A systematic review of the effectiveness of health promotion aimed at improving oral health

Community Dental Health

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 132-144

  Kay, Elizabeth ^a   Locker, David ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Dental health education; Oral health promotion; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

ANTICARIES AGENT; FLUORIDE; TOOTHPASTE;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; DENTAL CARIES; DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION; DISABLED PERSON; HEALTH; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH PROMOTION; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; MASS MEDIUM; META ANALYSIS; MOUTH HYGIENE; PERIODONTAL DISEASE;

ADULT; AGED; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CARIOSTATIC AGENTS; CHILD; DENTAL CARIES; DISABLED PERSONS; FLUORIDES; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH EDUCATION, DENTAL; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; MASS MEDIA; ORAL HEALTH; ORAL HYGIENE; PERIODONTAL DISEASES; TOOTHPASTE;

EID: 0032148474     PISSN: 0265539X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Albandar, J.M., Buischi, Y.A.P., Mayer, M.P.A. and Axelsson, P. (1994): Long-term effect of two preventive programs on the incidence of plaque and gingivitis in adolescents. Journal of Periodontology 65, 605-610.
2. Alcouffe F. (1989): "Spontaneous" oral hygiene: a predictor of future preventive behavior? Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 17, 120-122.
3. Ambjörnsen, E. and Rise, J. (1985): The effect of verbal information and demonstration on denture hygiene in elderly people. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 43, 19-24.
4. Arnold, C. and Doyle, A.J. (1984): Evaluation of the dental health education programme 'Natural Nashers'. Community Dental Health 1, 141-147.
5. Axelsson, P., Kristoffersson, K., Karlsson, R. and Bratthal, D. (1987): A 30-month longitudinal study of the effects of some oral hygiene measures on streptococcus mutans and approximal dental caries. Journal of Denial Research 66, 761-765.
6. Axelsson, P. and Lindhe, J. (1981): Effect of controlled oral hygiene procedures on caries and periodontal disease in adults. Results after 6 years. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 8, 239-248.
7. Baab, D.A. and Weinstein, P. (1983): Oral hygiene instruction using a self-inspection plaque index. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 11, 174-179.
8. Bader, J.D., Rozier, R.G., McFall, W.T., Sams, D.H., Graves, R.C., Slome, B.A. and Ramsey, D.L. (1990): Evaluating and influencing periodontal diagnostic and treatment behaviors in general practice. Journal of the American Dental Association 121, 720-724.
9. Bakdash, M.B., Lange, A.L. and McMillan, D.G. (1983): The effect of a televised periodontal campaign on public periodontal awareness. Journal of Periodontology 7, 666-670.
10. Bakdash, M.B., McMillan, D.G. and Lange, A.L. (1984): Minnesota Periodontal Awareness Television Campaign. North West Dentistry 6, 12-17.
11. Barrie, R.B. and Carstens, I.L. (1989): An evaluation of school dental health education programmes. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa 43, 137-140.
12. Benitez, C., O'Sullivan, D. and Tinanoff, N. (1994): Effect of a preventive approach for the treatment of nursing bottle caries. Journal of Dentistry for Children 61, 46-49.
13. Bergstrom, J. (1990): Oral hygiene compliance and gingivitis expression in cigarette smokers. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 98, 497-503.
14. Bian, J.Y., Zhang, B.X. and Rong, W.S. (1995): Evaluating the social impact and effectiveness of four-year "Love Teeth Day" campaign in China. Advances in Dental Research 9, 130-133.
15. Bickley, S.R., Shaw, L. and Shaw, M.J. (1990): The use and effect of clinical photographic records on the motivation and oral hygiene practices of a group of mentally handicapped adults. Dental Health 29, 3-5.
16. Blinkhorn, A.S., Taylor, I. and Willcox, G.F. (1981): Report of a dental health education programme in Bedfordshire. British Dental Journal 150, 319-322.
17. Blinkhorn, A.S. and Wight, C. (1987): An assessment of two dental health education programmes for Scottish secondary school children. Health Education Research 2 (3), 231-237.
