'Obsessional neurosis': A nosographic innovation by Freud

History of Psychiatry

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 335-353

  May Tolzmann, Ulrike ^a  

^a NONE   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; GERMANY; HISTORY; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; NEUROSIS; NOMENCLATURE; OBSESSION; PSYCHIATRY;

CLASSIFICATION; COMMUNICATION; GERMANY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; NEUROTIC DISORDERS; OBSESSIVE BEHAVIOR; PSYCHIATRY; TERMINOLOGY;

EID: 0032159306     PISSN: 0957154X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0957154x9800903504     Document Type: Article

References (167)

1. Sigmund Freud, 'On the grounds for detaching a particular syndrome from neurasthenia under the description "Anxiety Neurosis"', The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. III (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1962), 90-139, 96.
2. Ibid., 97, footn.1.
3. Sigmund Freud, 'Heredity and the aetiology of the neuroses' (1896), Standard Edition, Vol. III, 143-56, 146.
4. 'Draft D', undated, probably May 1894, in: Jeffrey M. Masson (ed.), The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887-1904 (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1985), 76. The term 'Zwangsneurose' (obsessional neurosis) also occurs in the letter of 7 February 1894 (op. cit., 66). Professor Fichtner (Tübingen) has kindly informed me that the abbreviation 'Zw.' occurs at this point in the handwritten original (whereas 'Zwangsneurose' is fully written out in Draft D). 'Zw.' was interpreted by the editors of the letters as 'Zwangsneurose' (obsessional neurosis), but could also stand for 'Zwangsvorstellungen' (obsessional ideas), particularly as Freud is referring to the preceding paragraph, which is about 'Zwangsvorstellungen' (fully written out).
5. 'Draft D', undated, probably May 1894, in: Jeffrey M. Masson (ed.), The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887-1904 (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1985), 76. The term 'Zwangsneurose' (obsessional neurosis) also occurs in the letter of 7 February 1894 (op. cit., 66). Professor Fichtner (Tübingen) has kindly informed me that the abbreviation 'Zw.' occurs at this point in the handwritten original (whereas 'Zwangsneurose' is fully written out in Draft D). 'Zw.' was interpreted by the editors of the letters as 'Zwangsneurose' (obsessional neurosis), but could also stand for 'Zwangsvorstellungen' (obsessional ideas), particularly as Freud is referring to the preceding paragraph, which is about 'Zwangsvorstellungen' (fully written out).
6. 8); Theodor Ziehen, Psychiatrie, für Ärzte und Studierende bearbeitet (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1894); Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), Diagnostisches Lexikon für praktische Ärzte, 4 Vols. (Vienna, Leipzig: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1893-1895).
7. 8); Theodor Ziehen, Psychiatrie, für Ärzte und Studierende bearbeitet (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1894); Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), Diagnostisches Lexikon für praktische Ärzte, 4 Vols. (Vienna, Leipzig: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1893-1895).
8. 8); Theodor Ziehen, Psychiatrie, für Ärzte und Studierende bearbeitet (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1894); Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), Diagnostisches Lexikon für praktische Ärzte, 4 Vols. (Vienna, Leipzig: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1893-1895).
9. 8); Theodor Ziehen, Psychiatrie, für Ärzte und Studierende bearbeitet (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1894); Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), Diagnostisches Lexikon für praktische Ärzte, 4 Vols. (Vienna, Leipzig: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1893-1895).
10. 8); Theodor Ziehen, Psychiatrie, für Ärzte und Studierende bearbeitet (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1894); Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), Diagnostisches Lexikon für praktische Ärzte, 4 Vols. (Vienna, Leipzig: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1893-1895).
11. 8); Theodor Ziehen, Psychiatrie, für Ärzte und Studierende bearbeitet (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1894); Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), Diagnostisches Lexikon für praktische Ärzte, 4 Vols. (Vienna, Leipzig: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1893-1895).
12. 8); Theodor Ziehen, Psychiatrie, für Ärzte und Studierende bearbeitet (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1894); Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), Diagnostisches Lexikon für praktische Ärzte, 4 Vols. (Vienna, Leipzig: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1893-1895).
13. 8); Theodor Ziehen, Psychiatrie, für Ärzte und Studierende bearbeitet (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1894); Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), Diagnostisches Lexikon für praktische Ärzte, 4 Vols. (Vienna, Leipzig: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1893-1895).
14. 8); Theodor Ziehen, Psychiatrie, für Ärzte und Studierende bearbeitet (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1894); Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), Diagnostisches Lexikon für praktische Ärzte, 4 Vols. (Vienna, Leipzig: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1893-1895).
15. 8); Theodor Ziehen, Psychiatrie, für Ärzte und Studierende bearbeitet (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1894); Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), Diagnostisches Lexikon für praktische Ärzte, 4 Vols. (Vienna, Leipzig: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1893-1895).
