson, R. H., J. A. Cramer, J. F. Collins, B. S. Smith, A. V. Delgado-Escueta, T. R. Browne, P. D. Williamson, D. M. Treiman, J. O. McNamara, C. B. McCutchen, R. W. Homan, W. E. Crill, M. F. Lubozynski, N. P. Rosenthal: Comparison of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone in partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. N. Engl. J. Med. 313 (1985) 145-151
116. Mattson, R. H., J. A. Cramer, J. F. Collins and the Department of Veterans Affairs Epilepsy Cooperative Study No. 264 Group: A comparison of valproate with carbamazepine for the treatment of complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized tonicclonic seizures in adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 327 (1992) 765-771
117. Mattson, R. H., J. A. Cramer, J. F. Collins and the Department of Veterans Affairs Epilepsy Cooperative Studies No. 118 and No. 264 Group: Prognosis for total control of complex partial and secondarily generalized tonic clinic seizures. Neurology 47 (1996) 68-76
118. Meinardi, H.: Use of combined antiepileptic drug therapy. In: Levy, R. H., R. H. Mattson, B. S. Meldrum (Eds.): Antiepileptic drugs, 4th edition. Raven Press, New York (1995) 91-97
119. Merritt, H. H., C. Brenner: Treatment of patients with epilepsy with sodium diphenyl hydantoinate (phenytoin sodium, Dilantin sodium) and phenobarbital combined. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 96 (1942) 245-250
120. Montouris, G. D.: Practical insights and clinical experience with combinations of the new antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 45 (Suppl. 2) (1995) S25-S28
121. Morris, J. C., W. E. Dodson, J. M. Hatelid, J. A. Ferendelli: Phenytoin and carbamazepine alone and in combination: anticonvulsant and neurotoxic effects. Neurology 37 (1987) 1111-1118
122. Obeid, T., C. P. Panayitopoulos: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. A study in Saudi Arabia. Epilepsia 29 (1988) 280-282
123. Obeid, T., C. P. Panayitopoulos: Clonazepam in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 30 (1989) 603-606
124. Oxley, J., S. Hebdige, A. Richens: A comparison of phenobarbitone and primidone in the control of seizures in chronic epilepsy. Br. J. clin. Pharmacol. 7 (1979) 414P
125. Pearl, P. L., G. L Holmes: Absence seizures. In: Dodson, W. E., J. M. Pellock (Eds.): Pediatric epilepsy: diagnosis and treatment. Demos Publ., New York (1991) 157-169
126. Pellock, J. M.: Antiepileptic drug therapy in the United States: a review of clinical studies and unmet needs. Neurology 45 (Suppl. 2) (1995) S17-S24
127. Penry, J. K., J. C. Dean: Valproate monotherapy in partial seizures. Am. J. Med. 84 (Suppl. 1A) (1988) 14-16
128. Penry, J. K., J. C. Dean: The scope and use of valproate in epilepsy. J. Clin. Psychiatry 50 (Suppl. 3) (1989) 17-22
129. Perucca, E.: Principles of drug treatment. In: Shorvon, S., F. E. Dreifuss, D. Fish, D. Thomas (Eds.): The treatment of epilepsy. Blackwell Science, Oxford (1996) 152-168
130. Pisani, F., E. Perucca, R. DiPerri: Clinically relevant antiepileptic drug interactions. J. Int. Med. Res. 18 (1990) 1-15
131. Porter, R. J.: Fundamentals of drug therapy. In: Resor, S. Jr., H. Kutt (Eds.): The medical treatment of epilepsy. Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, Hong Kong (1992) 43-49
132. Porter, R. J., D. Schmidt, D. M.Treiman, N. S. Nadi: Pharmacologic approaches to the treatment of focal seizures. Past, present, and future. Adv. Neurol. 57 (1992) 607-634
133. Rall, T. W., L. S. Schleifer: Drug effective in the therapy of the epilepsies. In: Gilman, A. G., T. W. Rail, A. S. Nies (Eds.): Goodman and Gilman's. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th edition. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y. (1990) 436-462
134. Redenbaugh, J. E., S. Sato, J. K. Penry, F. E. Dreifuss, H. J. Kupferberg: Sodium valproate: pharmacokinetics and effectiveness in treating intractable seizures. Neurology 30 (1980) 1-6
135. Reynolds, E. H.: Polytherapy, monotherapy, and carbamazepine. Epilepsia 28 (Suppl. 3) (1987) S77-S80
136. Reynolds, E. H., S. D. Shorvon: Monotherapy or polytherapy for epilepsy? Epilepsia 22 (1981) 1-10