18. Blinkhorn, A.S., Wight, C. and Yardley, A. (1987): Report of two dental health programmes for adolescents in the Lothian region of Scotland. Journal of Dentistry 15, 213-217.
19. Blount, R.L. and Stokes, T.F (1986): A comparison of the OHI-S and the PHP in an oral hygiene program. Journal of Dentistry for Children 5, 53-56.
20. Bohannan, H.M., Klein, S.P., Disney, J.A., Bell, R.M., Graves, R.C. and Foch, C.B. (1985): A summary of the results of the national Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 6, 435-441.
21. Bowen, D.M. (1981): Effectiveness of the phase contrast microscope. Dental Hygiene 4, 26-30.
22. Boyd, R.L. (1983): Longitudinal evaluation of a system for self-monitoring plaque control effectiveness in orthodontic patients. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 10, 380-388.
23. Brown, L.F. (1994): Research in dental health education and health promotion: a review of the literature. Health Education Quarterly 21, 83-102.
24. Brown, R.H., Morilleau, J. and Cross, P. (1980): A toothbrushing programme in a school for the intellectually handicapped. New Zealand Denial Journal 76, 21-22.
25. Bullen, C., Rubenstein, L., Saravia, M.E. and Mourino, A.P. (1988): Improving children's oral hygiene through parental involvement. Journal of Dentistry for Children 55, 125-128.
26. Byrd-Bredbenner, C., O'Connell, L.H., Shannon, B. and Eddy, J.M. (1984): A nutrition curriculum for health education: its effect on students' knowledge, attitude and behavior. Journal of School Health 54, 385-388.
27. Catford, J.C. and Nutbeam, D. (1983): Smoking in hospitals. Lancet 2 (8341), 94-96.
28. Cohen, S., Sarnat, H. and Shalgi, G. (1991): The role of instruction and a brushing device on the oral hygiene of blind children. Clinical Preventive Dentistry 13, 8-12.
29. Craft, M., Croucher, R. and Blinkhorn, A. (1984a): Natural Nashers' dental health education programme. The results of a field trial in Scotland. British Denial Journal 156, 103-105.
30. Craft, M., Croucher, R. and Dickinson, J. (1981): Preventive dental health in adolescents: short and long term pupil response to trials of an integrated curriculum package. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 9, 199-206.
31. Craft, M., Croucher, R., Dickinson, J., James, M., Clements, M. and Rodgers, A-I. (1984b): Natural Nashers: a programme of dental health education for adolescents in schools. International Dental Journal 34, 204-213.
32. Craig, E.W., Suckling, G.W. and Pearce, E.I.F. (1981): The effect of a preventive programme on dental plaque and caries in school children. New Zealand Dental Journal 77, 89-93.
33. Croft, L.K. (1980): The effectiveness of the Toothkeeper Program after six years. Texas Dental Journal 9, 6-8.
34. Croucher, R.E., Rodgers, A.I., Franklin, R.A.J. and Craft, M.H. (1985): Results and issues arising from an evaluation of community dental health education: the case of the 'good teeth programme'. Community Dental Health 2, 89-97.
35. Cutress, T.W., Powell, R.N., Kilisimasi, S., Tomiki, S. and Holborow D. (1991): A 3-year community-based periodontal disease prevention programme for adults in a developing nation. International Dental Journal 41, 323-334.
36. Davis, B. and Costanzo, G. (1982): A comparison of the effectiveness of television vs live instruction for teaching flossing in the classroom. Canadian Dental Hygienist 16, 12-15.
37. Department of Health (1994): An oral health strategy for England. London: DH.
38. Dowey, J.A. (1987): Computer games for dental health education in primary schools. Health Education 46, 107-108.
39. Downer, M.C. (1982): Secular changes in caries experience in Scotland. Journal of Dental Research. 61, 1336-1339.
40. Downer, M.C. (1991): The improving health of United Kingdom adults and prospects for the future. British Dental Journal 170, 326.
41. Downer, M.C. (1992a): Time trends in caries experience of children in England and Wales. Caries Research 26, 466-472.