16. 8); Theodor Ziehen, Psychiatrie, für Ärzte und Studierende bearbeitet (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1894); Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), Diagnostisches Lexikon für praktische Ärzte, 4 Vols. (Vienna, Leipzig: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1893-1895).
17. 4.
18. 4.
19. 4.
20. 4.
21. 4.
22. 4.
23. 4.
24. The English equivalents of Kraepelin's diagnostic terms ('Originäre Krankheitszustände', 'Zwangsirresein') are taken from Clinical Psychiatry, A Text-Book for Students and Physicians, abstracted and adapted from the sixth German edition of Kraepelin's Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie by A. Ross Defendorf (New York: Macmillan Co., 1902); and from Clinical Psychiatry, abstracted and adapted from the seventh German edition of Kraepelin's Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie (New York : Macmillan Co., 1907).
25. The English equivalents of Kraepelin's diagnostic terms ('Originäre Krankheitszustände', 'Zwangsirresein') are taken from Clinical Psychiatry, A Text-Book for Students and Physicians, abstracted and adapted from the sixth German edition of Kraepelin's Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie by A. Ross Defendorf (New York: Macmillan Co., 1902); and from Clinical Psychiatry, abstracted and adapted from the seventh German edition of Kraepelin's Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie (New York : Macmillan Co., 1907).
26. Kraepelin, Psychiatrie, 1915, 1823-1901.
27. German E. Berrios, 'Obsessional disorders during the nineteenth century: terminological and classificatory issues'. In: W.F. Bynum, R. Porter, M. Shepherd (eds), Anatomy of Madness, Vol. I (London: Tavistock, 1985), 166-87, 174.
28. Bleuler, Lehrbuch, 125.
29. 4, 1157.
30. Kraepelin, Psychiatrie, 1913, 1386.
31. The entry 'Zwangsvorstellungen' (obsessional ideas) is included in the following dictionaries, but not 'Zwangsneurose' (obsessional neurosis): Brockhaus's Conversationslexikon (1887), Pierers Lexikon (1893), Brockhaus (1895), Meyers Conversationslexikon (1897), Meyers Großes Konversationslexikon (1908), Brockhaus's Handbuch des Wissens (1925), Meyers Lexikon (1930),
32. The entry 'Zwangsvorstellungen' (obsessional ideas) is included in the following dictionaries, but not 'Zwangsneurose' (obsessional neurosis): Brockhaus's Conversationslexikon (1887), Pierers Lexikon (1893), Brockhaus (1895), Meyers Conversationslexikon (1897), Meyers Großes Konversationslexikon (1908), Brockhaus's Handbuch des Wissens (1925), Meyers Lexikon (1930),
33. The entry 'Zwangsvorstellungen' (obsessional ideas) is included in the following dictionaries, but not 'Zwangsneurose' (obsessional neurosis): Brockhaus's Conversationslexikon (1887), Pierers Lexikon (1893), Brockhaus (1895), Meyers Conversationslexikon (1897), Meyers Großes Konversationslexikon (1908), Brockhaus's Handbuch des Wissens (1925), Meyers Lexikon (1930),
34. The entry 'Zwangsvorstellungen' (obsessional ideas) is included in the following dictionaries, but not 'Zwangsneurose' (obsessional neurosis): Brockhaus's Conversationslexikon (1887), Pierers Lexikon (1893), Brockhaus (1895), Meyers Conversationslexikon (1897), Meyers Großes Konversationslexikon (1908), Brockhaus's Handbuch des Wissens (1925), Meyers Lexikon (1930),
35. The entry 'Zwangsvorstellungen' (obsessional ideas) is included in the following dictionaries, but not 'Zwangsneurose' (obsessional neurosis): Brockhaus's Conversationslexikon (1887), Pierers Lexikon (1893), Brockhaus (1895), Meyers Conversationslexikon (1897), Meyers Großes Konversationslexikon (1908), Brockhaus's Handbuch des Wissens (1925), Meyers Lexikon (1930),
36. The entry 'Zwangsvorstellungen' (obsessional ideas) is included in the following dictionaries, but not 'Zwangsneurose' (obsessional neurosis): Brockhaus's Conversationslexikon (1887), Pierers Lexikon (1893), Brockhaus (1895), Meyers Conversationslexikon (1897), Meyers Großes Konversationslexikon (1908), Brockhaus's Handbuch des Wissens (1925), Meyers Lexikon (1930),
37. The entry 'Zwangsvorstellungen' (obsessional ideas) is included in the following dictionaries, but not 'Zwangsneurose' (obsessional neurosis): Brockhaus's Conversationslexikon (1887), Pierers Lexikon (1893), Brockhaus (1895), Meyers Conversationslexikon (1897), Meyers Großes Konversationslexikon (1908), Brockhaus's Handbuch des Wissens (1925), Meyers Lexikon (1930),
38. Grimm's Wörterbuch (1954). 'Zwangsneurose' (obsessional neurosis) appears in addition to 'Zwangsvorstellungen' (obsessional ideas) in the Grosser Brockhaus (1935), in the Schweizer Lexikon (1948) and in all large dictionaries and encyclopaedias from the 1950s on.
