Chemistry of organic-rich black shales overlying the natural nuclear fission reactors of Oklo, republic of gabon

Energy Sources

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 521-539

  Mossman, David J ^a   Gauthier Lafaye, Francois ^b   Nagy, Bartholomew ^c   Rigali, Mark J ^c  

^a MOUNT ALLISON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b CNRS   (France)

^c University of Arizona   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FISSION REACTIONS; GEOCHEMISTRY; MANGANESE; SHALE; URANIUM;

ORGANIC-RICH BLACK SHALES;

NUCLEAR ENERGY;

EID: 0032115481     PISSN: 00908312     EISSN: None     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00908319808970077     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Alpern, B. 1978. Etude pétrographique de la matière organique d'Oklo. In Natural Fission Reactors, pp. 333-351. Vienna: IAEA.
2. Arthur, M. A., and B. B. Sageman. 1994. Marine black shales: Depositional mechanisms and environments of ancient deposits. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 22:499-551.
3. Azzibrouch-Azziley, G. 1986. Sédimentologie et géochimie du Francevillien B (Protérozoïque inférieur). Métallogénie des gisements de manganèse du Moanda, Gabon. Thèse, 210 pp. Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg.
4. Bertrand-Sarfati, J., and B. Potin. 1994. Microfossiliferous cherry stromatolites in the 2000 Ma Franceville Group, Gabon. Precambrian Research 65:341-356.
5. Bonhomme, M. G., F. Gauthier-Lafaye, and F. Weber. 1982. An example of Lower Proterozoic sediments: The Francevillian in Gabon. Precambrian Research 18:87-102.
6. Bouladon, J., F. Weber, C. Veysset, and R. Farre-Mercuret. 1965. Sur la situation géologique et le type métallogénique du gisement de manganèse de Moanda, près Franceville (République Gabonaise). Bulletin Service Carte Géologie Alsace-Lorraine 18(4):253-276.
7. Boyle, R. W. 1987. Gold: History and Genesis of Deposits, 676 pp. New York: Van Nortrand Reinhold.
8. Brookins, D. G. 1990. Radionuclide behavior at the Oklo nuclear reactor, Gabon. Waste Management 10:285-296.
9. Bros, R. 1993. Géochemie isotopique (Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, K-Ar, U) des argiles du bassin Protérozoïque de Franceville et des réacteurs d'Oklo (Gabon). Ph.D. Thèse, 154 pp. Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg.
10. Bros, R., F. Gauthier-Lafaye, F. Larque, and P. Stille. 1993. Mineralogy and isotope geochemistry of Bangombé reaction zone - Migrations of U, Th and fission products. SKB - CNRS "Oklo-Analogues Naturels," 14 pp., December 1993.
11. Bros, R., F. Gauthier-Lafaye, and P. Stille. 1991. Pétrographie et géochimie isotopique des argiles associées au réacteur 10 d'Oklo et à la diagenèse du Francevillian CNRS. Analogues Naturels. Contract BC-5432/JB.
12. Bros, R. P. Stille, F. Gauthier-Lafaye, F. Weber, and N. Clauer. 1992. Sm-Nd isotopic dating of Proterozoic clay material. Example from Francevillian sedimentary Series (Gabon). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 113:207-218.
13. Chapman, N. A., and J. A. T. Smellie. 1966. Introduction and summary of the workshop on natural analogues to the conditions around a final repository for high-level radioactive waste. Chemical Geology 55:167.
14. Chapuis, A. M. and B. L. Blanc. 1993. Oklo, natural analogue for transfer processes in a geological repository: An overview. In Final Report: Oklo Working Group Meeting - Proceedings of the second joint CEC-CEA progress meeting held in Brussels 6-7 April 1992, H. von Maravic, ed., pp. 9-14. Commission of the European Communities. Nuclear Science and Technology Series Report. EUR 14877 En. Brussels, Belgium.
15. Cocherie, A., J. Y. Calvez, and E. Oudin-Dunlop. 1994. Hydrothermal activity as recorded by Red Sea sediments: Sr-Nd isotopes and REE signatures. Marine Geology 118-291-302.
16. Cortial, F. 1985. Les bitumes du Francevillian (Protérozoïque inferieur du Gabon 2000 Ma) et leurs kérogènes. Relations avec les minéralisations uraniferes. Thèse Doct., 217 pp. Université Strasbourg.
