Metagons in Killer Paramecia: Problems of Reproducibility and Alternative Hypotheses

Journal of the History of Biology

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 425-446

  Hall, Nancy S ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RNA;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; HISTORY; INVERTEBRATE; LABORATORY; MICROBIAL GENETICS; MICROBIOLOGY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PARAMECIUM; REPRODUCTION; RESEARCH; TECHNIQUE;

ANIMALS; GENETICS, MICROBIAL; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; INVERTEBRATES; LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE; METHODS; MICROBIOLOGY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PARAMECIUM; REPRODUCTION; RESEARCH; RNA;

EID: 0032151431     PISSN: 00225010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1004345725810     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. 2 in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540, Control Growth of the Mate-killer (Mu) Particles," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 24-47. E. C. R. Reeve, "Appendix: Mathematical Studies of Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 47-50. Artur Jurand, Ian Gibson, and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease on Living Paramecia," Exp. Cell Res., 26 (1962), 598-600. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: The Metagon Division Hypothesis," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 328-330. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine on Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 42-54. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: Further Mathematical Models for Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 158-161. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Infection into Paramecia of Metagons Derived from Other Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 5 (1964), 85-106. Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles in Paramecium," in Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer, ed. P. Emmelot and O. Muhlbock (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 8-18, 49-51. Tracy M. Sonneborn, Ian Gibson, and M. V. Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Science, 144 (1964), 567-568. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an mRNA in Paramecium and a Virus in Dinidium?" Proc. NAS, 52 (1964), 869-876. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Genetics, 50 (1964), 249-250. Ian Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts of Paramecium aurelia Containing Metagons," Proc. Royal Soc., ser. B, 161 (1965), 538-549. Ian Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles from Paramecium in Another Cell - Dinidium," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 398-410.
2. 2 in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540, Control Growth of the Mate-killer (Mu) Particles," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 24-47. E. C. R. Reeve, "Appendix: Mathematical Studies of Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 47-50. Artur Jurand, Ian Gibson, and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease on Living Paramecia," Exp. Cell Res., 26 (1962), 598-600. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: The Metagon Division Hypothesis," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 328-330. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine on Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 42-54. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: Further Mathematical Models for Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 158-161. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Infection into Paramecia of Metagons Derived from Other Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 5 (1964), 85-106. Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles in Paramecium," in Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer, ed. P. Emmelot and O. Muhlbock (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 8-18, 49-51. Tracy M. Sonneborn, Ian Gibson, and M. V. Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Science, 144 (1964), 567-568. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an mRNA in Paramecium and a Virus in Dinidium?" Proc. NAS, 52 (1964), 869-876. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Genetics, 50 (1964), 249-250. Ian Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts of Paramecium aurelia Containing Metagons," Proc. Royal Soc., ser. B, 161 (1965), 538-549. Ian Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles from Paramecium in Another Cell - Dinidium," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 398-410.
3. 2 in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540, Control Growth of the Mate-killer (Mu) Particles," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 24-47. E. C. R. Reeve, "Appendix: Mathematical Studies of Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 47-50. Artur Jurand, Ian Gibson, and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease on Living Paramecia," Exp. Cell Res., 26 (1962), 598-600. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: The Metagon Division Hypothesis," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 328-330. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine on Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 42-54. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: Further Mathematical Models for Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 158-161. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Infection into Paramecia of Metagons Derived from Other Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 5 (1964), 85-106. Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles in Paramecium," in Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer, ed. P. Emmelot and O. Muhlbock (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 8-18, 49-51. Tracy M. Sonneborn, Ian Gibson, and M. V. Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Science, 144 (1964), 567-568. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an mRNA in Paramecium and a Virus in Dinidium?" Proc. NAS, 52 (1964), 869-876. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Genetics, 50 (1964), 249-250. Ian Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts of Paramecium aurelia Containing Metagons," Proc. Royal Soc., ser. B, 161 (1965), 538-549. Ian Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles from Paramecium in Another Cell - Dinidium," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 398-410.
