The Pan American Child Congresses, 1916 to 1942: Pan Americanism, child reform, and the welfare state in Latin America

Journal of Family History

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 272-291

  Guy, Donna J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032114406     PISSN: 03631990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/036319909802300304     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. According to Nancy Stepan, the word homiculture was coined in 1911 by two Cuban physicians to name the new science that examined the role of heredity in society. Nancy Leys Stepan, "The Hour of Eugenics," Race, Gender and Nation in Latin America (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 76-79.
2. Actas de la Primera Conferencia Panamericana de Eugenesia y Homicultura de las Repúblicas Americanas celebrada en La Habana, Cuba, desde el 21 hasta el 23 de diciembre de 7927 (Habana: Gobierno de la República de Cuba, 1928), 328-32.
3. Quinto Congreso Panamericano del Niño, Actas y Trabajos del Quinto Congreso Panamericano del Niño, 5 tomos (La Habana: Montalvo y Cárdenas Impresores, 1928).
4. Examples of this genre include Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane, eds., Maternity & Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s-1950s (New York and London: Routledge, 1991); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard, 1993); Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality and Welfare States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Argentina is among the few Latin American countries where scholars have examined aspects of this topic. See María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina (Buenos Aires, Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992); Héctor Recalde, Beneficencia, asistencialismo estatal y previsión social, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1991); Néstor Feroli, La Fundación Eva Perón, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1990); and Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón (Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina, 1993). For other Latin American nations, the few studies published to date deal with the social security system. Carmelo Mesa Lago, Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1978) offers a historical perspective on the rise of the welfare state in several countries. None deals with the Pan American aspects. On Pan Americanism and gender, Eleanor Laming, see Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie R. Bergmann (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1990), 10-26.
5. Examples of this genre include Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane, eds., Maternity & Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s-1950s (New York and London: Routledge, 1991); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard, 1993); Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality and Welfare States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Argentina is among the few Latin American countries where scholars have examined aspects of this topic. See María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina (Buenos Aires, Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992); Héctor Recalde, Beneficencia, asistencialismo estatal y previsión social, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1991); Néstor Feroli, La Fundación Eva Perón, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1990); and Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón (Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina, 1993). For other Latin American nations, the few studies published to date deal with the social security system. Carmelo Mesa Lago, Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1978) offers a historical perspective on the rise of the welfare state in several countries. None deals with the Pan American aspects. On Pan Americanism and gender, Eleanor Laming, see Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie R. Bergmann (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1990), 10-26.
6. Examples of this genre include Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane, eds., Maternity & Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s-1950s (New York and London: Routledge, 1991); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard, 1993); Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality and Welfare States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Argentina is among the few Latin American countries where scholars have examined aspects of this topic. See María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina (Buenos Aires, Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992); Héctor Recalde, Beneficencia, asistencialismo estatal y previsión social, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1991); Néstor Feroli, La Fundación Eva Perón, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1990); and Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón (Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina, 1993). For other Latin American nations, the few studies published to date deal with the social security system. Carmelo Mesa Lago, Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1978) offers a historical perspective on the rise of the welfare state in several countries. None deals with the Pan American aspects. On Pan Americanism and gender, Eleanor Laming, see Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie R. Bergmann (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1990), 10-26.
7. Examples of this genre include Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane, eds., Maternity & Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s-1950s (New York and London: Routledge, 1991); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard, 1993); Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality and Welfare States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Argentina is among the few Latin American countries where scholars have examined aspects of this topic. See María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina (Buenos Aires, Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992); Héctor Recalde, Beneficencia, asistencialismo estatal y previsión social, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1991); Néstor Feroli, La Fundación Eva Perón, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1990); and Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón (Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina, 1993). For other Latin American nations, the few studies published to date deal with the social security system. Carmelo Mesa Lago, Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1978) offers a historical perspective on the rise of the welfare state in several countries. None deals with the Pan American aspects. On Pan Americanism and gender, Eleanor Laming, see Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie R. Bergmann (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1990), 10-26.
