Optimal modal wave-front compensation for anisoplanatism in adaptive optics

Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics and Image Science, and Vision

Volumn 15, Issue 8, 1998, Pages 2097-2106

  Whiteley, Matthew R ^a   Welsh, Byron M ^a   Roggemann, Michael C ^b  

^a AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b Michigan Technological University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABERRATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS; IMAGING SYSTEMS; LASER OPTICS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MODAL ANALYSIS; OPTICAL CORRELATION; OPTICAL SYSTEMS; OPTICAL VARIABLES MEASUREMENT; POLYNOMIALS; REFRACTIVE INDEX;

ADAPTIVE OPTICAL SYSTEM; GUIDE STAR MEASUREMENT; MINIMUM MEAN SQUARE ERROR; TURBULENCE INDUCED ANISOPLANATISM;

ADAPTIVE OPTICS;

EID: 0032133540     PISSN: 10847529     EISSN: 15208532     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.15.002097     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. R. Foy and A. Labeyrie, “Feasibility of adaptive telescopes with laser probe, ” Astron. Astrophys. 152, 129–131 (1985).
2. L. A. Thompson and C. S. Gardner, “Experiments on laser guide stars at Mauna Kea Observatory for adaptive imaging in astronomy, ” Nature 328, 229–231 (1987).
3. C. A. Primmerman, D. V. Murphy, D. A. Page, B. G. Zollars, and H. T. Barclay, “Compensation of atmospheric optical distortion using a synthetic beacon, ” Nature 353, 141–143 (1991).
4. R. Q. Fugate, D. L. Fried, G. A. Ameer, B. R. Boeke, S. L. Browne, P. H. Roberts, R. E. Ruane, G. A. Tyler, and L. M. Wopat, “Measurement of atmospheric wavefront distortion using scattered light from a laser guide star, ” Nature 353, 144–146 (1991).
5. C. S. Gardner, B. M. Welsh, and L. A. Thompson, “Design and performance analysis of adaptive optical telescopes using laser guide stars, ” Proc. IEEE 78, 1721–1743 (1990).
6. D. Korff, G. Dryden, and R. P. Leavitt, “Isoplanicity: the translation invariance of the atmospheric Green’s function, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 1321–1330 (1975).
7. D. L. Fried, “Varieties of isoplanatism, ” in Imaging Through the Atmosphere, J. C. Wyant, ed., Proc. SPIE 75, 20–29 (1976).
8. D. L. Fried, “Anisoplanatism in adaptive optics, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72, 52–61 (1982).
9. G. A. Tyler, “Wave-front compensation for imaging with offaxis guide stars, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 339–346 (1994).
10. B. M. Welsh and C. S. Gardner, “Effects of turbulenceinduced anisoplanatism on the imaging performance of adaptive-astronomical telescopes using laser guide stars, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 8, 69–80 (1991).
11. R. J. Noll, “Zernike polynomials and atmospheric turbulence, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 66, 207–211 (1976).
12. P. H. Hu, J. Stone, and T. Stanley, “Application of Zernike polynomials to atmospheric propagation problems, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 6, 1595–1608 (1989).
13. N. Roddier, “Atmospheric wavefront simulation using Zernike polynomials, ” Opt. Eng. 29, 1174–1180 (1990).
14. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principies of Optics, 6th ed. (Pergamon, Oxford, 1980).
15. J. Y. Wang and J. K. Markey, “Modal compensation of atmospheric turbulence phase distortion, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68, 78–87 (1978).
16. G. Dai, “Modal compensation of atmospheric turbulence with the use of Zernike polynomials and Karhunen-Lo^ve functions, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 2182–2193 (1995).
17. J. Stone, P. H. Hu, S. P. Mills, and S. Ma, “Anisoplanatic effects in finite-aperture optical systems, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 347–357 (1994).
18. N. Takato and I. Yamaguchi, “Spatial correlation of Zernike phase-expansion coefficients for atmospheric turbulence with finite outer scale, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 958–963 (1995).
19. G. Molodij and G. Rousset, “Angular correlation of Zernike polynomials for a laser guide star in adaptive optics, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 1949–1966 (1997).