42. Downer, M.C. (1992b): The implications for oral health promotion of the national survey of adult dental health. Journal of the Institute of Health Education 30, 45-49.
43. Downer, M.C. (1994): Caries prevalence in the United Kingdom. International Dental Journal 44, 365-370.
44. Downer, M.C. (1995): The 1993 national survey of children's dental health. British Dental Journal 178, 407-412.
45. Dulac, M.H., Ivory, J. and Horowitz, A.M. (1983): Working with non-dental groups to influence adoption of self-applied fluoride programs in schools: one approach. Journal of School Health 53, 184-188.
46. Ehudin, H.E. and Martin, H.B. (1983): Tooth-tutoring: a pilot study to evaluate peer-teaching effectiveness. Journal of Dentistry for Children 50, 287-291.
47. Ekman, A. and Persson, B. (1990): Effect of early dental health education for Finnish immigrant families. Swedish Dental Journal 14, 143-151.
48. Emier, B.F., Windchy, A.M., Zaino, S.W., Feldman, S.M. and Scheetz, J.P. (1980): The value of repetition and reinforcement in improving oral hygiene performance. Journal of Periodontology 2, 228-234.
49. Fogels, H.R., Cancro, L.P., Bianco, J. and Fischman, S.L. (1982): The anticaries effect of supervised toothbrushing with a nonfluoride dentifrice. Journal of Dentistry for Children 49, 424-427.
50. Fuller, S.S. and Harding, M. (1991): The use of the sugar clock in dental health education. British Dental Journal 170, 414-416.
51. Galgut, P.N., Waite, I.M., Todd-Pokropek, A. and Barnby, G.J. (1987): The relationship between the multidimensional health locus of control and the performance of subjects on a preventive periodontal programme. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 14, 171-175.
52. Glavind, L., Christensen, H., Pedersen, E., Rosendahl, H. and Amstrom, R. (1985): Oral health hygiene instruction in general dental practice by means of self-teaching manuals. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 12, 27-34.
53. Glavind, L., Zeuner, E. and Attström, R. (1981): Oral hygiene instruction of adults by means of a self-instructional manual. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 8, 165-176.
54. Glavind, L., Zeuner, E. and Attström, R. (1983): Evaluation of various feedback mechanisms in relation to compliance by adult patients with oral home care instructions. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 10, 57-68.
55. Glavind, L., Zeuner, E. and Attström, R. (1984): Oral cleanliness and gingival health following oral hygiene instruction by self-educational programs. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 11, 262-273.
56. Goepferd, SJ. (1987): An infant oral health program: the first 18 months. Pediatric Dentistry 9, 8-12.
57. Goodkind, R.J., Loupe, M.J., Clay, D.J. and DiAngelis, A.J. (1988): Modifying the knowledge, skills and habits of denture patients. Gerodontics 4, 95-100.
58. Hartshorne, J.E., Carstens, I.L., Beilinsohn, B. and Potgieter, G. (1989): The effectiveness of a school-based oral health education program - a pilot study. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa 44, 5-10.
59. Heasman, P.A. Jacobs, D.J. and Chapple, I.L. (1989): An evaluation of the effectiveness and patient compliance with plaque control methods in the prevention of periodontal disease. Clinical Preventive Dentistry 11: 24-28.
60. Hetland, L., Midtun, N. and Kristoffersen, T. (1981): Effect of oral hygiene instructions given by paraprofessional personnel. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 10, 8-14.
61. Hodge, H., Buchanan, M., O'Donnell, P., Topping, B. and Banks. I. (1987): The evaluation of the junior dental health education programme developed in Sefton. England. Community Dental Health 4, 223-229.
62. Holt, R.D., Winter, G.B., Fox, B. and Askew, R. (1989): Second assessment of London children involved in a scheme of dental health education in infancy. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 17, 180-182.
63. Hölund, U. (1990a): The effect of a nutrition education programme 'learning by teaching' on the dietary attitudes of a group of adolescents. Community Dental Health 7, 395-401.
