Requirements of Fat-soluble Vitamins for Dairy Cows: A Review

Journal of Dairy Science

Volumn 81, Issue 9, 1998, Pages 2493-2501

  Weiss, W P ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dairy cows; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E

Indexed keywords

BOS TAURUS;

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; RETINOL; VITAMIN D;

ANIMAL; CATTLE; FEMALE; IMMUNOLOGY; LACTATION; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; PHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; REVIEW; SOLUBILITY;

ANIMALS; CATTLE; FEMALE; LACTATION; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; PREGNANCY; SOLUBILITY; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN E;

EID: 0032159502     PISSN: 00220302     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)70141-9     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Alderson, N. E., G. E. Mitchell, C. O. Little, R. E. Warner, and R. E. Tucker. 1971. Pre-intestinal disappearance of vitamin E in ruminants. J. Nutr. 101:655-660.
2. Astrup, H. N., and J. J. Nedkvitne. 1987. Effects of vitamin D supplement on cows and sheep. Norw. J. Agr. Sci. 1:87-95.
3. Atwal, A. S., M. Hidiroglou, J.K.G. Kramer, and M. R. Binns. 1990. Effects of feeding α-tocopherol and calcium salts of fatty acids on vitamin E and fatty acid composition of cow's milk. J. Dairy Sci. 73:2832-2841.
4. Batra, T. R., M. Hidiroglou, and M. W. Smith. 1992. Effect of vitamin E on incidence of mastitis in dairy cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 72:287-297.
5. Block, E., and B. Farmer. 1987. The status of beta-carotene and vitamin A in Quebec dairy herds: factors affecting their status in cows and their effects on reproductive performance. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:775-788.
6. Booth, A., M. Reid, and T. Clark. Hypovitaminosis A in feedlot cattle. JAVMA 190:1305-1308.
7. Brzezinska-Slebodzinska, E., J. K. Miller, J. D. Quigley, III, J. R. Moore, and F. C. Madsen. 1994. Antioxidant status of dairy cows supplemented prepartum with vitamin E and selenium. J. Dairy Sci. 77:3087-3095.
8. Chew, B. P. 1987. Vitamin A and β-carotene in host defense. J. Dairy Sci. 70:2732-2743.
9. Chew, B. P., L. L. Hollen, J. K. Hillers, and M. L. Herlugson. 1982. Relationship between vitamin A and β-carotene in blood plasma and milk and mastitis in Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 65: 2111-2118.
10. Eaton, H. D., J. E. Rousseau, Jr., R. C. Hall, Jr., H. I. Frier, and J. J. Lucas. 1972. Reevaluation of the minimum vitamin A requirement of Holstein male calves based upon elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. J. Dairy Sci. 55:232-237.
11. Erskine, R. J., R. J. Eberhart, L. J. Hutchinson, and R. W. Scholz. 1987. Blood selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activities in dairy herds with high and low somatic cell counts. JAVMA 190:1417-1421.
12. Goff, J. P., R. L. Horst, F. J. Mueller, J. K. Miller, G. A. Kiess, and H. H. Dowlen. 1991. Addition of chloride to a prepartal diet high in cations increases 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D response to hypocalcemia preventing milk fever. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3863-3871.
13. Goff, J. P., T. A. Reinhardt, and R. L. Horst. 1995. Milk fever and dietary cation-anion balance effects on concentration of vitamin D receptor in tissue of periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 78:2388-2394.
14. Goff, J. P., and J. R. Stabel. 1990. Decreased plasma retinol, α-tocopherol, and zinc concentration during the periparturient period: effect of milk fever. J. Dairy Sci. 73:3195-3199.
15. Harrison, J. H., D. D. Hancock, and H. R. Conrad. 1984. Vitamin E and selenium for reproduction of the dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 67:123-132.
16. Herdt, T. H., and J. C. Smith. 1996. Blood-lipid and lactation-stage factors affecting serum vitamin E concentrations and vitamin E cholesterol ratios in dairy cattle. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 8:228-232.
17. Hibbs, J. W., and H. R. Conrad. 1983. The relation of calcium and phosphorous intake and digestion and the effects of vitamin D feeding on the utilization of calcium and phosphorous by lactating dairy cows. Ohio Agric. Res. Dev. Ctr. Res. Bull. 1150.
18. Hidiroglou, N., L. F. Laflamme, and L. R. McDowell. 1988. Blood plasma and tissue concentrations of vitamin E in beef cattle as influenced by supplementation of various tocopherol compounds. J. Anim. Sci. 66:3227-3234.
19. Hoblet, K. H., G. D. Schnitkey, D. Arbaugh, and K. L. Smith. 1991. Economic losses associated with episodes of clinical mastitis in nine low somatic cell count herds. JAVMA 199:190-196.
