Exotic weed control treatments for conservation of fescue grassland in Montana

Biological Conservation

Volumn 85, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 83-95

  Rice, Peter M ^a   Toney, J Christopher ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

Author keywords

Centaurea maculosa; Herbicides; Introduced species; Native community; Resilience; Restoration; Semi arid grassland

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION; GRASSLAND; HERBICIDE; INTRODUCED SPECIES; WEED CONTROL;

USA, MONTANA;

CENTAUREA; CENTAUREA MACULOSA; FESTUCA; NEMATODA; POACEAE;

EID: 0032128283     PISSN: 00063207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00138-9     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Allen, E.B., 1995. Restoration ecology: limits and possibilities in arid and semiarid lands. In Proceedings: Wildland Shrub and Arid Land Restoration Symposium. General Technical Report INT-GTR-315, USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT.
2. Antos, J.A., McCune, B., Bara, C., 1983. The effect of fire on an ungrazed western Montana grassland. American Midland Naturalist 110, 354-364.
3. Aronson, J., Dhillion, S., Le Floc'h, E., 1995. On the need to select an ecosystem of reference, however imperfect: a reply to Pickett and Parker. Restoration Ecology 3, 1-3.
4. Aronson, J., Floret, C., Le Floc'h, E., Ovalle, C., Pontanier, R., 1993. Restoration and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid lands. I. A view from the South. Restoration Ecology 1, 8-17.
5. Bedunah, D., Carpenter, J., 1989. Plant community response following spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) control on three elk winter ranges in western Montana. In: Fay, P.K., Lacey, J.R. (Eds.), Knapweed Symposium Proceedings EB45. Plant and Soil Department and Extension Service, Montana State University, Bozeman, pp. 205-212.
6. Boggs, K.W., Story, J.M., 1987. The population age structure of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) in Montana. Weed Science 35, 194-198.
7. Boyd, R.S., Freeman, J.D., Miller, J.H., Edwards, M.B., 1995. Forest herbicide influences on floristic diversity seven years after broadcast pine release treatments in central Georgia, USA. New Forests 10, 17-37.
8. Bray, J.R., Curtis, J.T., 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs 27, 325-349.
9. Briese, D.T., 1996. Biological control of weeds and fire management in protected natural areas: are they compatible strategies? Biological Conservation 77, 135-141.
10. Carpenter, J.L., 1986. Responses of three plant communities to herbicide spraying and burning of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) in western Montana. M.S. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula.
11. Daubenmire, R., 1968. Plant Communities. Harper and Row, New York.
12. Francis, R.C., Van Dyne, G.M., Williams, B.K., 1979. An evaluation of weight estimation double sampling as a method of botanical analysis. Journal of Environmental Management 8, 55-72.
13. Glacier National Park, 1991. Exotic vegetation management plan. Glacier National Park, West Glacier, Montana.
14. Grilz, P.L., Romo, J.T., 1995. Management considerations for controlling smooth brome in fescue prairie. Natural Areas Journal 15, 148-156.
15. Habeck, J.R., 1987. The present-day vegetation of the northern Rocky Mountains. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74, 804-840.
16. Hester, F.E., 1991. The U.S. National Park Service experience with exotic species. Natural Areas Journal 11, 127-12.
17. Heywood, V.H., 1989. Patterns, extents and modes of invasions by terrestrial plants. In: Drake, J.A., Mooney, H.A., di Castri, F., Groves, R.H., Kruger, F.J., Rejmańek, M., Williamson, M. (Eds.), Biological Invasions: a Global Perspective. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp. 31-60.
18. Hitchmough, J.D., Kilgour, R.A., Morgan, J.W., Shears, I.G., 1994. Efficacy of some grass specific herbicides in controlling exotic grass seedlings in native grassy vegetation. Plant Protection Quarterly 9, 28-34.
19. Hobbs, R.J., Norton, D.A., 1996. Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 4 (2), 93-110.
20. Krzanowski, W.J., 1988. Principles of multivariate analysis. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
21. Lacey, C., 1989. Knapweed management: a decade of change. In: Fay, P.K., Lacey, J.R. (Eds.), Knapweed Symposium Proceedings EB45. Plant and Soil Department and Extension Service, Montana State University, Bozeman, pp. 1-7.
22. Laycock, W.A., 1991. Stable states and thresholds of range condition on North American rangelands: a viewpoint. Journal of Range Management 44, 427-433.
23. Lesica, P., DeLuca, T.H., 1996. Long-term harmful effects of crested wheatgrass on Great Plains grassland ecosystems. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 51, 408-409.
24. Lesica, P., Shelly, J.S., 1996. Competitive effects of Centaurea maculosa on the population dynamics of Arabis fecunda. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 123, 111-121.