4. 2 in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540, Control Growth of the Mate-killer (Mu) Particles," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 24-47. E. C. R. Reeve, "Appendix: Mathematical Studies of Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 47-50. Artur Jurand, Ian Gibson, and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease on Living Paramecia," Exp. Cell Res., 26 (1962), 598-600. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: The Metagon Division Hypothesis," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 328-330. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine on Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 42-54. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: Further Mathematical Models for Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 158-161. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Infection into Paramecia of Metagons Derived from Other Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 5 (1964), 85-106. Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles in Paramecium," in Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer, ed. P. Emmelot and O. Muhlbock (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 8-18, 49-51. Tracy M. Sonneborn, Ian Gibson, and M. V. Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Science, 144 (1964), 567-568. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an mRNA in Paramecium and a Virus in Dinidium?" Proc. NAS, 52 (1964), 869-876. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Genetics, 50 (1964), 249-250. Ian Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts of Paramecium aurelia Containing Metagons," Proc. Royal Soc., ser. B, 161 (1965), 538-549. Ian Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles from Paramecium in Another Cell - Dinidium," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 398-410.
5. 2 in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540, Control Growth of the Mate-killer (Mu) Particles," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 24-47. E. C. R. Reeve, "Appendix: Mathematical Studies of Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 47-50. Artur Jurand, Ian Gibson, and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease on Living Paramecia," Exp. Cell Res., 26 (1962), 598-600. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: The Metagon Division Hypothesis," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 328-330. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine on Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 42-54. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: Further Mathematical Models for Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 158-161. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Infection into Paramecia of Metagons Derived from Other Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 5 (1964), 85-106. Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles in Paramecium," in Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer, ed. P. Emmelot and O. Muhlbock (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 8-18, 49-51. Tracy M. Sonneborn, Ian Gibson, and M. V. Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Science, 144 (1964), 567-568. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an mRNA in Paramecium and a Virus in Dinidium?" Proc. NAS, 52 (1964), 869-876. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Genetics, 50 (1964), 249-250. Ian Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts of Paramecium aurelia Containing Metagons," Proc. Royal Soc., ser. B, 161 (1965), 538-549. Ian Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles from Paramecium in Another Cell - Dinidium," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 398-410.
6. 2 in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540, Control Growth of the Mate-killer (Mu) Particles," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 24-47. E. C. R. Reeve, "Appendix: Mathematical Studies of Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 47-50. Artur Jurand, Ian Gibson, and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease on Living Paramecia," Exp. Cell Res., 26 (1962), 598-600. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: The Metagon Division Hypothesis," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 328-330. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine on Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 42-54. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: Further Mathematical Models for Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 158-161. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Infection into Paramecia of Metagons Derived from Other Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 5 (1964), 85-106. Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles in Paramecium," in Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer, ed. P. Emmelot and O. Muhlbock (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 8-18, 49-51. Tracy M. Sonneborn, Ian Gibson, and M. V. Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Science, 144 (1964), 567-568. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an mRNA in Paramecium and a Virus in Dinidium?" Proc. NAS, 52 (1964), 869-876. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Genetics, 50 (1964), 249-250. Ian Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts of Paramecium aurelia Containing Metagons," Proc. Royal Soc., ser. B, 161 (1965), 538-549. Ian Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles from Paramecium in Another Cell - Dinidium," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 398-410.
