The role of sepiolite-palygorskite in the decay of ancient Egyptian limestone sculptures

Clays and Clay Minerals

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 414-422

  Rodriguez Navarro, Carlos ^a   Sebastian, Eduardo ^b   Doehne, Eric ^a   Ginell, William S ^a  

^a GETTY CONSERVATION INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Clays; Egyptian sculptures; ESEM; Limestone decay; Polygorskite; Sepiolite; Swelling

Indexed keywords

CLAY ALTERATION; EXPERIMENTAL MINERALOGY; LIMESTONE; PETROGRAPHY; SWELLING; X RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS;

LIMESTONE DECAY; SEPIOLITE;

CLAY MINERALS;

LIMESTONE; PALYGORSKITE; SEPIOLITE; WEATHERING;

EGYPT;

EID: 0032148067     PISSN: 00098604     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1346/CCMN.1998.0460405     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Amer AF, Krintsov MI, Hanna FL. 1970. The Egyptian carbonate rocks and the possibilities of their utilisation. In: Studies of some mineral deposits of Egypt. Riad, United Arab Republic: Ministry of Industry Geol Survey, p 195-208.
2. Arnold A. 1981. Nature of reactions of saline minerals in walls. In: Rossi-Manaresi R, editor. Preprints of the contributions to the International Symposium on the Conservation of Stone II; 1981; Bologna, Italy. Bologna: Centro Conservazione Sculture All'aperto. p 13-23.
3. Bradley SM, Middleton AP. 1988. A study of the deterioration of Egyptian limestone sculpture. J Am Institute for Conservation 27:64-68.
4. Brattli B, Broch E. 1995. Stability problems in water tunnels caused by expandable minerals. Swelling pressure measurements and mineralogical analysis. Engin Geol 39:151-169.
5. Brauner K, Preisinger A. 1956. Struktur und Enstehung des Sepioliths. Tschermaks Miner Petrog Mitt 6:120-140.
6. Caner EN, Seeley NJ. 1978. The clay minerals and the decay of limestone. In: UNESCO/RILEM Symp Deterioration and Protection of Stone Monuments; 1978; Paris, France. Paris: Reliure. 2:5-3, 34 p.
7. Charola AE, Wheeler GE, Koestler RJ. 1982. Treatment of the Abydos Reliefs: Preliminary investigations. In: Gauri KL, Gwinn JA, editors. Proc 4th Int Cong Deterioration and Preservation of Stone Objects; 1982; Louisville, KY. Louisville: Univ of Louisville, p 77-88.
8. Chatterji S, Christensen P, Overgaard G. 1979. Mechanisms of breakdown of natural stones caused by sodium salts. In: Proc 3rd Int Cong on the Deterioration and Preservation of Stones; 1979; Venice, Italy. Padova: Instituto di Chimica Industriale, Universita'degli Studi di Padova. p 131-134.
9. Dunn JR, Hudec PP. 1966. Water, clay and rock soundness. The Ohio J Sci 66:153-168.
10. Fleischer P. 1972. Sepiolite associated with Miocene diatomite, Santa Cruz basin, California. Am Mineral 57:903-913.
11. Guven N, Carney LL. 1979. The hydrothermal transformation of sepiolite to stevensite and the effect of added chlorides and hydroxides. Clays Clay Miner 27:253-260.
12. Hanna SB. 1984. The use of organo-silanes for the treatment of limestone in an advanced state of deterioration. In: Brommelle NS, Pye EM, Smith P, Thomson G, editors. Preprints Contrib Paris Cong on Adhesives and Consolidants; 1984; Paris, France. Paris: Int Inst for Conservation, p 171-176.
13. Helms GM. 1977. Conservation of Egyptian limestone: The Abydos Reliefs. In: 3rd Annual Art Conservation Training Programmes Conf; 1977; Kingston, Ontario. Kingston: Queen's Univ. p 40-50.
14. Jeffers JD, Reynolds RC Jr. 1987. Expandable palygorskite from Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Mangyshlak Peninsula, USSR. Clays Clay Miner 35:473-476.
15. Jones BF, Galan E. 1988. Sepiolite and palygorskite. In: Bailey SW, editor. Hydrous phyllosilicates. Rev Mineral 18. Washington, DC: Mineral Soc Am. p 631-674.
16. Kowalski WC. 1975. The influence of changes of water content on mechanical strength and deformability of rocks in the weathering zone. Bull Int Assoc Eng Geology 12:37-43.
17. Kuhnel RA, van der Gaast SJ, Brych J, Laan GJ, Kulnig H. 1994. The role of clay minerals in durability of rocks: Observation on basaltic rocks. Applied Clay Sci 9:225-237.
18. Laird DA. 1996. Model for crystalline swelling of 2:1 phyllosilicates. Clays Clay Miner 44:553-559.
19. Low PF. 1987. The clay-water interface. In: Schulz LG, van Olphen H, Mumpton FA, editors. Proc Int Clay Conf; 1985; Denver, CO. Bloomington, IN: Clay Miner Soc. p 247-256.