39. Robert Thomsen, 'Klinische Beiträge zur Lehre von den Zwangsvorstellungen und verwandten psychischen Zuständen', Archiv für Psychiatrie, xxvii (1895), 319-85; Leopold Löwenfeld, Die psychischen Zwangserscheinungen. Auf klinischer Grundlage dargestellt (Wiesbaden: Bergmann, 1904), 1-57, 477ff.; Wolfgang Warda, 'Zur Geschichte und Kritik der sogenannten psychischen Zwangszustände', Archiv für Psychiatrie, xxxix (1905), 239-85, 533-85.
40. Robert Thomsen, 'Klinische Beiträge zur Lehre von den Zwangsvorstellungen und verwandten psychischen Zuständen', Archiv für Psychiatrie, xxvii (1895), 319-85; Leopold Löwenfeld, Die psychischen Zwangserscheinungen. Auf klinischer Grundlage dargestellt (Wiesbaden: Bergmann, 1904), 1-57, 477ff.; Wolfgang Warda, 'Zur Geschichte und Kritik der sogenannten psychischen Zwangszustände', Archiv für Psychiatrie, xxxix (1905), 239-85, 533-85.
41. Robert Thomsen, 'Klinische Beiträge zur Lehre von den Zwangsvorstellungen und verwandten psychischen Zuständen', Archiv für Psychiatrie, xxvii (1895), 319-85; Leopold Löwenfeld, Die psychischen Zwangserscheinungen. Auf klinischer Grundlage dargestellt (Wiesbaden: Bergmann, 1904), 1-57, 477ff.; Wolfgang Warda, 'Zur Geschichte und Kritik der sogenannten psychischen Zwangszustände', Archiv für Psychiatrie, xxxix (1905), 239-85, 533-85.
42. Löwenfeld, Zwangserscheinungen, 45, 478f., 487 etc.; Warda, 'Zur Geschichte', 282ff., 536ff. etc.
43. Löwenfeld, Zwangserscheinungen, 45, 478f., 487 etc.; Warda, 'Zur Geschichte', 282ff., 536ff. etc.
44. Löwenfeld, op. cit., 487; see also Leopold Löwenfeld, 'Über die psychischen Zwangszustände', Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift, xlv (1898), 686-9, 719-21.
45. Löwenfeld, op. cit., 487; see also Leopold Löwenfeld, 'Über die psychischen Zwangszustände', Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift, xlv (1898), 686-9, 719-21.
46. Wolfgang Warda, ' Zur Psychopathologie der Zwangsneurose', Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, ii (1903), 4-17; see also Warda, 'Ueber Zwangsvorstellungspsychosen', Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, xii (1902), 1-22; Warda, 'Zur Pathologie und Therapie der Zwangsneurose'. Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, xxii (1907), 149-60.
47. Wolfgang Warda, ' Zur Psychopathologie der Zwangsneurose', Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, ii (1903), 4-17; see also Warda, 'Ueber Zwangsvorstellungspsychosen', Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, xii (1902), 1-22; Warda, 'Zur Pathologie und Therapie der Zwangsneurose'. Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, xxii (1907), 149-60.
48. Wolfgang Warda, ' Zur Psychopathologie der Zwangsneurose', Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, ii (1903), 4-17; see also Warda, 'Ueber Zwangsvorstellungspsychosen', Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, xii (1902), 1-22; Warda, 'Zur Pathologie und Therapie der Zwangsneurose'. Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, xxii (1907), 149-60.
49. German E. Berrios, 'Obsessive-compulsive disorder: its conceptual history in France during the 19th century', Comprehensive Psychiatry, xxx (1989), 283-95, 283.
50. Berrios, 'Obsessive-compulsive disorder'; Warda, 'Zur Geschichte'.
51. Berrios, 'Obsessive-compulsive disorder'; Warda, 'Zur Geschichte'.
52. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Beiträge zur Erkennung und richtigen forensischen Beurtheilung krankhafter Gemüthszustände (Erlangen: Enke, 1867).
53. Hanns Kaan, 'Der neurasthenische Angstaffect bei Zwangsvorstellungen und der primordiale Grübelzwang', Jahrbücher für Psychiatrie, xi (1892), 149-94, 150.
54. Ibid., 149.
55. Warda, 'Zur Geschichte', 243.
56. See, for example, Theodor Meynert, 'Über Zwangsvorstellungen', Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, i (1888), 109-12, 139-41, 170-2.
57. 5, 495; or: 'Über Zwangsvorstellungen bei Nervenkranken' (1883), in: Arbeiten aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Psychiatrie und Neuropathologie, IV.Heft (1899), 59-77.