8. Examples of this genre include Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane, eds., Maternity & Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s-1950s (New York and London: Routledge, 1991); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard, 1993); Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality and Welfare States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Argentina is among the few Latin American countries where scholars have examined aspects of this topic. See María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina (Buenos Aires, Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992); Héctor Recalde, Beneficencia, asistencialismo estatal y previsión social, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1991); Néstor Feroli, La Fundación Eva Perón, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1990); and Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón (Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina, 1993). For other Latin American nations, the few studies published to date deal with the social security system. Carmelo Mesa Lago, Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1978) offers a historical perspective on the rise of the welfare state in several countries. None deals with the Pan American aspects. On Pan Americanism and gender, Eleanor Laming, see Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie R. Bergmann (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1990), 10-26.
9. Examples of this genre include Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane, eds., Maternity & Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s-1950s (New York and London: Routledge, 1991); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard, 1993); Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality and Welfare States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Argentina is among the few Latin American countries where scholars have examined aspects of this topic. See María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina (Buenos Aires, Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992); Héctor Recalde, Beneficencia, asistencialismo estatal y previsión social, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1991); Néstor Feroli, La Fundación Eva Perón, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1990); and Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón (Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina, 1993). For other Latin American nations, the few studies published to date deal with the social security system. Carmelo Mesa Lago, Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1978) offers a historical perspective on the rise of the welfare state in several countries. None deals with the Pan American aspects. On Pan Americanism and gender, Eleanor Laming, see Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie R. Bergmann (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1990), 10-26.
10. Examples of this genre include Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane, eds., Maternity & Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s-1950s (New York and London: Routledge, 1991); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard, 1993); Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality and Welfare States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Argentina is among the few Latin American countries where scholars have examined aspects of this topic. See María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina (Buenos Aires, Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992); Héctor Recalde, Beneficencia, asistencialismo estatal y previsión social, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1991); Néstor Feroli, La Fundación Eva Perón, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1990); and Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón (Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina, 1993). For other Latin American nations, the few studies published to date deal with the social security system. Carmelo Mesa Lago, Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1978) offers a historical perspective on the rise of the welfare state in several countries. None deals with the Pan American aspects. On Pan Americanism and gender, Eleanor Laming, see Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie R. Bergmann (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1990), 10-26.
11. Examples of this genre include Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane, eds., Maternity & Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s-1950s (New York and London: Routledge, 1991); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard, 1993); Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality and Welfare States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Argentina is among the few Latin American countries where scholars have examined aspects of this topic. See María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina (Buenos Aires, Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992); Héctor Recalde, Beneficencia, asistencialismo estatal y previsión social, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1991); Néstor Feroli, La Fundación Eva Perón, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1990); and Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón (Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina, 1993). For other Latin American nations, the few studies published to date deal with the social security system. Carmelo Mesa Lago, Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1978) offers a historical perspective on the rise of the welfare state in several countries. None deals with the Pan American aspects. On Pan Americanism and gender, Eleanor Laming, see Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie R. Bergmann (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1990), 10-26.
12. Examples of this genre include Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane, eds., Maternity & Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s-1950s (New York and London: Routledge, 1991); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard, 1993); Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality and Welfare States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Argentina is among the few Latin American countries where scholars have examined aspects of this topic. See María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina (Buenos Aires, Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992); Héctor Recalde, Beneficencia, asistencialismo estatal y previsión social, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1991); Néstor Feroli, La Fundación Eva Perón, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1990); and Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón (Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina, 1993). For other Latin American nations, the few studies published to date deal with the social security system. Carmelo Mesa Lago, Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1978) offers a historical perspective on the rise of the welfare state in several countries. None deals with the Pan American aspects. On Pan Americanism and gender, Eleanor Laming, see Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie R. Bergmann (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1990), 10-26.