7. 2 in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540, Control Growth of the Mate-killer (Mu) Particles," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 24-47. E. C. R. Reeve, "Appendix: Mathematical Studies of Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 47-50. Artur Jurand, Ian Gibson, and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease on Living Paramecia," Exp. Cell Res., 26 (1962), 598-600. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: The Metagon Division Hypothesis," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 328-330. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine on Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 42-54. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: Further Mathematical Models for Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 158-161. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Infection into Paramecia of Metagons Derived from Other Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 5 (1964), 85-106. Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles in Paramecium," in Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer, ed. P. Emmelot and O. Muhlbock (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 8-18, 49-51. Tracy M. Sonneborn, Ian Gibson, and M. V. Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Science, 144 (1964), 567-568. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an mRNA in Paramecium and a Virus in Dinidium?" Proc. NAS, 52 (1964), 869-876. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Genetics, 50 (1964), 249-250. Ian Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts of Paramecium aurelia Containing Metagons," Proc. Royal Soc., ser. B, 161 (1965), 538-549. Ian Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles from Paramecium in Another Cell - Dinidium," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 398-410.
8. 2 in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540, Control Growth of the Mate-killer (Mu) Particles," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 24-47. E. C. R. Reeve, "Appendix: Mathematical Studies of Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 47-50. Artur Jurand, Ian Gibson, and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease on Living Paramecia," Exp. Cell Res., 26 (1962), 598-600. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: The Metagon Division Hypothesis," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 328-330. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine on Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 42-54. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: Further Mathematical Models for Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 158-161. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Infection into Paramecia of Metagons Derived from Other Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 5 (1964), 85-106. Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles in Paramecium," in Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer, ed. P. Emmelot and O. Muhlbock (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 8-18, 49-51. Tracy M. Sonneborn, Ian Gibson, and M. V. Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Science, 144 (1964), 567-568. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an mRNA in Paramecium and a Virus in Dinidium?" Proc. NAS, 52 (1964), 869-876. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Genetics, 50 (1964), 249-250. Ian Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts of Paramecium aurelia Containing Metagons," Proc. Royal Soc., ser. B, 161 (1965), 538-549. Ian Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles from Paramecium in Another Cell - Dinidium," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 398-410.
9. 2 in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540, Control Growth of the Mate-killer (Mu) Particles," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 24-47. E. C. R. Reeve, "Appendix: Mathematical Studies of Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 47-50. Artur Jurand, Ian Gibson, and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease on Living Paramecia," Exp. Cell Res., 26 (1962), 598-600. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: The Metagon Division Hypothesis," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 328-330. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine on Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 42-54. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: Further Mathematical Models for Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 158-161. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Infection into Paramecia of Metagons Derived from Other Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 5 (1964), 85-106. Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles in Paramecium," in Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer, ed. P. Emmelot and O. Muhlbock (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 8-18, 49-51. Tracy M. Sonneborn, Ian Gibson, and M. V. Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Science, 144 (1964), 567-568. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an mRNA in Paramecium and a Virus in Dinidium?" Proc. NAS, 52 (1964), 869-876. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Genetics, 50 (1964), 249-250. Ian Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts of Paramecium aurelia Containing Metagons," Proc. Royal Soc., ser. B, 161 (1965), 538-549. Ian Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles from Paramecium in Another Cell - Dinidium," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 398-410.
10. 2 in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540, Control Growth of the Mate-killer (Mu) Particles," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 24-47. E. C. R. Reeve, "Appendix: Mathematical Studies of Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 47-50. Artur Jurand, Ian Gibson, and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease on Living Paramecia," Exp. Cell Res., 26 (1962), 598-600. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: The Metagon Division Hypothesis," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 328-330. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine on Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 42-54. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: Further Mathematical Models for Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 158-161. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Infection into Paramecia of Metagons Derived from Other Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 5 (1964), 85-106. Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles in Paramecium," in Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer, ed. P. Emmelot and O. Muhlbock (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 8-18, 49-51. Tracy M. Sonneborn, Ian Gibson, and M. V. Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Science, 144 (1964), 567-568. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an mRNA in Paramecium and a Virus in Dinidium?" Proc. NAS, 52 (1964), 869-876. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Genetics, 50 (1964), 249-250. Ian Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts of Paramecium aurelia Containing Metagons," Proc. Royal Soc., ser. B, 161 (1965), 538-549. Ian Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles from Paramecium in Another Cell - Dinidium," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 398-410.