64. Hölund, U. (1990b): Effect of a nutrition education programme. "Learning by teaching", on adolescents' knowledge and beliefs. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 18, 61-65.
65. Hölund, U. (1990c): Promoting change of adolescents' sugar consumption: The "Learning by teaching" study. Health Education and Research 5, 451-458.
66. Honkala, E., Karvonen, S., Rimpela, A., Rajala, M., Rimpela, M. and Prattala, R. (1991): Oral health promotion among Finnish adolescents between 1977 and 1989. Health Promotion International 6 (1), 21-30.
67. Hoogstraten, J. and Moltzer, G. (1983): Effects of dental health care instruction on knowledge, attitude, behavior and fear. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 11, 278-282.
68. Horowitz, L.G. (1990): Dental patient education: self-care to human health development. Patient Education and Counseling 15, 65-71.
69. Horowitz, A.M., Suomi, J.D., Peterson, J.K., Mathews, B.L., Voglesong, R.H. and Lyman, B.A. (1980): Effects of supervised daily dental plaque removal by children after 3 years. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 8, 171-176.
70. Horst ter, G. and Hoogstraten, J. (1989): Immediate and delayed effects of a dental health education film on periodontal knowledge, attitudes and reported behavior of Dutch adolescents. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 17, 123-126.
71. Houle, B.A. (1982): The impact of long-term dental health education on oral hygiene behavior. Journal of School Health 52, 256-261.
72. Ivanovic, M. and Lekic, P. (1990): Effect of a short-term educational programme without prophylaxis on control of plaque and gingival inflammation in school children. Acta Stomatologica Croatica 24, 123-31.
73. Jodaikin, A. (1981): The effect of oral health care instruction during the 1979 National Dental Health Week on plaque removal by school children. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa 36, 691-693.
74. Julien, M.G. (1994): The effect of behaviour modification techniques on oral hygiene and gingival health of 10-year-old Canadian children. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 4, 3-11.
75. Kay, E.J. and Locker, D. (1996): Is dental health education effective? A systematic review of current evidence. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 24, 231-235.
76. Kegeles, S.S. and Lund, A.K. (1982): Adolescents' health beliefs and acceptance of a novel preventive dental activity: replication and extension. Health Education Quarterly 9 (2&3), 192-209.
77. Kerebel, L-M., Le Cabellec, M-T., Kerebel, B. and Daculsi, G. (1985): Effect of motivation on the oral health of French schoolchildren. Journal of Dentistry for Children 52, 287-292.
78. Kiyak, H.A. and Mulligan, K. (1987): Studies of the relationship between oral health and psychological well-being. Gerodontics 3, 109-112.
79. Klass, K. and Rhoden, C. (1981): Aspects of dental health education for pre-school children and their parents. Journal of Dentistry for Children 48, 357-363.
80. Kleinman, S .P. (1981): Development of dental health knowledge tests for the primary grades. Health Education 12, 16-19.
81. Knazan, Y.L. (1986): Application of PRECEDE to dental health promotion for a Canadian well-elderly population. Gerodontics 2, 180-185.
82. Kohle, B., Andreen, I., Jonsson, B. and Hultqvist, E. (1982): Effect of caries preventive measures on streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli in selected mothers. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 90, 102-108.
83. Lachapelle D. Desaulniers G. and Bujold, N. (1989): Denial health education for adolescents: assessing attitude and knowledge following two educational approaches. Canadian Journal of Public Health 80, 339-344.
84. Laiho, M., Honkala, E. and Kannas, L. (1995): How is oral health education conducted in Finnish health centers? Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 23, 119-124.
85. Lalloo, R. and Solanki, G.S. (1994): An evaluation of a school-based comprehensive public oral health care programme. Community Denial Health 11, 152-155.
86. Lee, A.J. (1980): Daily, dry toothbrushing in kindergarten. Journal of School Health 50, 506-509.
87. Lundstrom, F. and Hamp, S-E. (1980): Effect of oral hygiene education on children with or without subsequent orthodontic treatment. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 88, 53-59.