20. Hogan, J. S., K. L. Smith, W. P. Weiss, D. A. Todhunter, and W. L. Shockey. 1990. Relationships among vitamin E, selenium, and bovine blood neutrophils. J. Dairy Sci. 73:2372-2378.
21. Hogan, J. S., W. P. Weiss, and K. L. Smith. 1993. Role of vitamin E and selenium in host defense against mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 76:2795-2803.
22. Hogan, J. S., W. P. Weiss, D. A. Todhunter, K. L. Smith, and P. S. Schoenberger. 1992. Bovine neutrophil responses to parenteral vitamin E. J. Dairy Sci. 75:399-405.
23. Horst, R. L., J. P. Goff, and T. A. Reinhardt. 1994. Calcium and vitamin D metabolism in the dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 77: 1939-1951.
24. Hurley, W. L., and R. M. Doane. 1989. Recent developments in the roles of vitamins and minerals in reproduction. J. Dairy Sci. 72:784-804.
25. Hustmyer, F. G., D. C. Beitz, J. P. Goff, B. J. Nonnecke, R. L. Horst, and T. A. Reinhardt. 1994. Effects of in vivo administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on in vitro proliferation of bovine lymphocytes. J. Dairy Sci. 77:3324-3330.
26. Jones, W. P., L. B. Hansen, and H. Chester-Jones. 1994. Response of health care to selection for milk yield in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 77:3137-3152.
27. Joosten, I., J. Stelwagen, and A. A. Dijkhuizen. 1988. Economic and reproductive consequences of retained placenta in dairy cattle. Vet. Rec. 123:53-57.
28. Jukola, E., J. Hakkarainen, H. Saloniemi, and S. Sankari. 1996. Effect of selenium fertilization on selenium in feedstuffs and selenium, vitamin E, and β-carotene concentrations in blood of cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 79:831-837.
29. Jukola, E., J. Hakkarainen, H. Saloniemi, and S. Sankari. 1996. Blood selenium, vitamin E, vitamin A, and β-carotene concentrations and udder health, fertility treatments, and fertility. J. Dairy Sci. 79:838-845.
30. Laflamme, L. F., and M. Hidiroglou. 1991. Effects of selenium and vitamin E administration on breeding of replacement beef heifers. Ann. Rech. Vet. 22:65-69.
31. Leedle, R. A., J.A.Z. Leedle, and M. D. Butine. 1993. Vitamin E is not degraded by ruminal microorganisms: assessment with ruminal contents from a steer fed a high-concentrate diet. J. Anim. Sci. 71:3442-3450.
32. Martin, F. H., D. E. Ullrey, H. W. Newland, and E. R. Miller. 1968. Vitamin A activity of carotenes in corn silage fed to lambs. J. Nutr. 96:269-274.
33. Michal, J. J., L. R. Heirman, T. S. Wong, B. P. Chew, M. Frigg, and L. Volker. 1994. Modulatory effects of dietary β-carotene on blood and mammary leukocyte function in periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77:1408-1421.
34. Miller, G. Y., P. C. Bartlett, R. J. Erskine, and K. L. Smith. 1995. Factors affecting serum selenium and vitamin E concentrations in dairy cows. JAVMA 206:1369-1373.
35. Miller, J. K., E. Brzezinska-Slebodzinska, and F. C. Madsen. 1993. Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and animal function. J. Dairy Sci. 76:2812-2823.
36. National Research Council. 1987. Vitamin Tolerance of Animals. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
37. National Research Council. 1989. Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle. 6th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
38. Ndiweni, N., T. R. Field, M. R. Williams, J. M. Booth, and J. M. Finch. 1991. Studies on the incidence of clinical mastitis and blood levels of vitamin E and selenium in dairy herds in England. Vet. Rec. 129:86-88.
39. Njeru, C. A., L. R. McDowell, R. M. Shireman, N. S. Wilkinson, L. X. Rojas, and S. N. Williams. 1995. Assessment of vitamin E nutritional status in yearling beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 73: 1440-1448.
40. Nockels, C. F., K. G. Odde, and A. M. Craig. 1996. Vitamin E supplementation and stress affect tissue α-tocopherol content of beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 74:672-677.
41. Oldham, E. R., R. J. Eberhart, and L. D. Muller. 1991. Effects of supplemental vitamin A or β-carotene during the dry period and early lactation on udder health. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3775-3781.
42. Politis, I., M. Hidiroglou, T. R. Batra, J. A. Gilmore, R. C. Gorewit, and H. Scherf. 1995. Effects of vitamin E on immune function of dairy cows. Am. J. Vet. Res. 56:179-184.
43. Politis, I., N. Hidiroglou, J. H. White, J. A. Gilmore, S. N. Williams, H. Scherf, and M. Frigg. 1996. Effect of vitamin E on mammary and blood leukocyte function, with emphasis on chemotaxis in periparturient dairy cows. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57: 468-471.