13. Examples of this genre include Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane, eds., Maternity & Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s-1950s (New York and London: Routledge, 1991); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard, 1993); Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality and Welfare States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Argentina is among the few Latin American countries where scholars have examined aspects of this topic. See María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina (Buenos Aires, Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992); Héctor Recalde, Beneficencia, asistencialismo estatal y previsión social, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1991); Néstor Feroli, La Fundación Eva Perón, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1990); and Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón (Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina, 1993). For other Latin American nations, the few studies published to date deal with the social security system. Carmelo Mesa Lago, Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1978) offers a historical perspective on the rise of the welfare state in several countries. None deals with the Pan American aspects. On Pan Americanism and gender, Eleanor Laming, see Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie R. Bergmann (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1990), 10-26.
14. Examples of this genre include Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane, eds., Maternity & Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s-1950s (New York and London: Routledge, 1991); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard, 1993); Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality and Welfare States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Argentina is among the few Latin American countries where scholars have examined aspects of this topic. See María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina (Buenos Aires, Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992); Héctor Recalde, Beneficencia, asistencialismo estatal y previsión social, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1991); Néstor Feroli, La Fundación Eva Perón, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1990); and Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón (Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina, 1993). For other Latin American nations, the few studies published to date deal with the social security system. Carmelo Mesa Lago, Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1978) offers a historical perspective on the rise of the welfare state in several countries. None deals with the Pan American aspects. On Pan Americanism and gender, Eleanor Laming, see Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie R. Bergmann (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1990), 10-26.
15. Examples of this genre include Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane, eds., Maternity & Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s-1950s (New York and London: Routledge, 1991); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard, 1993); Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality and Welfare States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Argentina is among the few Latin American countries where scholars have examined aspects of this topic. See María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina (Buenos Aires, Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992); Héctor Recalde, Beneficencia, asistencialismo estatal y previsión social, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1991); Néstor Feroli, La Fundación Eva Perón, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1990); and Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón (Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina, 1993). For other Latin American nations, the few studies published to date deal with the social security system. Carmelo Mesa Lago, Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1978) offers a historical perspective on the rise of the welfare state in several countries. None deals with the Pan American aspects. On Pan Americanism and gender, Eleanor Laming, see Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie R. Bergmann (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1990), 10-26.
16. Examples of this genre include Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York and London: Routledge, 1993); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Gisela Bock and Pat Thane, eds., Maternity & Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States 1880s-1950s (New York and London: Routledge, 1991); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard, 1993); Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality and Welfare States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Argentina is among the few Latin American countries where scholars have examined aspects of this topic. See María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina (Buenos Aires, Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992); Héctor Recalde, Beneficencia, asistencialismo estatal y previsión social, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1991); Néstor Feroli, La Fundación Eva Perón, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1990); and Mariano Plotkin, Mañana es San Perón (Buenos Aires: Ariel Historia Argentina, 1993). For other Latin American nations, the few studies published to date deal with the social security system. Carmelo Mesa Lago, Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1978) offers a historical perspective on the rise of the welfare state in several countries. None deals with the Pan American aspects. On Pan Americanism and gender, Eleanor Laming, see Francesca Miller, "Latin American Feminism and the Transnational Arena," in Women, Culture, and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie R. Bergmann (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1990), 10-26.
17. La Vanguardia (Buenos Aires), 17 July 1916, 3. La Vanguardia was a socialist newspaper.
18. Sixth Pan American Child Congress, Lima, Peru, 4-11 July 1930, Report of the Delegates of the United States of America (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office), 1.
19. U.S. Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Pan American Congresses, Women's Auxiliary Committee to the Second Pan American Scientific Congress (hereafter referred to as USLC, Women's Auxiliary Committee), Box 4. Letter of Dr. Julieta Lantieri de Renshaw, Primer Congreso American del Niño, Buenos Aires, 23 August 1916.
20. La Vanguardia, 17 July 1916, 3.
21. "Tercer congreso sudamericano del niño realizado en Río de Janeiro," September 1922, 56 of clipping book, Arenaza Library, Biblioteca Coll (Argentina).