11. 2 in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540, Control Growth of the Mate-killer (Mu) Particles," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 24-47. E. C. R. Reeve, "Appendix: Mathematical Studies of Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 47-50. Artur Jurand, Ian Gibson, and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease on Living Paramecia," Exp. Cell Res., 26 (1962), 598-600. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: The Metagon Division Hypothesis," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 328-330. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine on Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 42-54. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: Further Mathematical Models for Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 158-161. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Infection into Paramecia of Metagons Derived from Other Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 5 (1964), 85-106. Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles in Paramecium," in Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer, ed. P. Emmelot and O. Muhlbock (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 8-18, 49-51. Tracy M. Sonneborn, Ian Gibson, and M. V. Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Science, 144 (1964), 567-568. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an mRNA in Paramecium and a Virus in Dinidium?" Proc. NAS, 52 (1964), 869-876. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Genetics, 50 (1964), 249-250. Ian Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts of Paramecium aurelia Containing Metagons," Proc. Royal Soc., ser. B, 161 (1965), 538-549. Ian Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles from Paramecium in Another Cell - Dinidium," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 398-410.
12. 2 in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540, Control Growth of the Mate-killer (Mu) Particles," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 24-47. E. C. R. Reeve, "Appendix: Mathematical Studies of Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 47-50. Artur Jurand, Ian Gibson, and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease on Living Paramecia," Exp. Cell Res., 26 (1962), 598-600. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: The Metagon Division Hypothesis," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 328-330. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine on Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 42-54. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: Further Mathematical Models for Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 158-161. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Infection into Paramecia of Metagons Derived from Other Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 5 (1964), 85-106. Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles in Paramecium," in Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer, ed. P. Emmelot and O. Muhlbock (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 8-18, 49-51. Tracy M. Sonneborn, Ian Gibson, and M. V. Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Science, 144 (1964), 567-568. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an mRNA in Paramecium and a Virus in Dinidium?" Proc. NAS, 52 (1964), 869-876. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Genetics, 50 (1964), 249-250. Ian Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts of Paramecium aurelia Containing Metagons," Proc. Royal Soc., ser. B, 161 (1965), 538-549. Ian Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles from Paramecium in Another Cell - Dinidium," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 398-410.
13. 2 in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540, Control Growth of the Mate-killer (Mu) Particles," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 24-47. E. C. R. Reeve, "Appendix: Mathematical Studies of Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 47-50. Artur Jurand, Ian Gibson, and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease on Living Paramecia," Exp. Cell Res., 26 (1962), 598-600. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: The Metagon Division Hypothesis," Genet. Res., 3 (1962), 328-330. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine on Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 42-54. E. C. R. Reeve and G. J. S. Ross, "Mate-killer (Mu) Particles in Paramecium aurelia: Further Mathematical Models for Metagon Distribution," Genet. Res., 4 (1963), 158-161. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Infection into Paramecia of Metagons Derived from Other Mate-killer Paramecia," Genet. Res., 5 (1964), 85-106. Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles in Paramecium," in Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer, ed. P. Emmelot and O. Muhlbock (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), pp. 8-18, 49-51. Tracy M. Sonneborn, Ian Gibson, and M. V. Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Science, 144 (1964), 567-568. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an mRNA in Paramecium and a Virus in Dinidium?" Proc. NAS, 52 (1964), 869-876. Ian Gibson and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium," Genetics, 50 (1964), 249-250. Ian Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts of Paramecium aurelia Containing Metagons," Proc. Royal Soc., ser. B, 161 (1965), 538-549. Ian Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles from Paramecium in Another Cell - Dinidium," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 398-410.