20. MacEwan DMC, Wilson MJ. 1980. Interlayer and intercalation complexes of clay minerals. In: Brindley GW, Brown G, editors. Crystal structure of clay minerals and their X-ray identification. London: Mineral Soc. p 197-248.
21. Martin-Patino MT, Madruga F, Saavedra J. 1993. The internal structure of the Villamayor sandstone as it affects its use as a construction material. Applied Clay Sci 8:61-77.
22. McGreevy JP, Smith BJ. 1984. The possible role of clay minerals in salt weathering. Catena 11:169-175.
23. Messier P, Vitale T. 1993. Cracking in albumen photographs: An ESEM investigation. Microscopy Res Tech 25:374-383.
24. Middleton AP, Bradley SM. 1989. Provenancing of Egyptian limestone sculpture. J Archeological Sci 16:475-488.
25. Miller E. 1992. Current practice at the British Museum for the consolidation of decayed porous stones. The Conservator 16:78-83.
26. Newman ACD. 1987. The interaction of water with clay mineral surfaces. In: Newman ACD, editor. Chemistry of clays and clay minerals. New York: J. Wiley. p 237-274.
27. Norrish K. 1954. The swelling of montmorillonite. Discussions Far Soc 18:120-135.
28. Oddy WA, Hughes MW, Baker S. 1976. The washing of limestone sculptures from Egypt and the Middle East. Lithoclastia 2:5-10.
29. Permien T, Lagaly G. 1995. The rheological and colloidal properties of bentonite dispersions in the presence of organic compounds. V. Bentonite and sodium montmorillonite and surfactants. Clays Clay Miner 43:229-236.
30. Price C, Brimblecombe P. 1994. Preventing salt damage in porous materials. In: Roy A, Smith P, editors. Preprints Contrib Ottawa Congress on Preventive Conservation Practice Theory and Research; 1994; Ottawa, Canada. Ottawa: Int Inst of Conservation, p 90-93.
31. Prost R. 1976. Interactions between adsorbed water molecules and the structure of clay minerals: Hydration mechanism of smectites. In: Bailey SW, editor. Proc Int Clay Conf; 1975; Mexico City, Mexico. Wilmette, II: Applied Publ. p 351-359.
32. Rodriguez-Navarro C, Sebastian E, Ginell WS. 1996. ESEM analysis of swelling process in sepiolite-bearing Egyptian limestone sculptures. In: Ortega-Huertas M, López-Galindo A, Palomo-Delgado I, editors. Advances in clay minerals. Granada: Univ de Granada, p 301-303.
33. Ruiz VG, Calleja L, Suarez del Rio LM. 1995. Acoustic emission during swelling and contraction tests. Eng Geol 39:147-150.
34. Rutherford JB. 1988. Geotechnical causes of ancient tomb damage: Valley of the Kings, Egypt. In: Proc Symp on Geotechnical Aspect of Restoration and Maintenance of Infra-structures and Historical Monuments; 1988; Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok: Asian Inst of Technology, p 305-324.
35. Said R. 1962. The geology of Egypt. New York: Elsevier. 377 p.
36. Said R. 1990. The geology of Egypt. Said R, editor. Rotterdam: Balkema Publ. 734 p.
37. Shidharan A, Satyamurty PV. 1996. Potential-distance relationships of clay-water systems considering the Stern theory. Clays Clay Miner 44:479-484.
38. van Olphen H. 1977. An introduction to clay colloid chemistry, 2nd edition. New York: J. Wiley. 318 p.
39. van Olphen H. 1987. Dispersion and flocculation. In: Newman ACD, editor. Chemistry of clays and- clay minerals. Mineral Soc London. Monograph 6. London: J. Wiley. p 203-224.
40. Watts NL. 1976. Paleopedogenic palygorskite from the basal Permo-Triassic of northwest Scotland. Am Mineral 61: 299-302.
41. Weaver CE. 1989. Clays, muds, and shales. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 819 p.
42. Wendler E, Klemm DD, Snethlage R. 1991. Contour scale on building facades: Dependence on stone type and environmental conditions. Mat Res Soc Symp Proc 185:265-271.
43. Wendler E, Charola AE, Fitzner B. 1996. Easter Island tuff: Laboratory studies for its consolidation. In: Riederer J, editor. Proc 8th Int Cong Deterioration and Conservation of Stone; 1996; Berlin, Germany. Berlin: Möller Druck und Verlag Gmbh, p 1159-1170.
44. Wiersma J. 1970. Provenance, genesis and paleo-geographical implication of macrominerals occurring in sedimentary rocks of Jordan Valley Area. Amsterdam: Publ Fys Geogr Bodenk Lab Univ. 240 p.
45. Yatsu E. 1988. The nature of weathering: An introduction. Tokyo: Sozosha. 624 p.