17. Cortial, F., F. Gauthier-Lafaye, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, A. Oberlin, and F. Weber. 1990. Characterization of organic matter associated with uranium deposits in the Francevillian Formation of Gabon (Lower Proterozoic). Organic Geochemistry 15:73-85.
18. Curtis, D., T. Benjamin, A. Gancarz, R. Loss, K. Rosman, J. DeLaeter, J. E. Delmore, and W. J. Maeck. 1999. Fission product retention in the Oklo natural fission reactors. Applied Geochemistry 4:49-62.
19. Gauthier-Lafeye, F. 1982. Etude des sondages OK72 et KD 11 bis CNRS, 24 pp. (Rapport internel, Strasbourg.
20. Gauthier-Lafaye, F. 1966. Les gisements d'uranium du Gabon et les reacteurs d'Oklo. Modèle métallogénique des gites à fortes teneurs du Protérazoïque inférieurs. Memoir Science Géologie 78: 206 pp.
21. Gauthier-Lafeye, F. 1994. Oklo, analogue naturel de stockage de déchets radioactifs. Géologie des réacteurs; Etudes des épontes et transferts anciens CGS-CNRS Strasbourg Contrat FI 2W-CT91-0071. Rapport de fin de phase analytique, 83 pp.
22. Gauthier-Lafaye, F., and F. Weber. 1969. The Francevillian (Lover Proterazoic) uranium ore deposits of Gabon. Economic Geology 84:2267-2285.
23. Gauthier-Lafaye, F., F. Weber, and H. Ohmoto. 1969. Natural fission reactors of Oklo. Geology 84:2286-2295.
24. Gauthier-Lafaye, F., P. Holliger, and P. L. Blanc. 1996. Natural fission reactors in the Franceville basin, Gabon: A review of the conditions and results of a "critical event" in a geologic system. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60(23):4831-4852.
25. Hidaka, H., and P. Holliger. 1994. REE geochemistry of Oklo and Bangombé natural reactors. In Bangombé Reactor - Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Solid Phases, F. Gauthier Lafaye, ed., 5 pp. Internal Preliminary Report, Centre de Géochimie de la Surface, CNRS, Strasbourg, January 1994.
26. Hidaka, H., and A. Masuda. 1991. The analyses of various fissiogenic nuclides from Oklo natural reactor. In Proceedings of the 3rd. International Symposium on Advanced Nuclear Energy Research, pp. 236-240.
27. Hidaka, H., P. Holliger, and A. Masuda. 1993. Evidence of fessiogenic Cs estimated from Ba isotopic deviations in an Oklo natural reactor zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 114:391-396.
28. Hidaka, H., T. Konishi, A. Masuda. 1992. Reconstruction of cumulative fission yield curve and geochemical behaviour of fissiogenic nuclides in the Oklo natural reactors. Geochemical Journal 26:227-239.
29. Hidaka, H., A. Masuda, I. Fujii, and H. Shimizu. 1988. Abundance of fissiogenic and pre-reactor natural rare-earth elements in a uranium ore sample from Oklo. Geochemical Journal 22:47-54.
30. 90Zr in the Oklo natural fission reactors: Implications for geochemical behaviour of fissiogenic Rb, Sr, Cs and Ba. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 122:173-182.
31. Holliger, P. 1992. Geochemical and isotopic characterization of the reaction zones (uranium, transuranium, lead and fission products). In Final Report: Oklo Working Group Meeting - Proceedings of the second joint CEC-CEA progress meeting held in Brussels, 6-7 April 1992, H. von Maravic, ed., pp. 27-38. Commission of the European Communities. Nuclear Science and Technology Report EUR 14877, Brussels, Belgium.
32. Holliger, P. 1993. The new Oklo reaction zones: U-Pb dating and in situ characterization of fission products by ion analysis. Technical Record TR-614 COG-93-345. Departement d'Etudes des Matériaux, Section de Recherches et Controles Analytiques, Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Grenoble.
33. Huyck, H. L. O. 1990. When is a metalliferous black shale not a black shale? In Metalliferous Black Shales and Related Ore Deposits, R. I. Grauch and H. L. O. Huyck, eds., pp. 42-56. Proceedings, 1989 U.S. Working Group Meeting, International Geological Correlation Program, Project 254. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1058:42-56.