88. Mackie, I.C. and Worthington, H.V. (1992): A spoonful of sugar-free helps caries levels go down. Journal of the Institute of Health Education 30, 60-65.
89. Mackie, I.C., Wonhington, H.V. and Hobson, P. (1993): An investigation into sugar-containing and sugar-free over-the-counter medicines stocked and recommended by pharmacists in the North Western Region of England. British Dental Journal 175, 93-98.
90. Malvitz, D.M. and Broderick, E.B. (1989): Assessment of a dental disease prevention program after three years. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 49, 54-58.
91. Mann, J., Wolnerman, J.S., Carlin, Y., Meir, S. and Garfunkel, A.A. (1986): The effect of dental education and dental treatment of the dental status of a handicapped population: a longitudinal study. Special Care in Dentistry 6, 180-181.
92. McCaul, K.D., Glasgow, R.E. and O'Neill, H.K. (1992): The problem of creating habits: establishing health-protective dental behaviors. Health Psychology 11 (2), 101-110.
93. McGlynn, F.D., LeCompte. E.J., Thomas, R.G., Couts, F.J. and Melamed, B.G. (1987): Effects of behavioral self-management on oral hygiene adherence among orthodontic patients. American Journal of Orthodontic and Dentofacial Orthopaedics 91, 15-21.
94. McGuire, M.K., Sydney, S.B., Zink, F.J., Weber, M.B. and Fritz, M.E. (1980): Evaluation of an oral disease control program administered to a clinic population at a suburban dental school. Journal of Periodontology 3, 607-613.
95. McIntyre, J., Wight, C. and Blinkhorn, A.S. (1985): A reassessment of Lothian Health Board's dental health education programme for primary school children. Community Dental Health 2, 99-108.
96. Melsen, B. and Agerbaek, N. (1980): Effect of an instructional motivation program on oral health in Danish adolescents after 1 and 2 years. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 8, 72-78.
97. Messer, J.G. (1987): The Nain T.H.E.T.A. programme. A peer group dental education program. Canadian Journal of Community Dentistry 2, 18-21.
98. Milen, A., Hausen, H., Tala, H. and Heinonen, O.P. (1985): Dental health habits among pre-school non-participants in public dental care. Community Dental Health 2, 109-114.
99. Moltzer, G. and Hoogstraten, J. (1986): The effect of three methods of dental health care instruction and dental knowledge, attitude, behaviour and fear. Community Dental Health 3, 83-89.
100. Murray, J.A. and Epstein, L.H. (1981): Improving oral hygiene with videotape modeling. Behaviour Modification 5, 360-371.
101. Murtomaa, H. and Masalin, K. (1984): Effects of a national dental health campaign in Finland Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 42, 297-303.
102. Odman, P.A., Lange, A.L. and Bakdash, M.B. (1984): Utilisation of locus of control in the prediction of patients' oral hygiene performance. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 11, 367-372.
103. Olsen, C.B., Brown, D.F. and Wright, F.A.C. (1986): Dental health promotion in a group of children at high risk to dental disease. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 14, 302-305.
104. Petersen, P.E. (1989): Evaluation of a dental preventive program for Danish chocolate workers. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 17, 53-59.
105. Petersen, P.E. and Nörtov, B. (1994): Evaluation of a dental public health programme for old-age pensioners in Denmark. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 54, 73-79.
106. Petersen, F.L.Jr. and Rubinson, L. (1982): An evaluation of the effects of the American Dental Association's dental health education program on the knowledge, attitudes and health locus of control of high school students. Journal of School Health 52, 63-69.
107. Petitti, D.B. (1994): Advanced issues in meta-analysis. Chapter 6 in; Meta-analysis, decision analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
108. Price, S. and Kiyak, H.A. (1981): A behavioral approach to improving oral health among the elderly. Special Care in Dentistry 1, 267-274.
109. Ratanen, T., Siirilä, H.S. and Lehvilä, P. (1980): Effect of instruction and motivation on dental knowledge and behavior among wearers of partial dentures. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 38, 9-15.