58. 5, 495; or: 'Über Zwangsvorstellungen bei Nervenkranken' (1883), in: Arbeiten aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Psychiatrie und Neuropathologie, IV.Heft (1899), 59-77.
59. Carl Westphal, 'Über Zwangsvorstellungen', Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, xiv (1877), 669-72, 687-9
60. Ibid., 670.
61. Krafft-Ebing, 'Über gewisse formale Störungen des Vorstellens und ihren Einfluß auf die Selbstbestimmungsfähigkeit' (1870) in: Arbeiten aus dem Gesammtgebiet der Psychiatrie und Neuropathologie, IV.Heft (1899), 24-41, 33.
62. Krafft-Ebing, 'Über Geistesstörung durch Zwangsvorstellungen', Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, XXXV (1878), 303-28, 304.
63. Ibid.
64. 3, 523.
65. Ibid.
66. 'Über Geistesstörung', 304.
67. 8, 1887f.
68. 8, 1887f.
69. 8, 1887f.
70. 8, 1887f.
71. 8, 1887f.
72. 8, 1887f.
73. On this point, see Berrios, 'Obsessional disorders', 171f.; Berrios, 'Obsessive-compulsive disorder', 288.
74. On this point, see Berrios, 'Obsessional disorders', 171f.; Berrios, 'Obsessive-compulsive disorder', 288.
75. 'Obsessional disorders', 171.
76. Freud, 'Draft H', Complete Letters, 107.
77. Westphal, op. cit., 689.
78. 5, 497; Nervosität und neurasthenische Zustände (Vienna: Alfred Holder, 1895), 81f.
79. 5, 497; Nervosität und neurasthenische Zustände (Vienna: Alfred Holder, 1895), 81f.
80. Freud, 'Draft B', Complete Letters, 40.
81. Krafit-Ebing, 'Über gewisse formale Störungen', 32.
82. Krafft-Ebing, 'Über Geistesstörung'.
83. See World Health Organization, Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, Chapter V (F), (World Health Organization, 1991).
84. Westphal, op. cit., 669.
85. Ibid., 688.
86. Löwenfeld, Zwangserscheinungen, 477ff.
87. 5, 495ff.; Theodor Ziehen, 'Zwangsvorstellungen', in: Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), op. cit., Vol. IV, 538-41; Leopold Löwenfeld, 'Neurasthenie'. In: Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds) op. cit., Vol. III, 418-32.
88. 5, 495ff.; Theodor Ziehen, 'Zwangsvorstellungen', in: Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), op. cit., Vol. IV, 538-41; Leopold Löwenfeld, 'Neurasthenie'. In: Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds) op. cit., Vol. III, 418-32.
89. 5, 495ff.; Theodor Ziehen, 'Zwangsvorstellungen', in: Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), op. cit., Vol. IV, 538-41; Leopold Löwenfeld, 'Neurasthenie'. In: Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds) op. cit., Vol. III, 418-32.
90. 5, 495ff.; Theodor Ziehen, 'Zwangsvorstellungen', in: Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds), op. cit., Vol. IV, 538-41; Leopold Löwenfeld, 'Neurasthenie'. In: Anton Bum and Moritz Schnirer (eds) op. cit., Vol. III, 418-32.
91. 1, 356ff.
92. 4, 502.
93. Freud, 'Obsessions and phobias: their psychical mechanism and their aetiology' (1895), Standard Edition, Vol. III, 74-82, 74; 'Heredity and the aetiology', Vol. III, 146f.
94. Freud, 'Obsessions and phobias: their psychical mechanism and their aetiology' (1895), Standard Edition, Vol. III, 74-82, 74; 'Heredity and the aetiology', Vol. III, 146f.
95. Valentin Magnan, Psychiatrische Vorlesungen. Deutsch von P. J. Moebius (Leipzig: Georg Thieme, 1894).
96. See, for example, Jean-Martin Charcot, Leçons du Mardi à la Salpêtrière, Policliniques. Notes de cours de M.m. Blin, Charcot et H.Colin. Tome II: 1888-89 (Paris: Aux bureaux du progrès médical, 1889).
97. Oppenheim, Lehrbuch, 1894, 698; Thomsen, op. cit., 378; Krafft-Ebing, Neurasthenische Zustände, 81.
98. Oppenheim, Lehrbuch, 1894, 698; Thomsen, op. cit., 378; Krafft-Ebing, Neurasthenische Zustände, 81.
99. Oppenheim, Lehrbuch, 1894, 698; Thomsen, op. cit., 378; Krafft-Ebing, Neurasthenische Zustände, 81.
100. Freud, 'Studies on Hysteria', Standard Edition, Vol. II, 256; report on the discussion of 'Obsessions and phobias'. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 762-3; 'Über Hysterie' [report] (1895), Gesammelte Werke, Nachtragsband, 329.