14. Papers describing difficulties with the theory: Tracy M. Sonneborn, "The Metagon: RNA and Cytoplasmic Inheritance," Amer. Nat., 99 (1965), 279-307. K. K. Yeung, "Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Cells Recently Deprived of Gene K (Stock 51, Syngen 4) of Paramecium aurelia," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 411-418. Dorothea J. Widmayer, "Search for Metagon Activity for Kappa's Maintenance in Stock 51m43 of Paramecium aurelia" Amer. Zool., 6 (1966), 589. Geoffrey H. Beale and Sheila McPhail. "Some Additional Results on the Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Paramecium aurelia (Stock 51) After Loss of the Gene K," Genet. Res., 9 (1967), 369-373. Barbara J. McManamy and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Metagons for Kappa?" Science, 158 (1967), 532. Barbara J. Byrne, "Kappa, Mu and the Metagon Hypothesis in Paramecium aurelia" Genet. Res., 13 (1969), 197-211. Barbara J. Byrne, "Studies on the Genic Control of Kappa and Mu in Paramecium aurelia, Including a Reinvestigation of Metagon Phenomena" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1969).
15. Papers describing difficulties with the theory: Tracy M. Sonneborn, "The Metagon: RNA and Cytoplasmic Inheritance," Amer. Nat., 99 (1965), 279-307. K. K. Yeung, "Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Cells Recently Deprived of Gene K (Stock 51, Syngen 4) of Paramecium aurelia," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 411-418. Dorothea J. Widmayer, "Search for Metagon Activity for Kappa's Maintenance in Stock 51m43 of Paramecium aurelia" Amer. Zool., 6 (1966), 589. Geoffrey H. Beale and Sheila McPhail. "Some Additional Results on the Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Paramecium aurelia (Stock 51) After Loss of the Gene K," Genet. Res., 9 (1967), 369-373. Barbara J. McManamy and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Metagons for Kappa?" Science, 158 (1967), 532. Barbara J. Byrne, "Kappa, Mu and the Metagon Hypothesis in Paramecium aurelia" Genet. Res., 13 (1969), 197-211. Barbara J. Byrne, "Studies on the Genic Control of Kappa and Mu in Paramecium aurelia, Including a Reinvestigation of Metagon Phenomena" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1969).
16. Papers describing difficulties with the theory: Tracy M. Sonneborn, "The Metagon: RNA and Cytoplasmic Inheritance," Amer. Nat., 99 (1965), 279-307. K. K. Yeung, "Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Cells Recently Deprived of Gene K (Stock 51, Syngen 4) of Paramecium aurelia," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 411-418. Dorothea J. Widmayer, "Search for Metagon Activity for Kappa's Maintenance in Stock 51m43 of Paramecium aurelia" Amer. Zool., 6 (1966), 589. Geoffrey H. Beale and Sheila McPhail. "Some Additional Results on the Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Paramecium aurelia (Stock 51) After Loss of the Gene K," Genet. Res., 9 (1967), 369-373. Barbara J. McManamy and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Metagons for Kappa?" Science, 158 (1967), 532. Barbara J. Byrne, "Kappa, Mu and the Metagon Hypothesis in Paramecium aurelia" Genet. Res., 13 (1969), 197-211. Barbara J. Byrne, "Studies on the Genic Control of Kappa and Mu in Paramecium aurelia, Including a Reinvestigation of Metagon Phenomena" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1969).
17. Papers describing difficulties with the theory: Tracy M. Sonneborn, "The Metagon: RNA and Cytoplasmic Inheritance," Amer. Nat., 99 (1965), 279-307. K. K. Yeung, "Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Cells Recently Deprived of Gene K (Stock 51, Syngen 4) of Paramecium aurelia," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 411-418. Dorothea J. Widmayer, "Search for Metagon Activity for Kappa's Maintenance in Stock 51m43 of Paramecium aurelia" Amer. Zool., 6 (1966), 589. Geoffrey H. Beale and Sheila McPhail. "Some Additional Results on the Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Paramecium aurelia (Stock 51) After Loss of the Gene K," Genet. Res., 9 (1967), 369-373. Barbara J. McManamy and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Metagons for Kappa?" Science, 158 (1967), 532. Barbara J. Byrne, "Kappa, Mu and the Metagon Hypothesis in Paramecium aurelia" Genet. Res., 13 (1969), 197-211. Barbara J. Byrne, "Studies on the Genic Control of Kappa and Mu in Paramecium aurelia, Including a Reinvestigation of Metagon Phenomena" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1969).