110. Rayner, J.A. (1992): A dental health education programme, including home visits for nursery school children. British Dental Journal 172, 57-62.
111. Reisine, S. (1985): Dental health and public policy: the social impact of dental disease. American Journal of Public Health 75, 27-30.
112. Reisine, S. and Miller, J. (1985): A longitudinal study of work loss related to dental disease. Social Science and Medicine 21, 1309-1314.
113. Rich, S.K., Friedman, J-A. and Schultz, L.A. (1989): Effects of flossing on plaque and gingivitis in third grade schoolchildren. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 49, 73-77.
114. Rise, J. and Sögaard, A.J. (1988): Effect of a mass media periodontal campaign upon preventive knowledge and behavior in Norway. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 16, 1-4.
115. Robinson, L. and Tappe, M. (1987): An evaluation of a pre-school dental health program. Journal of Dentistry for Children 54, 186-192.
116. Russell, B.A., Horowitz, A.M. and Frazier, P.J. (1989): School-based preventive regimens and oral health knowledge and practices of sixth graders. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 49, 192-200.
117. Sakai, O. and Horii, K-I. (1980): Spreading the effect of caries prevention by community organisation in schoolchildren in Japan. Journal of Dental Research 59DII, 2226-2232.
118. Scanlan, S.E. (1988): Applying the Good Teeth Programme. Health Education Journal 47, 2-3.
119. Schou, L. (1985): Active-involvement principle in dental health education. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 13, 128-132.
120. Schou, L. (1987): Use of mass media and active involvement in a national dental health campaign in Scotland. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 15, 14-18.
121. Schou, L. and Locker, D. (1994): Oral health. A review of the effectiveness of health education and health promotion. Dutch Centre for Health Promotion and Health Education.
122. Schou, L. and Wight, C. (1994): Does dental health education affect inequalities in dental health? Community Dental Health 11, 97-100.
123. Schou, L., Wight, C. and Wohlgemuth, B. (1991): Deprivation and dental health. The benefits of a child dental health campaign in relation to deprivation as estimated by the uptake of free meals at school. Community Dental Health 8, 147-154.
124. Schwarz, E. (1981): Longitudinal evaluation of a preventive program provided by general dental practitioners to young adult Danes. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 9, 280-284.
125. Scruggs, R.R., Warren, D.P. and Levine, P. (1989): Juvenile diabetics' oral health and locus of control. A pilot study. Journal of Dental Hygiene 63, 376-381.
126. Shaw, W., Meek, S. and Jones, D. (1980): Nicknames, teasing, harassment and the salience of dental features among school children. British Journal of Orthodontics 7, 75-80.
127. Shaw, M.J. and Shaw, L. (1991): The effectiveness of differing dental health education programmes in improving the oral health of adults with mental handicaps attending Birmingham adult training centres. Community Dental Health 8, 139-145.
128. Shein, B., Tsamtsouris, A. and Rovero, J. (1991): Self reported compliance and the effectiveness of prenatal dental education. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 15, 102-108.
129. Simmons, S., Smith, R. and Gelbier, S. (1983): Effect of oral hygiene instruction on brushing skills in pre-school children. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 11, 193-198.
130. Smith, J. and Sheiham, A. (1979): How dental conditions handicap the elderly. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 7, 305-310.
131. Smorang, J. and Erikson, J. (1994): An extended care facility. Mouthcare project CFDE report. Probe 28, 18-20.
132. Söderholm, G. and Egelberg, J. (1982): Teaching plaque control II 30-minute versus 15-minute appointments in a three-visit program. Journal of Clinical Periodomology 9, 214-222.
133. Söderholm, G., Nobreis, N., Attstrom, R. and Egelberg, J. (1982): Teaching plaque control I; A five-visit versus a two-visit program. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 9, 203-213.
134. Sogaard, A.J. (1988): The effect of a mass-media dental health education campaign. Health Education Research 3(3): 243-255.
135. Sogaard, A.J. and Hoist, D. (1988): The effect of different school-based dental health education programmes in Norway. Community Dental Health. 5, 169-184.