137. Reynolds, E. G., D. Chadwick, A. W. Galbraith: One drug (phenytoin) in the treatment of epilepsy. Lancet 1 (1976) 923-926
138. Richens, A., S. Ahmad: Controlled trial of sodium valproate in severe epilepsy. Br. Med. J. 4 (1975) 255-256
139. Richens, A., S. Ahmad: Controlled trial of sodium valproate in severe epilepsy. Br. Med. J. 4 (1975) 255-256
140. Richens, A., D. L. W. Davidson, N. E. F. Cartlidge, B. J. Easter: On behalf of the Adult EPITEG Collaborative Group. A multicentre collaborative trial of sodium valproate and carbamazepine in adult onset epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 57 (1994) 682-687
141. Rodin, E. A., C. S. Rim, P. M. Rennick: The effect of carbamazepine on patients with psychomotor epilepsy: results of a double-blind study. Epilepsia 15 (1974) 547-561
142. Rodin, E. A., C. S. Rim, H. Kitano, R. Lewis, P. M. Rennick: A com parison of the effectiveness of primidone versus carbamazepine in epileptic outpatients. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 163 (1976) 41-46
143. Rowan, A. J., J. W. Meijer, N. De Beer-Pawlikowski, P. van der Geest, H. Meinardi: Valproate-ethosuximide combination therapy for refractory absence seizures. Arch. Neurol. 40 (1983) 797-802
144. Runge, U.: Predictors of the course of illness in patients with cryptogenic focal epilepsy with complex partial seizures. J. Epilepsy 9 (1996) 176-183
145. Runge, U., A. Haufe, C. Kassler: Predictors of the course of idiopathic generalized epilepsy with Grand mal seizures. J. Epilepsy 9 (1996) 170-175
146. Sachdeo, R., L. D. Kramer, A. Rosenberg: Felbamate monotherapy: controlled trail in patients with partial onset seizures. Ann. Neurol. 32 (1992) 386-392
147. Sander, J. W. A. S.: Some aspects of prognosis in the epilepsies: a review. Epilepsia 34 (1993) 1007-1016
148. Santavuori, P.: Absence seizures: valproate or ethosuximide? Acta Neurol. Scand. 68 (Suppl. 97) (1983) 41-48
149. Sato, S., B. G. White, J. K. Penry, F. E. Dreifuss, J. C. Sackellares, H. J. Kupferberg: Valproic acid versus ethosuximide in the treatment of absence seizures. Neurology 32 (1982) 157-163
150. Schmidt, D.: Two antiepileptic drugs for intractable epilepsy with complex-partial seizures. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 45 (1982) 1119-1124
151. Schmidt, D.: Single drug therapy for intractable epilepsy. J. Neurol. 229 (1983) 221-226
152. Schmidt, D.: Reduction of two-drug therapy in intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia 24 (1983) 368-376
153. Schmidt, D.: Epilepsien und epileptische Anfälle. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York 1993
154. Schmidt, D., L. Gram: Monotherapy versus polytherapy in epilepsy: a reappraisal. C. N. S. Drugs 3 (1995) 194-208
155. Schmidt, D., K. Richter: Alternative single anticonvulsant drug therapy for refractory epilepsy. Ann. Neurol. 19 (1986) 85-87
156. Schmidt, D., I. Einicke, F. Haenel: The influence of seizure type on the efficacy of plasma concentrations of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine. Arch. Neurol. 43 (1986) 263-265
157. Schmidt, D., W. Fröscher, G. Krämer: Medikamentöse Standardtherapien der Epilepsien des Jugendlichen- und Erwachsenenalters. Nervenheilkunde 11 (1992) 408-416
158. Schneble, H.: Behandlung atypischer Absencen mit einer Succinimid-Dipropylacetat-Kombination. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 100 (1975) 1564-1567
159. Shorvon, S. D., E. H. Reynolds: Unnecessary polypharmacy for epilepsy. Br. Med. J. 1 (1977) 1635-1637
160. Shorvon, S., E. H. Reynolds: Reduction in polytherapy for epilepsy. Br. Med. J. 2 (1979) 1023-1025
161. Shorvon, S. D., D. Chadwick, A. W. Galbraith, E. H. Reynolds: One drug for epilepsy. Br. Med. J. 1 (1978) 474-476
162. Simonsen, N., P. Zander Olsen, V. Kühl, M. Lund, J. Wendelboe: A comparative controlled study between carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin in psychomotor epilepsy. Epilepsia 17 (1976) 169-176
163. Smith, D. B.: Antiepileptic drug selection in adults. In: Smith, D. B. (Ed.): Epilepsy: Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Raven Press, New York (1990) 111-139