18. Papers describing difficulties with the theory: Tracy M. Sonneborn, "The Metagon: RNA and Cytoplasmic Inheritance," Amer. Nat., 99 (1965), 279-307. K. K. Yeung, "Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Cells Recently Deprived of Gene K (Stock 51, Syngen 4) of Paramecium aurelia," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 411-418. Dorothea J. Widmayer, "Search for Metagon Activity for Kappa's Maintenance in Stock 51m43 of Paramecium aurelia" Amer. Zool., 6 (1966), 589. Geoffrey H. Beale and Sheila McPhail. "Some Additional Results on the Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Paramecium aurelia (Stock 51) After Loss of the Gene K," Genet. Res., 9 (1967), 369-373. Barbara J. McManamy and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Metagons for Kappa?" Science, 158 (1967), 532. Barbara J. Byrne, "Kappa, Mu and the Metagon Hypothesis in Paramecium aurelia" Genet. Res., 13 (1969), 197-211. Barbara J. Byrne, "Studies on the Genic Control of Kappa and Mu in Paramecium aurelia, Including a Reinvestigation of Metagon Phenomena" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1969).
19. Papers describing difficulties with the theory: Tracy M. Sonneborn, "The Metagon: RNA and Cytoplasmic Inheritance," Amer. Nat., 99 (1965), 279-307. K. K. Yeung, "Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Cells Recently Deprived of Gene K (Stock 51, Syngen 4) of Paramecium aurelia," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 411-418. Dorothea J. Widmayer, "Search for Metagon Activity for Kappa's Maintenance in Stock 51m43 of Paramecium aurelia" Amer. Zool., 6 (1966), 589. Geoffrey H. Beale and Sheila McPhail. "Some Additional Results on the Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Paramecium aurelia (Stock 51) After Loss of the Gene K," Genet. Res., 9 (1967), 369-373. Barbara J. McManamy and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Metagons for Kappa?" Science, 158 (1967), 532. Barbara J. Byrne, "Kappa, Mu and the Metagon Hypothesis in Paramecium aurelia" Genet. Res., 13 (1969), 197-211. Barbara J. Byrne, "Studies on the Genic Control of Kappa and Mu in Paramecium aurelia, Including a Reinvestigation of Metagon Phenomena" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1969).
20. Papers describing difficulties with the theory: Tracy M. Sonneborn, "The Metagon: RNA and Cytoplasmic Inheritance," Amer. Nat., 99 (1965), 279-307. K. K. Yeung, "Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Cells Recently Deprived of Gene K (Stock 51, Syngen 4) of Paramecium aurelia," Genet. Res., 6 (1965), 411-418. Dorothea J. Widmayer, "Search for Metagon Activity for Kappa's Maintenance in Stock 51m43 of Paramecium aurelia" Amer. Zool., 6 (1966), 589. Geoffrey H. Beale and Sheila McPhail. "Some Additional Results on the Maintenance of Kappa Particles in Paramecium aurelia (Stock 51) After Loss of the Gene K," Genet. Res., 9 (1967), 369-373. Barbara J. McManamy and Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Metagons for Kappa?" Science, 158 (1967), 532. Barbara J. Byrne, "Kappa, Mu and the Metagon Hypothesis in Paramecium aurelia" Genet. Res., 13 (1969), 197-211. Barbara J. Byrne, "Studies on the Genic Control of Kappa and Mu in Paramecium aurelia, Including a Reinvestigation of Metagon Phenomena" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1969).