101. Freud, 'Studies on Hysteria', Standard Edition, Vol. II, 256; report on the discussion of 'Obsessions and phobias'. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 762-3; 'Über Hysterie' [report] (1895), Gesammelte Werke, Nachtragsband, 329.
102. Freud, 'Studies on Hysteria', Standard Edition, Vol. II, 256; report on the discussion of 'Obsessions and phobias'. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 762-3; 'Über Hysterie' [report] (1895), Gesammelte Werke, Nachtragsband, 329.
103. Ewald Hecker, 'Ueber larvirte und abortive Angstzustände bei Neurasthenie', Centralblatt, 16 (1893), 565-72; Sigmund Freud, 'On the grounds', 96.
104. Ewald Hecker, 'Ueber larvirte und abortive Angstzustände bei Neurasthenie', Centralblatt, 16 (1893), 565-72; Sigmund Freud, 'On the grounds', 96.
105. Westphal, op. cit., 688.
106. See Ulrike May-Tolzmann, 'Die Verwandlung der Neurose um 1900'. Zeitschrift für psychoanalytische Therapie, XV (1993), 39-55; Ulrike May-Tolzmann, Freuds frühe klinische Theorie. (1894-1896) (Tübingen: edition diskord, 1996).
107. See Ulrike May-Tolzmann, 'Die Verwandlung der Neurose um 1900'. Zeitschrift für psychoanalytische Therapie, XV (1993), 39-55; Ulrike May-Tolzmann, Freuds frühe klinische Theorie. (1894-1896) (Tübingen: edition diskord, 1996).
108. This is not the case with the terms 'Irresein' (insanity), 'Geisteskrankheit' (mental illness) or 'Geistesstörung' (mental disturbance).
109. Herman Nunberg and Ernst Federn (eds), Minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, Vol. I, 1906-1908. Trans. M. Nunberg (New York: International Universities Press Inc., 1962), 71. The editors of the Minutes mistakenly comment that the word 'psychosis' must be an error on the part of the recorder. However, Kahane was in fact using the term in the sense of the old, pre-modern conception of neurosis and psychosis.
110. 3, 167). On the complex history of the concept of neurosis, see: José M. Lopez Piñero, Historical Origins of the Concept of Neuroses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Berrios, 'Obsessional disorders'; Berrios, 'Historical background to abnormal psychology', in: E. Miller, P. J. Cooper (eds), Adult Abnormal Psychology (London: Churchill, 1988), 26-51, 39.
111. 3, 167). On the complex history of the concept of neurosis, see: José M. Lopez Piñero, Historical Origins of the Concept of Neuroses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Berrios, 'Obsessional disorders'; Berrios, 'Historical background to abnormal psychology', in: E. Miller, P. J. Cooper (eds), Adult Abnormal Psychology (London: Churchill, 1988), 26-51, 39.
112. 3, 167). On the complex history of the concept of neurosis, see: José M. Lopez Piñero, Historical Origins of the Concept of Neuroses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Berrios, 'Obsessional disorders'; Berrios, 'Historical background to abnormal psychology', in: E. Miller, P. J. Cooper (eds), Adult Abnormal Psychology (London: Churchill, 1988), 26-51, 39.
113. 3, 167). On the complex history of the concept of neurosis, see: José M. Lopez Piñero, Historical Origins of the Concept of Neuroses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Berrios, 'Obsessional disorders'; Berrios, 'Historical background to abnormal psychology', in: E. Miller, P. J. Cooper (eds), Adult Abnormal Psychology (London: Churchill, 1988), 26-51, 39.
114. Warda, 'Zur Geschichte', 261.
115. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, 65; see also ibid., 88.
116. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, 65; see also ibid., 88.
117. Löwenfeld, Zwangserscheinungen, 487.
118. See German E. Berrios, 'Historical aspects of psychoses: 19th century issues', British Medical Bulletin, xliii (1987), 484-98; German E. Berrios and R. Hauser, 'The early development of Kraepelin's ideas on classification: a conceptual history', Psychological Medicine, xviii (1988), 813-21.
119. See German E. Berrios, 'Historical aspects of psychoses: 19th century issues', British Medical Bulletin, xliii (1987), 484-98; German E. Berrios and R. Hauser, 'The early development of Kraepelin's ideas on classification: a conceptual history', Psychological Medicine, xviii (1988), 813-21.
120. Krafft-Ebing, 'Über Zwangsvorstellungen' (1883); this may be the point at which the term 'neuropsychosis' was introduced into psychiatric terminology. See Ulrike May-Tolzmann, 'Die Verwandlung', op. cit.
121. Krafft-Ebing, 'Über Zwangsvorstellungen' (1883); this may be the point at which the term 'neuropsychosis' was introduced into psychiatric terminology. See Ulrike May-Tolzmann, 'Die Verwandlung', op. cit.
122. 2, 3) and distinguished them from psychic disturbances in an afflicted, 'invalid' brain.