44. Potanski, A. A., R. E. Tucker, G. E. Mitchell, Jr., and G. T. Schelling. 1974. Pre-intestinal losses of carotene in sheep fed high-starch or high-cellulose diets. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 44: 147-150.
45. Reeve, L. E., N. A. Jorgensen, and H. F. DeLuca. 1982. Vitamin D compounds in cow's milk. J. Nutr. 112:667-672.
46. Reinhardt, T. A., and F. G. Hustmyer. 1987. Role of vitamin D in the immune system. J. Dairy Sci. 70:952-962.
47. Rode, L. M., T. A. McAllister, and J. K. Cheng. 1990. Microbial degradation of vitamin A in rumen fluid from steers fed concentrate, hay or straw diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 70:227-233.
48. Ronning, M., E. R. Berousek, J. R. Griffiths, and W. D. Gallop. 1959. Carotene requirement of dairy cattle. Oklahoma Agric. Exp. Tech. Bull. Oklahoma St. Univ., Stillwater.
49. Rousseau, Jr., J. E., H. D. Eaton, C. F. Helmboldt, E. L. Hunghers, S. A. Robrish, G. Beall, and L. A. Moore. 1954. Relative value of carotene and vitamin A from a dry carrier fed at minimum levels to Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 37:889-899.
50. Scherf, H., T. M. Frye, and S. N. Williams. 1994. Vitamin A and β-carotene: a nutritional approach to the control of mastitis in dairy cattle. Pages 77-91 in Proc. 33rd Natl. Mastitis Council, Orlando, FL. Natl. Mastitis Counc., Inc., Arlington, VA.
51. Smith, K. L., J. H. Harrison, D. D. Hancock, D. A. Todhunter, and H. R. Conrad. 1984. Effect of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on incidence of clinical mastitis and duration of clinical symptoms. J. Dairy Sci. 67:1293-1300.
52. Stowe, H. D., J. W. Thomas, T. Johnson, J. V. Marteniuk, D. A. Morrow, and D. E. Ullrey. 1988. Responses of dairy cattle to long-term and short-term supplementation with oral selenium and vitamin E. J. Dairy Sci. 71:1830-1839.
53. Swanson, E. W., G. G. Martin, F. E. Pardue, and G. M. Gorman. 1968. Milk production of cows fed diets deficient in vitamin A. J. Anim. Sci. 27:541-548.
54. Thafvelin, B., and H. E. Oksanen. 1966. Vitamin E and linolenic acid content of hay as related to different drying conditions. J. Dairy Sci. 49:282-286.
55. Tharnish, T. A., and L. L. Larson. 1992. Vitamin A supplementation of Holsteins at high concentrations: progesterone and reproductive responses. J. Dairy Sci. 75:2374-2381.
56. Tjoelker, L. W., B. P. Chew, T. S. Tanaka, and L. R. Daniel. 1990. Effect of dietary vitamin A and β-carotene on polymorphonuclear leukocyte and lymphocyte function in dairy cows during the early dry period. J. Dairy Sci. 73:1017-1022.
57. Tramontano, W. A., D. Ganci, M. Pennino, and E. S. Dierenfeld. 1993. Distribution of α-tocopherol in early foliage samples in several forage crops. Phytochemistry (Oxf.) 34:389-390.
58. Vinet, C., H. R. Conrad, T. A. Reinhardt, and R. L. Horst. 1985. Minimal requirements for vitamin D in lactating cows. Fed. Proc. 28:549.(Abstr.)
59. Ward, G., G. B. Marion, C. W. Campbell, and J. R. Dunham. 1971. Influence of calcium intake and vitamin D supplementation on reproductive performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 54: 204-206.
60. Weiss, W. P., J. S. Hogan, and K. L. Smith. 1994. Use of α-tocopherol concentrations in blood components to assess vitamin E status of dairy cows. Agri-Practice 15(7):5-8.
61. Weiss, W. P., J. S. Hogan, K. L. Smith, and K. H. Hoblet. 1990. Relationships among selenium, vitamin E, and mammary gland health in commercial dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 73:381-390.
62. Weiss, W. P., J. S. Hogan, K. L. Smith, D. A. Todhunter, and S. N. Williams. 1992. Effect of supplementing periparturient cows with vitamin E on distribution of α-tocopherol in blood. J. Dairy Sci. 75:3479-3485.
63. Weiss, W. P., J. S. Hogan, K. L. Smith, and S. N. Williams. 1994. Effect of dietary fat and vitamin E on α-tocopherol and β-carotene in blood of peripartum cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77: 1422-1429.
64. Weiss, W. P., J. S. Hogan, D. A. Todhunter, and K. L. Smith. 1997. Effect of vitamin E supplementation in diets with a low concentration of selenium on mammary gland health of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1728-1737.
65. Weiss, W. P., K. L. Smith, J. S. Hogan, and T. E. Steiner. 1995. Effect of forage to concentrate ratio on disappearance of vitamins A and E during in vitro ruminal fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 78:1837-1842.
66. Wichtel, J. J., A. L. Craigie, K. G. Thompson, and N. B. Williamson. 1996. Effect of selenium and A-tocopherol supplementation on postpartum reproductive function of dairy heifers at pasture. Theriogenology 46:491-502.
67. Zust, J., B. Hrovatin, and B. Simundic. 1996. Assessment of selenium and vitamin E deficiencies in dairy herds and clinical disease in calves. Vet. Rec. 139:391-394.