21. For more detail, see Nancy S. Hall, "Metagons in Killer Paramecia: Problems of Reproducibility and Objectivity" (master's thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 1995).
22. James D. Watson, The Double Helix. Reprinted in The Double Helix, ed. Gunther Stent (New York: Norton, 1980), p. 89.
23. James D. Watson, The Double Helix. Reprinted in The Double Helix, ed. Gunther Stent (New York: Norton, 1980), p. 89.
24. Jan Sapp, Beyond the Gene (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); chap. 4 is devoted to Sonneborn.
25. Sewall Wright, "Genes as Physiological Agents: General Considerations," Amer. Nat., 79 (1945), 289-303.
26. Sonneborn published a number of papers reflecting this. Two of these are T. M. Sonneborn, "Gene and Cytoplasm I," "Gene and Cytoplasm II," Proc. NAS, 29 (1943), 329-343, and T. M. Sonneborn, "The Cytoplasm in Heredity," Heredity, 4 (1950), 11-37.
27. Sonneborn published a number of papers reflecting this. Two of these are T. M. Sonneborn, "Gene and Cytoplasm I," "Gene and Cytoplasm II," Proc. NAS, 29 (1943), 329-343, and T. M. Sonneborn, "The Cytoplasm in Heredity," Heredity, 4 (1950), 11-37.
28. Conjugation is the mating of two paramecia; genetic material is exchanged and the four offspring are genetically identical. Autogamy is an elaborate self-fertilizing method of reproduction; the two progeny will have the same genotype but not necessarily that of the parent.
29. P. K. Chao, "Kappa Concentration Per Cell in Relation to the Life Cycle, Genotype and Mating Type in Paramecium aurelia, Variety 4," Proc. NAS, 39 (1953), 103-113.
30. Ian Gibson and Geoffrey H. Beale, "Genic Basis of the Mate-killer Trait in Paramecium aurelia, Stock 540," Gene. Res., 2 (1961), 82-91.
31. 2 Control Growth" (above, n. 1), p. 25.
32. Ibid., p. 26.
33. Chao, "Kappa Concentration Per Cell" (above, n. 9).
34. 2 Control Growth" (above, n. 1), p. 45.
35. Ibid., p. 27.
36. Ibid. On p. 28 is a graph of the data from Table 1; the captions are "Calculated" and "Observed."
37. Ibid., pp. 31-39, 45.
38. Byrne, "Kappa, Mu and the Metagon Hypothesis" and "Studies on the Genic Control of Kappa and Mu" (above, n. 2).
39. 2 Control Growth" (above, n. 1), p. 26.
40. Ibid., pp. 35-39.
41. Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Methods in the General Biology and Genetics of Paramecium aurelia," J. Exp. Zool., 113 (1950), 87-143.
42. 2 Control Growth" (above, n. 1), p. 25.
43. William C. Wimsatt, "Robustness, Reliability, and Overdetermination," in Scientific Inquiry and the Social Sciences, ed. M. Brewer and B. Collins (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981), p. 125.
44. Gibson and Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine" (above, n. 1).
45. Jean Brachet, The Biological Role of Ribonucleic Acids (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1960), pp. 30-49.
46. Gibson and Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine" (above, n. 1), pp. 44-45.
47. Tracy M. Sonneborn, "Kappa Particles and Their Bearing on Host-Parasite Relations," Perspect. Virol., 2 (1961), 5-12.