123. 2, 3) and distinguished them from psychic disturbances in an afflicted, 'invalid' brain.
124. Sigmund Freud, 'Sexuality in the aetiology of the neuroses' (1898), Standard Edition, Vol. III, 263-85, 267.
125. Ibid., 279.
126. See, for example, 'Heredity and the aetiology', 167; 'My views on the part played by sexuality in the aetiology of the neuroses' (1906), Standard Edition, Vol. VII, 272-9, 272; '"Civilized" sexual morality and modern nervous illness' (1908), Standard Edition, Vol. IX, 181-204, 185.
127. See, for example, 'Heredity and the aetiology', 167; 'My views on the part played by sexuality in the aetiology of the neuroses' (1906), Standard Edition, Vol. VII, 272-9, 272; '"Civilized" sexual morality and modern nervous illness' (1908), Standard Edition, Vol. IX, 181-204, 185.
128. See, for example, 'Heredity and the aetiology', 167; 'My views on the part played by sexuality in the aetiology of the neuroses' (1906), Standard Edition, Vol. VII, 272-9, 272; '"Civilized" sexual morality and modern nervous illness' (1908), Standard Edition, Vol. IX, 181-204, 185.
129. See, for example, 'The neuro-psychoses of defence' (1894), Standard Edition, Vol. III, 45-61, 45, 58.
130. See, for example, Edward Shorter, 'Private clinics in Central Europe: 1850-1933'. The Society for the Social History of Medicine, iii (1990), 159-95; Michael Schröter, Die Geburt der Psychoanalyse aus der nervenärztlichen Praxis. I. Das Aufkommen des niedergelassenen Nervenarztes. II. Die institutionelle Entwicklung der Neurologie als Universitätsfach. Unpublished manuscript, 1993.
131. See, for example, Edward Shorter, 'Private clinics in Central Europe: 1850-1933'. The Society for the Social History of Medicine, iii (1990), 159-95; Michael Schröter, Die Geburt der Psychoanalyse aus der nervenärztlichen Praxis. I. Das Aufkommen des niedergelassenen Nervenarztes. II. Die institutionelle Entwicklung der Neurologie als Universitätsfach. Unpublished manuscript, 1993.
132. See Westphal, op.cit., 669; Wilhelm Griesinger, 'Ueber einen wenig bekannten psychopathischen Zustand', Archiv für Psychiatrie, i (1868), 626-35, 626; Krafift-Ebing, 'Über Zwangsvorstellungen'.
133. See Westphal, op.cit., 669; Wilhelm Griesinger, 'Ueber einen wenig bekannten psychopathischen Zustand', Archiv für Psychiatrie, i (1868), 626-35, 626; Krafift-Ebing, 'Über Zwangsvorstellungen'.
134. See Westphal, op.cit., 669; Wilhelm Griesinger, 'Ueber einen wenig bekannten psychopathischen Zustand', Archiv für Psychiatrie, i (1868), 626-35, 626; Krafift-Ebing, 'Über Zwangsvorstellungen'.
135. Krafift-Ebing, 'Über Geistesstörung', 307.
136. 4, 13). This meant that psychic symptoms (of different degrees of severity) resulted from somatic ('neurotic') dysfunctions. The English equivalents of Krafft-Ebing's diagnostic terms ('Aus konstitutionellen Neurosen entstandene Geisteskrankheiten', 'Geistesstörung durch Zwangsvorstellungen') are taken from Text-Book of Insanity Based on Clinical Observations For Practitioners and Students of Medicine, by Dr Richard von Krafift-Ebing. Trans. Charles Gilbert Craddock (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co., 1904).
137. 4, 13). This meant that psychic symptoms (of different degrees of severity) resulted from somatic ('neurotic') dysfunctions. The English equivalents of Krafft-Ebing's diagnostic terms ('Aus konstitutionellen Neurosen entstandene Geisteskrankheiten', 'Geistesstörung durch Zwangsvorstellungen') are taken from Text-Book of Insanity Based on Clinical Observations For Practitioners and Students of Medicine, by Dr Richard von Krafift-Ebing. Trans. Charles Gilbert Craddock (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co., 1904).
138. Wagner, Rezension von Krafft-Ebing: Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie, 3rd edition, Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, i (1888), 648-9.
139. 3, 523.
140. Freud, 'A case of successful treatment by hypnosis with some remarks on the origin of hysterical symptoms through "counter-will"' (1892-93), Standard Edition, Vol. I, 115-28; Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, 'On the psychical mechanism of hysterical phenomena: preliminary communication' (1893), Standard Edition, Vol. II, 3-17.
141. Freud, 'A case of successful treatment by hypnosis with some remarks on the origin of hysterical symptoms through "counter-will"' (1892-93), Standard Edition, Vol. I, 115-28; Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, 'On the psychical mechanism of hysterical phenomena: preliminary communication' (1893), Standard Edition, Vol. II, 3-17.