22. See Mary Ann Mason, From Father's Property to Children's Rights: The History of Child Custody in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Valerie Fildes, Lara Marks and Hilary Marland, eds., Women and Children First: International Maternal and Infant Welfare 1870-1945 (London and New York: Routledge 1992); Richard A. Meckel, Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality 1850-1929 (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988). For Latin America, see UNICRI, ILANUD, comp., Infancia, adolescencia y control social en América latino: Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Venezuela; Primer informe San José de Costa Rica, 21 a 25 de agosto de 1989; Proyecto de investigación: Desarrollo de los Tribunales de Menores en Latinoamérica; Tendencias y perspectivas (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ediciones Depalma, 1990); UNICEF, UNICRI, ILANUD, Del revés al derecho: La condición jurídica de la infancia en América latina: Bases para una reforma legislativa (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Galerna, 1992); María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina: De la Beneficencia a la Seguridad Social (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992). There is a relatively abundant literature on Argentina, mostly dealing with public health, the Sociedad de Beneficencia, and the Fundación Eva Perón.
23. See Mary Ann Mason, From Father's Property to Children's Rights: The History of Child Custody in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Valerie Fildes, Lara Marks and Hilary Marland, eds., Women and Children First: International Maternal and Infant Welfare 1870-1945 (London and New York: Routledge 1992); Richard A. Meckel, Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality 1850-1929 (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988). For Latin America, see UNICRI, ILANUD, comp., Infancia, adolescencia y control social en América latino: Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Venezuela; Primer informe San José de Costa Rica, 21 a 25 de agosto de 1989; Proyecto de investigación: Desarrollo de los Tribunales de Menores en Latinoamérica; Tendencias y perspectivas (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ediciones Depalma, 1990); UNICEF, UNICRI, ILANUD, Del revés al derecho: La condición jurídica de la infancia en América latina: Bases para una reforma legislativa (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Galerna, 1992); María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina: De la Beneficencia a la Seguridad Social (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992). There is a relatively abundant literature on Argentina, mostly dealing with public health, the Sociedad de Beneficencia, and the Fundación Eva Perón.
24. See Mary Ann Mason, From Father's Property to Children's Rights: The History of Child Custody in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Valerie Fildes, Lara Marks and Hilary Marland, eds., Women and Children First: International Maternal and Infant Welfare 1870-1945 (London and New York: Routledge 1992); Richard A. Meckel, Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality 1850-1929 (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988). For Latin America, see UNICRI, ILANUD, comp., Infancia, adolescencia y control social en América latino: Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Venezuela; Primer informe San José de Costa Rica, 21 a 25 de agosto de 1989; Proyecto de investigación: Desarrollo de los Tribunales de Menores en Latinoamérica; Tendencias y perspectivas (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ediciones Depalma, 1990); UNICEF, UNICRI, ILANUD, Del revés al derecho: La condición jurídica de la infancia en América latina: Bases para una reforma legislativa (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Galerna, 1992); María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina: De la Beneficencia a la Seguridad Social (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992). There is a relatively abundant literature on Argentina, mostly dealing with public health, the Sociedad de Beneficencia, and the Fundación Eva Perón.
25. See Mary Ann Mason, From Father's Property to Children's Rights: The History of Child Custody in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Valerie Fildes, Lara Marks and Hilary Marland, eds., Women and Children First: International Maternal and Infant Welfare 1870-1945 (London and New York: Routledge 1992); Richard A. Meckel, Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality 1850-1929 (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988). For Latin America, see UNICRI, ILANUD, comp., Infancia, adolescencia y control social en América latino: Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Venezuela; Primer informe San José de Costa Rica, 21 a 25 de agosto de 1989; Proyecto de investigación: Desarrollo de los Tribunales de Menores en Latinoamérica; Tendencias y perspectivas (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ediciones Depalma, 1990); UNICEF, UNICRI, ILANUD, Del revés al derecho: La condición jurídica de la infancia en América latina: Bases para una reforma legislativa (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Galerna, 1992); María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina: De la Beneficencia a la Seguridad Social (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992). There is a relatively abundant literature on Argentina, mostly dealing with public health, the Sociedad de Beneficencia, and the Fundación Eva Perón.