164. Smith, D. B., R. H. Mattson, J. A. Cramer, J. F. Collins: Results of a nationwide veterans administration cooperative study comparing the efficacy and toxicity of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone. Epilepsia 28 (Suppl. 3) (1987) 50 -58
165. Snead, C., L. C. Horsey: Exacerbation of seizures in children by carbamazepine. N. Engl. J. Med. 313 (1985) 916-921
166. Strandjord, R. E., S. I. Johannessen: Single-drug therapy with carbamazepine in patients with epilepsy: serum levels and clinical effect. Epilepsia 21 (1980) 655-662
167. Suzuki, M., H. Maruyama, Y. Ishibashi, S. Ogawa, T. Seki, M. Hoshino, K. Maekawa, T. Yo, Y. Sato: A double-blind comparative trial of sodium dipropylacetate and ethosuximide in epilepsy in children with special emphasis on pure petit mal seizure. Med. Progr. 82 (1972) 470-488
168. Takeda, A.: Factors that preclude the successful use of monopharmacy in the medical treatment of patients with epilepsy. Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 44 (1990) 265-273
169. Theodore, W. H., R. J. Porter: Removal of sedative-hypnotic antiepileptic drugs from the regimens of patients with intractable epilepsy. Ann. Neurol. 13 (1983) 320-324
170. Thompson, P. J., M. R. Trimble: Anticonvulsant drugs and cognitive functions. Epilepsia 23 (1982) 531-544
171. Troupin, A. S., L. M. Ojemann: Paradoxical intoxication - a complication of anticonvulsant administration. Epilepsia 16 (1975) 753-758
172. Troupin, A. S., J. R. Green, I. M. Halpern: Carbamazepine (Tegretol) as an anticonvulsant: a controlled double-blind comparison of diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin). Acta Neurol. Scand. 75 (Suppl. 1) (1975) S13-S26
173. Troupin, A. S., J. R. Green, R. H. Levy: Carbamazepine as an anticonvulsant: a pilot study. Neurology 24 (1974) 863-869
174. Troupin, A., L. M. Ojemann, L. Halpern, C. Dodrill, R. Wilkus, P. Friel, P. Feigl: Carbamazepine: a double-blind comparison with phenytoin. Neurology 27 (1977) 511-519
175. Turnbull, D. M., D. Howel, M. D. Rawlins, D. W. Chadwick: Which drug for the adult epileptic patient: phenytoin or valproate? Br. Med. J. 290 (1985) 815-819
176. Turnbull, D. M., M. D. Rawlins, D. Weightman, D. W. Chadwick: A comparison of phenytoin and valproate in previously untreated adult epileptic patients. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 45 (1982) 55-59
177. Völzke, E., H. Doose: Dipropylacetate (Depakin, Ergenyl) in the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsia 14 (1973) 185-193
178. Walker, M. C., J. W. A. S. Sander: The impact of new antiepileptic drugs on the prognosis of epilepsy: Seizure freedom should be the ultimate goal. Neurology 46 (1996) 912-914
179. Waterhouse, E., R. J. DeLorenzo: Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs: an overview. In: Shorvon, S., F. E. Dreifuss, D. Fish, D. Thomas (Eds.): The treatment of epilepsy. Blackwell Science, Oxford (1996) 123-137
180. Weinberg, J., H. H. Goldstein: A comparative study of the effectiveness of dilantin sodium and phenobarbital in a group of epileptics. Am. J. Psychiatry 96 (1940) 1029-1034
181. Wilder, B. J.: The treatment of epilepsy: an overview of clinical practices. Neurology 45 (Suppl. 2) (1995) S7-S11
182. Wilder, B. J., R. E. Ramsay, J. V. Murphy, B. J. Karas, K. Marquardt, E. J. Hammond: Comparison of valproic acid and phenytoin in newly diagnosed tonic-clonic seizures. Neurology 33 (1983) 1474-1476
183. Wilson, W. E. J., O. E. F. Hodgson: Mysoline in epilepsy: a comparison with older methodes of treatment. J. ment. Sci. 100 (1954) 250-261
184. Wolf, P.: Treatment of the idiopathic (primary) generalized epilepsies. In: Shorvon, S., F. E. Dreifuss, D. Fish, D. Thomas (Eds.): The treatment of epilepsy. Blackwell Science, Oxford (1996) 238 -246
185. Wolf, P., Y. Inoue: Therapeutic response of absence seizures in patients of an epilepsy clinic for adolescents and adults. J. Neurol. 231 (1984) 225-229
186. Yuen, A. W. C.: Lamotrigine: a review of antiepileptic efficacy. Epilepsia 35 (Suppl. 5) (1994) S33-S36