142. Freud, 'Studies on hysteria', 257.
143. Note that Freud uses Kraflt-Ebing's term 'neuro-psychosis' in his title.
144. 'Substitution' was used for the first time in 'Obsessions and phobias' (Standard Edition, Vol. III, 75).
145. See 'The neuro-psychoses', 59.
146. The series ends with 'The aetiology of hysteria' (1896), Standard Edition, Vol. III, 191-221 and 'Sexuality and the ætiology of the neuroses' (1898), Standard Edition, Vol. III, 263-85. Freud's theory at that time is discussed in detail in May-Tolzmann, Freuds frühe klinische Theorie. 82. On this point, see in particular Kenneth Levin, Freud's Early Psychology of the Neuroses (Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978).
147. The series ends with 'The aetiology of hysteria' (1896), Standard Edition, Vol. III, 191-221 and 'Sexuality and the ætiology of the neuroses' (1898), Standard Edition, Vol. III, 263-85. Freud's theory at that time is discussed in detail in May-Tolzmann, Freuds frühe klinische Theorie. 82. On this point, see in particular Kenneth Levin, Freud's Early Psychology of the Neuroses (Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978).
148. The series ends with 'The aetiology of hysteria' (1896), Standard Edition, Vol. III, 191-221 and 'Sexuality and the ætiology of the neuroses' (1898), Standard Edition, Vol. III, 263-85. Freud's theory at that time is discussed in detail in May-Tolzmann, Freuds frühe klinische Theorie. 82. On this point, see in particular Kenneth Levin, Freud's Early Psychology of the Neuroses (Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978).
149. The series ends with 'The aetiology of hysteria' (1896), Standard Edition, Vol. III, 191-221 and 'Sexuality and the ætiology of the neuroses' (1898), Standard Edition, Vol. III, 263-85. Freud's theory at that time is discussed in detail in May-Tolzmann, Freuds frühe klinische Theorie. 82. On this point, see in particular Kenneth Levin, Freud's Early Psychology of the Neuroses (Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978).
150. 'The neuropsychoses of defence', 58. The quotation is an example of the unsystematic use of 'neurosis' mentioned above. A year later, Freud also contemplated nosological detachment of 'neuroses of an intermittent or periodical nature' from neurasthenia ('On the grounds', 90).
151. Warda, 'Zur Geschichte', 282.
152. Esther Fischer-Homberger, 'Charcot und die Ätiologie der Neurosen', Gesnerus, xviii (1971), 35-46.
153. See the plans for the so-called neurasthenia project: 'Draft A' and 'Draft B', Complete Letters, 37-9, 39-44. Cf. Michael Schröter, 'Freud und Fließ im wissenschaftlichen Gespräch. Das Neurasthenieprojekt von 1893', Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, xxii (1988), 141-83.
154. See the plans for the so-called neurasthenia project: 'Draft A' and 'Draft B', Complete Letters, 37-9, 39-44. Cf. Michael Schröter, 'Freud und Fließ im wissenschaftlichen Gespräch. Das Neurasthenieprojekt von 1893', Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, xxii (1988), 141-83.
155. 'Obsessions and phobias' appeared in French in January 1895; a German translation by Arthur Schiff, revised by Freud himself, followed shortly afterwards, with the title: 'Zwangsvorstellungen und Phobien. Ihr psychischer Mechanismus und ihre Aetiologie' [Obsessions and phobias. Their psychical mechanism and their ætiology], Wiener klinische Rundschau, ix (1895), 276-8. Michael Schröter has republished this version in Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, xxxvii (1996), 196-205.
156. 'Obsessions and phobias' appeared in French in January 1895; a German translation by Arthur Schiff, revised by Freud himself, followed shortly afterwards, with the title: 'Zwangsvorstellungen und Phobien. Ihr psychischer Mechanismus und ihre Aetiologie' [Obsessions and phobias. Their psychical mechanism and their ætiology], Wiener klinische Rundschau, ix (1895), 276-8. Michael Schröter has republished this version in Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, xxxvii (1996), 196-205.
157. 'Obsessions and phobias', 74.
158. Ibid. Similarly in 'Abstracts of the scientific writings of Dr Sigm Freud' (1897): 'Obsessions und phobias are to be distinguished from neurasthenia as independent neurotic affections' (Standard Edition, Vol. III, 227-57, 250).
159. Ibid. Similarly in 'Abstracts of the scientific writings of Dr Sigm Freud' (1897): 'Obsessions und phobias are to be distinguished from neurasthenia as independent neurotic affections' (Standard Edition, Vol. III, 227-57, 250).