26. See Mary Ann Mason, From Father's Property to Children's Rights: The History of Child Custody in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Valerie Fildes, Lara Marks and Hilary Marland, eds., Women and Children First: International Maternal and Infant Welfare 1870-1945 (London and New York: Routledge 1992); Richard A. Meckel, Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality 1850-1929 (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988). For Latin America, see UNICRI, ILANUD, comp., Infancia, adolescencia y control social en América latino: Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Venezuela; Primer informe San José de Costa Rica, 21 a 25 de agosto de 1989; Proyecto de investigación: Desarrollo de los Tribunales de Menores en Latinoamérica; Tendencias y perspectivas (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ediciones Depalma, 1990); UNICEF, UNICRI, ILANUD, Del revés al derecho: La condición jurídica de la infancia en América latina: Bases para una reforma legislativa (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Galerna, 1992); María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina: De la Beneficencia a la Seguridad Social (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992). There is a relatively abundant literature on Argentina, mostly dealing with public health, the Sociedad de Beneficencia, and the Fundación Eva Perón.
27. See Mary Ann Mason, From Father's Property to Children's Rights: The History of Child Custody in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Valerie Fildes, Lara Marks and Hilary Marland, eds., Women and Children First: International Maternal and Infant Welfare 1870-1945 (London and New York: Routledge 1992); Richard A. Meckel, Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality 1850-1929 (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988). For Latin America, see UNICRI, ILANUD, comp., Infancia, adolescencia y control social en América latino: Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Venezuela; Primer informe San José de Costa Rica, 21 a 25 de agosto de 1989; Proyecto de investigación: Desarrollo de los Tribunales de Menores en Latinoamérica; Tendencias y perspectivas (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ediciones Depalma, 1990); UNICEF, UNICRI, ILANUD, Del revés al derecho: La condición jurídica de la infancia en América latina: Bases para una reforma legislativa (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Galerna, 1992); María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina: De la Beneficencia a la Seguridad Social (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992). There is a relatively abundant literature on Argentina, mostly dealing with public health, the Sociedad de Beneficencia, and the Fundación Eva Perón.
28. See Mary Ann Mason, From Father's Property to Children's Rights: The History of Child Custody in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Valerie Fildes, Lara Marks and Hilary Marland, eds., Women and Children First: International Maternal and Infant Welfare 1870-1945 (London and New York: Routledge 1992); Richard A. Meckel, Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality 1850-1929 (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988). For Latin America, see UNICRI, ILANUD, comp., Infancia, adolescencia y control social en América latino: Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Venezuela; Primer informe San José de Costa Rica, 21 a 25 de agosto de 1989; Proyecto de investigación: Desarrollo de los Tribunales de Menores en Latinoamérica; Tendencias y perspectivas (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ediciones Depalma, 1990); UNICEF, UNICRI, ILANUD, Del revés al derecho: La condición jurídica de la infancia en América latina: Bases para una reforma legislativa (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Galerna, 1992); María Ines Passanante, Pobreza y acción social en la historia argentina: De la Beneficencia a la Seguridad Social (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Humanitas, 1987); Angela de Castro Gomes, Ana Frega, Mónica Campins, Horacio Gaggero, Alicia Garro, Estado, corporativismo y acción social . . . en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundación Simón Rodríguez, 1992). There is a relatively abundant literature on Argentina, mostly dealing with public health, the Sociedad de Beneficencia, and the Fundación Eva Perón.
29. The Boletín del Instituto Internacional Americana de Protección a la Infancia (hereafter referred to as Boletin HAPI) recounts the many ways that the congresses influenced individual countries to change their laws and allocate money for child rights activities.