20. G. A. Tyler, “Merging: a new method for tomography through random media, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 409–424 (1994).
21. R. J. Sasiela, “Wave-front correction by one or more synthetic beacons, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 379–393 (1994).
22. B. L. Ellerbroek, “First-order performance evaluation of adaptive-optics systems for atmospheric turbulence compensation in extended-field-of-view astronomical telescopes, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 783–805 (1994).
23. M. A. Von Bokern, R. N. Paschall, and B. M. Welsh, “Modal control for and adaptive optics system using LQG compensation, ” Comput. Elect. Eng. 18, 421–433 (1992).
24. G. C. Valley and S. M. Wandzura, “Spatial correlation of phase-expansion coefficients for propagation through atmospheric turbulence, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 69, 712–717 (1979).
25. M. C. Roggemann and B. Welsh, Imaging Through Turbulence (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1996).
26. D. G. Sandler, S. Stahl, J. R. P. Angel, M. Lloyd-Hart, and D. McCarthy, “Adaptive optics for diffraction-limited infrared imaging with 8-m telescopes, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 925–945 (1994).
27. S. M. Kay, Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing: Estimation Theory (Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., 1993).
28. D. L. Fried and J. F. Belsher, “Analysis of fundamental limits to artificial-guide-star adaptive-optics-system performance for astronomical imaging, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 277–287 (1994).
29. S. Esposito, A. Riccardi, and R. Ragazzoni, “Focus anisoplanatism effects on tip-tilt compensation for adaptive optics with use of a sodium laser beacon as a tracking reference, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13, 1916–1923 (1996).
30. R. V. Hogg and A. T. Craig, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 5th ed. (Macmillan, New York, 1995).
31. D. L. Fried, “Optical resolution through a randomly inhomogeneous medium for very long and very short exposures, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 1372–1379 (1966).
32. M. R. Whiteley, M. C. Roggemann, and B. M. Welsh, “Temporal properties of the Zernike expansion coefficients of turbulence-induced phase aberrations for aperture and source motion, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 993–1005 (1998).
33. F. Roddier, “The effects of atmospheric turbulence in optical astronomy, ” in Progress in Optics, E. Wolf, ed. (NorthHolland, New York, 1981), Vol. XIX, pp. 283–376.
34. D. M. Winker, “Effect of a finite outer scale on the Zernike decomposition of atmospheric optical turbulence, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 8, 1568–1573 (1991).
35. D. L. Fried, “Statistics of a geometric representation of wavefront distortion, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55, 1427–1435 (1965).
36. S. E. Troxel, B. M. Welsh, and M. C. Roggemann, “Off-axis optical transfer function calculations in an adaptive-optics system by means of a diffraction calculation for weak index fluctuations, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 2100–2111 (1994).
37. J. D. H. Pilkington, “Artificial guide stars for adaptive imaging, ” Nature 330, 116 (1987).
38. M. S. Belen’kii, “Fundamental limitation in adaptive optics: how to eliminate it? A full aperture tilt measurement technique with a laser guide star, ” in Adaptive Optics in Astronomy, M. A. Ealey and F. Merkle, eds., Proc. SPIE 2201, 321–323 (1994).
39. M. S. Belen’kii, “Full aperture tilt measurement technique with a laser guide star, ” in Atmospheric Propagations and Remote SensingIV, J. C. Dainty, ed., Proc. SPIE 2471, 289–300 (1995).
40. M. S. Belen’kii, “Tilt angular correlation and tilt sensing techniques with a laser guide star, ” in Optics in Atmospheric Propagation, Adaptive Systems, and Lidar Techniques for Remote Sensing, A. D. Devir, A. Kohnle, and C. Werner, eds., Proc. SPIE 2956, 206–217 (1996).
41. G. A. Tyler, “Bandwidth considerations for tracking through turbulence, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 358–367 (1994).