25. Macdonald, I.A.W., Loope, L.L., Usher, M.B., Hamann, O., 1989. Wildlife conservation and the invasion of nature reserves by introduced species: a global perspective. In: Drake, J.A., Mooney, H.A., di Castri, F., Groves, R.H., Kruger, F.J., Rejmańek, M., Williamson, M. (Eds.), Biological Invasions: a Global Perspective. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp. 215-255.
26. Malanson, G.P., Trabaud, L., 1987. Ordination analysis of components of resilience of Quercus coccifera garrigue. Ecology 68, 463-472.
27. Marrs, R.H., 1984. The use of herbicides for nature conservation. Aspects of Applied Biology 5, 265-274.
28. Marrs, R.H., 1985. The effects of potential bracken and scrub control herbicides on lowland Calluna and grass heath communities in East Anglia, UK. Biological Conservation 32, 13-32.
29. Masters, R.A., Nissen, S.J., Gaussoin, R.E., Beran, D.D., Stougaard, R.N., 1996. Imidazolinone herbicides improve restoration of Great Plains grasslands. Weed Technology 10, 392-403.
30. McCune, B., 1992. Components of error in predictions of species compositional change. Journal of Vegetation Science 3, 27-34.
31. McKone, M.B., Lacey, C.A., Bedunah, D., 1989. Evaluation of clopyralid rate and time of application on spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.). In: Fay. P.K., Lacey, J.R. (Eds.), Knapweed Symposium Proceedings EB45. Plant and Soil Department and Extension Service, Montana State University, Bozeman, pp. 83-87.
32. Minchin, P.R., 1987. An evaluation of the relative robustness of techniques for ecological ordination. Vegetatio 69, 89-107.
33. Mitchell, W.M., 1958. An ecological study of the grasslands in the region of Missoula, Montana. M.S. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula.
34. Moser, E.B., Saxton, A.M., Pezeshki, S.R., 1990. Repeated measures analysis of variance: application to tree research. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, 524-535.
35. Mueggler, W.F., Stewart, W.L., 1980. Grassland and shrubland habitat types of western Montana. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-66, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden.
36. Noss, R.F., 1990a. Can we maintain biological and ecological integrity? Conservation Biology, 4, 241-243.
37. Noss, R.F., 1990b. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology, 4, 355-364.
38. O'Brien, R.G., Kaiser, M.K., 1985. MANOVA method for analyzing repeated measures designs: an extensive primer. Psychological Bulletin 97, 316-333.
39. Olson, C.L., 1974. Comparative robustness of six tests in multivariate analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association 69, 894-908.
40. Rice, P.M., Bedunah, D.J., Carlson, C.E., 1992. Plant community diversity after herbicide control of spotted knapweed. Research Paper INT-460, USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden.
41. Rice, P.M., Toney, J.C. Bedunah, D.J., Carlson, C.E. Plant community diversity and growth form responses to herbicide applications for control of Centaurea maculosa. Journal of Applied Ecology.
42. SAS Institute Inc., 1988. SAS/STAT® User's Guide, release 6. 03 edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC (in press).
43. SAS Institute Inc., 1996. SAS/STAT® software: Changes and Enhancements Through Release 6.11. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
44. Steele, B.B., Bayn Jr, R.L., Grant, C.V., 1984. Environmental monitoring using populations of birds and small mammals: analyses of sampling effort. Biological Conservation 30, 157-172.
45. Steinger, T., Müller-Schärer, H., 1992. Physiological and growth responses of Centaurea maculosa (Asteraceae) to root herbivory under varying levels of interspecific plant competition and soil nitrogen availability. Oecologia 91, 141-149.
46. Thompson, M.J., 1996. Winter foraging response of elk to spotted knapweed removal. Northwest Science 70, 10-19.
47. Tyser, R.W., 1992. Vegetation associated with two alien plant species in a fescue grassland in Glacier National Park, Montana. Great Basin Naturalist 52, 189-193.
48. Tyser, R.W., Key, C.W., 1988. Spotted knapweed in natural area fescue grasslands: an ecological assessment. Northwest Science 62, 151-160.
49. Tyser, R.W., Worley, C.A., 1992. Alien flora in grasslands adjacent to road and trail corridors in Glacier National Park, Montana (USA). Conservation Biology 6, 253-261.
50. USDA Forest Service, 1993. Noxious weed management projects. Final environmental impact statement. Flathead National Forest, Spotted Bear and Hungry Horse Ranger Districts, Flathead County, Montana.
51. USDA Forest Service, 1996a. Bitterroot National Forest 1996 noxious weed environmental assessment. Bitterroot National Forest, Hamilton, Montana.
52. USDA Forest Service, 1996b. Mormon Ridge winter range restoration. Final environmental impact statement. Lolo National Forest, Missoula Ranger District, Missoula, Montana.
53. Vitousek, P.M., D'Antonio, C.M., Loope, L.L., Westbrooks, R., 1996. Biological invasions as global environmental change. American Scientist 84, 468-478.
54. Westman, W.E., 1991. Ecological restoration projects: measuring their performance. Environmental Professional 13, 207-215.
55. Westman, W.E., O'Leary, J.F., 1986. Measures of resilience: the response of coastal sage scrub to fire. Vegetatio 65, 179-189.