160. Author's summaries of the lecture were reproduced in the Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 496, and in the Neurologisches Zentralblatt, xiv (1895), 699-70. Like the report on the discussion of the lecture contained in Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 762-3, they have not yet been translated into English. The new edition of an author's summary and extracts from the discussion can be found in Gesammelte Werke, Nachtragsband (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1987), 352-9. On Freud's lecture and the discussion, see also Michael Schröter, 'Der historische Kontext von Freuds Zwangsvorstellungen und Phobien. Einleitende Bemerkungen zum Neu-Abdruck', Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, xxxvii (1996), 177-95. The tense relationship between Freud and Krafft-Ebing is described in Michael Schröter and Ludger Hermanns, 'Nacht̀räge zu "Felix Gattel: Der erste Freud-Schüler"'. Luzifer-Amor, vii (1994), 17-29.
161. Author's summaries of the lecture were reproduced in the Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 496, and in the Neurologisches Zentralblatt, xiv (1895), 699-70. Like the report on the discussion of the lecture contained in Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 762-3, they have not yet been translated into English. The new edition of an author's summary and extracts from the discussion can be found in Gesammelte Werke, Nachtragsband (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1987), 352-9. On Freud's lecture and the discussion, see also Michael Schröter, 'Der historische Kontext von Freuds Zwangsvorstellungen und Phobien. Einleitende Bemerkungen zum Neu-Abdruck', Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, xxxvii (1996), 177-95. The tense relationship between Freud and Krafft-Ebing is described in Michael Schröter and Ludger Hermanns, 'Nacht̀räge zu "Felix Gattel: Der erste Freud-Schüler"'. Luzifer-Amor, vii (1994), 17-29.
162. Author's summaries of the lecture were reproduced in the Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 496, and in the Neurologisches Zentralblatt, xiv (1895), 699-70. Like the report on the discussion of the lecture contained in Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 762-3, they have not yet been translated into English. The new edition of an author's summary and extracts from the discussion can be found in Gesammelte Werke, Nachtragsband (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1987), 352-9. On Freud's lecture and the discussion, see also Michael Schröter, 'Der historische Kontext von Freuds Zwangsvorstellungen und Phobien. Einleitende Bemerkungen zum Neu-Abdruck', Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, xxxvii (1996), 177-95. The tense relationship between Freud and Krafft-Ebing is described in Michael Schröter and Ludger Hermanns, 'Nacht̀räge zu "Felix Gattel: Der erste Freud-Schüler"'. Luzifer-Amor, vii (1994), 17-29.
163. Author's summaries of the lecture were reproduced in the Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 496, and in the Neurologisches Zentralblatt, xiv (1895), 699-70. Like the report on the discussion of the lecture contained in Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 762-3, they have not yet been translated into English. The new edition of an author's summary and extracts from the discussion can be found in Gesammelte Werke, Nachtragsband (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1987), 352-9. On Freud's lecture and the discussion, see also Michael Schröter, 'Der historische Kontext von Freuds Zwangsvorstellungen und Phobien. Einleitende Bemerkungen zum Neu-Abdruck', Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, xxxvii (1996), 177-95. The tense relationship between Freud and Krafft-Ebing is described in Michael Schröter and Ludger Hermanns, 'Nacht̀räge zu "Felix Gattel: Der erste Freud-Schüler"'. Luzifer-Amor, vii (1994), 17-29.
164. Author's summaries of the lecture were reproduced in the Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 496, and in the Neurologisches Zentralblatt, xiv (1895), 699-70. Like the report on the discussion of the lecture contained in Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 762-3, they have not yet been translated into English. The new edition of an author's summary and extracts from the discussion can be found in Gesammelte Werke, Nachtragsband (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1987), 352-9. On Freud's lecture and the discussion, see also Michael Schröter, 'Der historische Kontext von Freuds Zwangsvorstellungen und Phobien. Einleitende Bemerkungen zum Neu-Abdruck', Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, xxxvii (1996), 177-95. The tense relationship between Freud and Krafft-Ebing is described in Michael Schröter and Ludger Hermanns, 'Nacht̀räge zu "Felix Gattel: Der erste Freud-Schüler"'. Luzifer-Amor, vii (1994), 17-29.
165. Author's summaries of the lecture were reproduced in the Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 496, and in the Neurologisches Zentralblatt, xiv (1895), 699-70. Like the report on the discussion of the lecture contained in Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, viii (1895), 762-3, they have not yet been translated into English. The new edition of an author's summary and extracts from the discussion can be found in Gesammelte Werke, Nachtragsband (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1987), 352-9. On Freud's lecture and the discussion, see also Michael Schröter, 'Der historische Kontext von Freuds Zwangsvorstellungen und Phobien. Einleitende Bemerkungen zum Neu-Abdruck', Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, xxxvii (1996), 177-95. The tense relationship between Freud and Krafft-Ebing is described in Michael Schröter and Ludger Hermanns, 'Nacht̀räge zu "Felix Gattel: Der erste Freud-Schüler"'. Luzifer-Amor, vii (1994), 17-29.
166. Wiener klinische Rundschau, ix (1895), 75.
167. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 762-3, 762. All subsequent quotations are taken from this source.