34. International Atomic Energy Agency. 1975. The Oklo phenomenon. Proceedings of a symposium on the Oklo phenomenon, 647 pp. ISBN 92-0-040275-5. Vienna: IAEA.
35. International Atomic Energy Agency. 1978. Natural fission reactors. Proceedings of a meeting of the Technical Committee on natural fission reactors, 754 pp. ISBN 92-0-051078-7. Vienna: IAEA.
36. Jancezek, J., and R. C. Ewing. 1992. Dissolution and alteration of uraninite under reducing conditions. Journal of Nuclear Materials 190:157-193.
37. Kane, J., B. Arbogast, and J. S. D. Leventhal. 1990. Characterization of Devonian Oil Shale SDO-1 as a U.S.G.S. Geochemical Reference Standard. Geostandards News 14(1)69-196.
38. Loss, R. D., K. J. R. Rosman, J. R. LeLaeter, D. B. Curtis, T. M. Benjamin, A. J. Gancarz, W. J. Maeck, and J. E. Del more. 1989. Fission-product retentivity in the peripheral rocks at the Oklo natural fission reactors, Gabon. Chemical Geology 76:71-84.
39. Loubet, M., and C. J. Allegre. 1977. Behaviour of the rare-earth elements in the Oklo natural reactor. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 41:1539-1548.
40. Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. 1994. Chemical and textural characteristics of Ptoterozoic black shales in the Fennoscandian Shield - An exploration tool for sulfide deposits. Programme with Abstracts. Annual Meeting Geological Association of Canada-Mineralogical Association of Canada, University of Waterloo, May 16-18, 1994.
41. Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K., and T. Heino. 1993. Black shale-hosted, low grade Ni-Cu-Zn deposit at Talvivaara, Finland. In Current Research in Geology Applied to Ore Deposits, Fenoll Hach-Ali, Torres-Ruiz and Gervilla, eds.
42. Manning, D. A. C., and A. Gize. 1994. The role of organic matter in ore transport. In Organic Geochemistry - Principles and Applications, M. H. Engel and S. A. Macko, eds., pp. 547-563. New York: Plenum.
43. McKirdy, D. M., and S. W. Imbus. 1992. Precambrian petroleum: A decade of changing perceptions. In Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources, M. Schidlowski, S. Golubic, M. M. Kimberley, D. M. McKirdy, and P. A. Trudinger, eds., pp. 176-192. New York: Springer-Verlag.
44. McLennan, S. M. 1989. Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. In Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements, B. R. Lipin and G. A. McKay, eds. Reviews in Mineralogy 21:169-200.
45. Menager, M. T., and J. C. Petit. 1988. Potentialitiés des analogues naturels pour l'étude de la migration des radioélements dans les stockages en formation géologique. Rapport Tech. CEA, 38 pp.
46. Menet-Dressayre, C., M. T. Ménager, and J. C. Petit 1992. Migration of radioelements around the new nuclear reactors at Oklo: Analogies with a high-level waste depository. Radiochimica Acta 58/59:395-400.
47. Miller, W., R. Alexander, N. Chapman, I. McKinley, and J. Smellie. 1994. Natural Analogue Studies in the Geological Disposal of Radioactive Wastes, Studies in Environmental 57, 395 pp. New York: Elsevier.
48. Mossman, D. J., and C. L. Thompson-Rizer. 1993. Toward a working nomenclature and classification of organic matter in Precambrian (and Phanerozoic) sedimentary rocks. Research 61:171-179.
49. Mossman, D. J., F. Gauthier-Lafaye, B. Nagy, and M. J. Rigali. 1995. Geochemistry of black shales adjacent to the natural nuclear reactors of Oklo, Gabon: The case for hydrothermal alteration. Programme with Abstracts, p. A73. Geological Association of Canada-Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting, Victoria, British Columbia, May 17-19, 1995.
50. Mossman, D. J., F. Goodarzi, and T. Gentzis. 1993a. Characterization of insoluble organic matter from the Lower Proterozoic Huronian Supergroup, Elliot Lake, Ontario. Precambrian Research 61:279-293.
51. Mossman, D. J., B. Nagy, M. J. Rigali, F. Gauthier-Lafaye, and P. Holliger. 1993b. Petrography and paragenesis of organic matter associated with the natural fission reactor at Oklo. Republic of Gabon: A preliminary report. International Journal of Coal Geology 24:179-194.