136. Sogaard, A.J., Tuominen, R., Holst, D. and Gjermo, P. (1987): The effect of two teaching programmes on the gingival health of 15-year-old schoolchildren. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 14, 165-170.
137. Sprod, A.J., Anderson, R. and Treasure, E.T. (1996): Effective oral health promotion. Literature review. Health Promotion Wales Technical Report No. 20.
138. Stewart, J.E., Jacobs-Schoen, M., Padilia, M.R., Maeder, L.A., Wolfe, G.R. and Hartz, G.W. (1991): The effect of a cognitive behavioral intervention on oral hygiene. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 18, 219-222.
139. Stiefel, D.J., Rolla, R.R. and Truelove, E.L. (1984): Effectiveness of various preventive methodologies for use with disabled persons. Clinical Preventive Dentistry 6, 17-22.
140. Sutcliffe, P., Rayner, J.A. and Brown, M.D. (1984): Daily supervised toothbrushing in nursery schools. British Dental Journal 157, 201-204.
141. Tan, H.H., Ruiter, E. and Verhey, H. (1981): Effect of repeated dental health care education on gingival health, knowledge, attitude, behavior and perception. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 9, 15-21.
142. Tedesco, L.A., Keffer, M.A. and Davis, E.L. (1991): Social cognitive theory and relapse prevention: reframing patient compliance. Journal of Dental Education 55, 575-581.
143. Tedesco, L.A., Keffer, M.A., Davis, E.L. and Christersson, L.A. (1992): Effect of a social cognitive intervention on oral health status, behavior reports, and cognitions. Journal of Periodontology 63, 567-575.
144. Thomas, J. (1992): A multidisciplinary approach to health promotion for seniors. Canadian Dental Hygiene 26, 29-31.
145. Towner, E.M.L. (1984): The "Gleam Team" programme: development and evaluation of a dental health education package for infant schools. Community Dental Health 1, 181-191.
146. Truin, G.J., Plasschaert, A.J.M., König, K.G. and Vogels, A.L.M. (1981): Dental caries in 5-, 7-, 9- and 11-year-old schoolchildren during a 9-year dental health campaign in The Hague. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 9, 55-60.
147. Uitenbroek, D.G., Schaub, R.M.H., Tromp, J.A.H. and Kant, J.H. (1989): Dental hygienists' influence on the patients' knowledge, motivation, self-care and perception of change. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 17, 87-90.
148. Walsh, M.M. (1985): Effects of school-based dental health education on knowledge, attitudes and behavior of adolescents in San Francisco. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 13, 133-135.
149. Walsh, M.M., Heckman, B.H. and Moreau-Diettinger, R. (1985): Use of gingival bleeding for reinforcement of oral home care behavior. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 13, 133-135.
150. Weinstein, P., Milgrom, P., Meinick, S., Beach, B. and Spadafora, A. (1989): How effective is oral hygiene instruction? Results after 6 and 24 weeks. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 49, 32-38.
151. Weisenberg, M., Kegeles, S.S. and Lund, A.K. (1980): Children's health beliefs and acceptance of a dental preventive activity. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 21, 59-74.
152. Whitehead, A. and Whitehead, J. (1991): A general parametric approach to meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Statistics in Medicine 10, 1665-1677.
153. Whittle, J.G., Pitkethly, D. and Wilson, M.C. (1994): A dental health promotion campaign in a shopping centre. Health Education Research 9, 261-265.
154. Wight, C. and Blinkhorn, A.S. (1988): An assessment of two dental health education programmes for school children in the Lothian region of Scotland. Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 4, 1-7.
155. Wikner, S. (1986): An attempt to motivate improved sugar discipline in a 12-year-old high caries-risks group. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 14, 5-7.
156. Wright, F.A.C. (1984): An assessment of dental health education. New Zealand Dental Journal 80, 74-80.
157. Yeung, S.C.H., Howell, S. and Fahey, P. (1989): Oral hygiene program for orthodontic patients. America Journal of Orthodontic and Dentofacial Orthopaedics 96, 208-213.