48. Gibson and Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine" (above, n. 1), p. 47.
49. Ibid., p. 45.
50. H. Chantrenne, The Biosynthesis of Proteins (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1961), p. 78.
51. Gibson and Beale, "The Action of Ribonuclease and 8-Azaguanine" (above, n. 1), p. 51.
52. Ibid., p. 52.
53. Gibson and Beale, "Infection into Paramecia" (above, n. 1), pp. 104-105.
54. Gibson, "Electrophoresis of Extracts" (above, n. 1).
55. Beale, "Genes and Cytoplasmic Particles" (above, n. 1), p. 14.
56. Gibson and Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an m-RNA in Paramecium?" (above, n. 1), pp. 875-876.
57. Wright, "Genes as Physiological Agents" (above, n. 6).
58. Sonneborn, Gibson, and Schneller, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium" (above, n. 1).
59. Gibson and Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium" (above, n. 1).
60. Gibson, "The Replication of Metagons and Mu Particles" (above, n. 1).
61. Samuel Granick, "Cytoplasmic Units of Inheritance." Amer. Nat., 99 (1965), 198-199.
62. Sonneborn, "The Metagon" (above, n. 2), p. 279.
63. Yeung, "Maintenance of Kappa Particles" (above, n. 2).
64. Sonneborn, "The Metagon" (above, n. 2), p. 297.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., p. 302.
67. Ibid., p. 305.
68. Dr. John R. Preer, Jr., and his wife, Dr. Louise B. Preer. Interview by author, tape recorded, February 1, 1995.
69. John Preer, interview.
70. Ibid.
71. Ian Gibson, personal communication, 1995.
72. John Preer, interview.
73. Geoffrey H. Beale, autobiography (unpublished), pp. 14-15.
74. John Preer, interview.
75. Geoffrey H. Beale, interview by telephone, tape recorded, May 24, 1995.
76. Jan Sapp, Where the Truth Lies (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 15.
77. Yeung, "Maintenance of Kappa Particles" (above, n. 2).
78. Widmayer, "Search for Metagon Activity" (above, n. 2).
79. McManamy and Sonneborn, "Metagons for Kappa?" (above, n. 2).
80. Beale and McPhail, "Some Additional Results" (above, n. 2), p. 369.
81. Ibid., p. 373.
82. Ibid.
83. Byrne, "Kappa, Mu and the Metagon Hypothesis" (above, n. 2).
84. Gibson and Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an m-RNA?" and Gibson and Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium" (both above, n. 2).
85. Gibson and Sonneborn, "Is the Metagon an m-RNA?" and Gibson and Sonneborn, "Killer Particles and Metagons of Paramecium Grown in Dinidium" (both above, n. 2).
86. Byrne, "Studies on the Genic Control" (above, n. 2), p. 60.
87. Byrne, "Kappa, Mu and the Metagon Hypothesis" (above, n. 2), p. 209.
88. Sapp, Beyond the Gene (above, n. 5), p. 120.
89. Anthony T. Soldo, Gustavo A. Godoy, and Willem J. Van Wagtendonk, "Growth of Particle-Bearing and Particle-Free Paramecium aurelia in Axenic Culture," J. Protozool., 13 (1966), 492-497.
90. Willem J. Van Wagtendonk, "Neoplastic Equivalents of Protozoa," Nat. Cancer Inst., 31 (1969), 761.
91. John R. Preer, Jr., "Genetics of the Protozoa," in Research in Protozoology, ed. Tze-Tuan Chen (New York: Pergamon Press, 1969), p. 183.
92. John R. Preer, Jr., "Extrachromosomal Inheritance: Hereditary Symbionts, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts," Ann. Rev. Gene., 5 (1971), 365.
93. R. Tamarin and R. W. Leavitt, Principles of Genetics, 3rd edn. (Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown, 1991), p. 488.
94. Lindley Darden and Michael Cook, "Reasoning Strategies in Molecular Biology: Abstractions, Scans, and Anomalies," in PSA, 94, ed. David Hull et al. (East Lansing: Philosophy of Science Association, 1995), II, 179-191.
95. Byrne, "Studies on the Genic Control" (above, n. 2), p. 7.
96. John Preer, interview.