52. Mossman, D. J., and B. Nagy. 1996. Solid bitumens: An assessment of their characteristics, genesis, and the role in geological processes. Terra Nova 8:114-128.
53. Nagy, B., F. Gauthier-Lafaye, P. Holliger, D. J. Mossman, J. S. Leventhal, and M. J. Rigali, 1993. Role of organic matter in the Proterozoic Oklo natural fission reactors, Gabon. Geology 21:655-658.
54. Nagy, B., F. Gauthier-Lafeye, P. Holliger, D. J. Mossman, J. S. Leventhal, M. J. Rigali, and J. Parnell. 1991. Role of organic matter in containment of uranium and fessiogenic isotopes at the Oklo natural reactors. Nature 354:472-475.
55. Naudet, R. 1976. The Oklo nuclear reactors: 1800 million years ago. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 1:72-84.
56. Naudet, R. 1978. Synthèse des données concernant la stabilité et les remobilisations de l'uranium et des terres rares. In Natural Fission Reactors, pp. 643-676. Vienna: IAEA.
57. Naudet, R. 1991. Des Réacteurs Nucléaires Fossiles, 695 pp. Paris: Eyrolles.
58. Naudet, R. 1993. The Oklo phenomenon, twenty years later. Final Report, Oklo Working Group Meeting, Proceedings of the second joint CEC-CEA progress meeting in Brussels on 6-7 April 1992, H. von Maravic, ed., pp. 3-5. Commission of the European Communities. Nuclear Science and Technology Series Report, EUR 14877.
59. Neuilly, M., J. J. Bussac, C. Frejacques, G. Nief, G. Vendryes, and J. Yvon. 1972. Sur l'existence dans un passé reculé d'une réaction en chaîne naturelle de fission dans le gisement d'uranium d'Oklo (Gabon). Compte Rendu Academie Science Paris 275:1347-1349.
60. Peycelon, H., and R. Raimbault. 1994. Géochimie des galènes d'Oklo. Rapport préliminaire. Rapport ENSMP, 6 pp.
61. Piboule, M., J. Amosse, and E. Moiny. 1994. Etude geochimique du sondage SF29 du réacteur no. 10 d'Oklo: Modalitiés et bilans des migrations des produits de fission. Compte-rendu d'activités - Rapport Finale Oklo, 25 pp. Institut Dolomieu CNRS, Grenoble, February 1994.
62. Piper, D. Z. 1994. Sea water as a source of minor elements. Chemical Geology 114:95-114.
63. Potter, P. E., J. B. Maynard, and W. A. Pryor. 1960. Sedimentology of Shale, 306 pp., New York: Springer-Verlag.
64. Raimbault, L. 1992. Geochemistry of apatites, pyrites and galenas in near- and far-field veins and sandstones around the Oklo fossil reactors (Gabon): Identification of ancient hydrothermal circulations. In Proceedings Second Joint CEC-CEA Meeting, Brussels, pp. 45-55.
65. Ruffenach, J. C., J. Mines, C. Devillers, M. Lucas, and R. Hagemann. 1976. Etudes chimiques et isotopiques de l'uranium du plomb et de plusieurs produits de fission dans un échantillon de minéral du réacteur natural d'Oklo. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 30:94-108.
66. Sanchez-Vizcaino, V. L., G. Franz, and M. T. Gomez-Pugnaire. 1995. The behaviour of Cr during metamorphism of carbonate rocks from the Nevado-Filabride complex, betic cordilleras, Spain. Canadian Mineralogist 33:85-104.
67. Stribrny, B., and H. Urban. 1989. Classification of sedimentary rocks in the black shale series based on their normative mineral compositions. 28th International Geological Congress, Abstracts 3:190-191.
68. Taylor, S. R., and S. M. McLennan. 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution - An Examination of the Geochemical Record Preserved in Sedimentary Rocks, 312 pp. London: Blackwell.
69. Vine, J. W., and E. B. Tourtelot. 1977. Geochemistry of black shale deposits - A summary report. Economic Geology 65:253-272.
70. Weber, F. 1968. Une série précambrienne du Gabon: le Francevillian. Sédimentologie, géochimie, relations avec les gîtes minéraux associés. Mémoire Service Carte Géologie Alsace-Lorraine, Strasbourg 28:328 pp.
71. Weber, F. 1973. Genesis and supergene evolution of the Precambrian sedimentary manganese deposit at Moanda (Gabon). In Unesco, Genesis of Precambrian Iron and Manganese Deposits, p. 307. Proceedings of Kiev Symposium 1970. Earth Sciences 9.