30. For a general history of child rights legal reform efforts in several Latin American countries, see UNICRI, ILANUD, comp., Infancia, adolescencia y control social en América latina. Infancia, adolescencia y control social en América latina. Infancia, adolescencia y control social en América latina. For the U.S. experience see Molly Ladd-Taylor, "'Why does Congress Wish Women and Children to Die?': The Rise and Fall of Public Maternal and Infant Health Care in the United States, 1921-1929," in Women and Children First, Fildes, Marks, Marland, eds., 121-132
31. For a general history of child rights legal reform efforts in several Latin American countries, see UNICRI, ILANUD, comp., Infancia, adolescencia y control social en América latina. Infancia, adolescencia y control social en América latina. Infancia, adolescencia y control social en América latina. For the U.S. experience see Molly Ladd-Taylor, "'Why does Congress Wish Women and Children to Die?': The Rise and Fall of Public Maternal and Infant Health Care in the United States, 1921-1929," in Women and Children First, Fildes, Marks, Marland, eds., 121-132.
32. The history of the Instituto can be found in Dr. Víctor Escardó y Anaya, "Veniticinco años del Consejo Directivo y de la Dirección General," Boletín IIAP 26, no. 2 (jimio 1952): 91-105.
33. Juana María Begino, "El Congreso Nacional del Niño: La 'Liga para los derechos de la mujer y del niño y sus trabajos,'" Cara y Caretas (16 November 1912).
34. La Vanguardia, 18 October 1913, 1.
35. Stepan, The Hour of Eugenics, 12. See also chap. 6, "U.S., Pan American, and Latin Visions of Eugenics."
36. Congreso Americano del Niño, Buenos Aires, Argentina, julio de 1916 (Washington, DC: Unión Panamericana, División de Conferencias y Organismos, Departamento Jurídico y de Organismos Internacionales, Serie Sobre Congresos y Conferencias Número 62, 1950), "Programa de las Secciones," 7-12.
37. Organización de Estados Americanos, Instituto Interamericano del Niño, Congreso Panamericanos del Niño: Ordenación sistemática de sus recomendaciones 1916-1963 (Montevideo: OEA, 1965), 73, 77, 232-233, 268; Asunción Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), 109.
38. Organización de Estados Americanos, Instituto Interamericano del Niño, Congreso Panamericanos del Niño: Ordenación sistemática de sus recomendaciones 1916-1963 (Montevideo: OEA, 1965), 73, 77, 232-233, 268; Asunción Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), 109.
39. "El Congreso Nacional del Niño, La 'Liga para los derechos de la mujer y del niño y sus trabajos,'" Caras y Caretas (16 November 1912).
40. Her 1916 talk was preceded by an equally controversial paper given by Dr. Emilio R. Coni in 1909. For the Cora talk see Stepan, Hour of Eugenics, 58. Paulina Luisi, Algunas ideas sobre EUGENIA. Trabajo presentado al ler Congreso Americano del Niño, Buenos Aires, 1916 (Montevideo: El Siglo Ilustrado, 1916), 11-23.
41. Her 1916 talk was preceded by an equally controversial paper given by Dr. Emilio R. Coni in 1909. For the Cora talk see Stepan, Hour of Eugenics, 58. Paulina Luisi, Algunas ideas sobre EUGENIA. Trabajo presentado al ler Congreso Americano del Niño, Buenos Aires, 1916 (Montevideo: El Siglo Ilustrado, 1916), 11-23.
42. Organización de Estados Americanos, Instituto Interamericano del Niño, Congreso Panamericanos del Niño: Ordenación sistemática de sus recomendaciones 1916-1963, 17-18, 29, 32-33, 58-59, 72, 79-80, 101, 117, 183-84, 219, 256.
43. Pan American Union, Third American Child Congress. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 27-September 5, 1922, Organization and Conclusions Approved (Washington, DC, Pan American Union, Division of Conferences and Organizations, Department of International Law, Congress and Conference Series No. 66), 25-31. There was one female delegate from Argentina who appears to have been the daughter of one of the male members.
44. Ill Congreso Americano del Niño, Rio de Janeiro (25 agosto-5 set. 1922), Memoria del Comité Nacional del Perú (Lima, 1922), 1-44.
45. Organización de Estados Americanos, Instituto Interamericano del Niño, Congreso Panamericanos del Niño: Ordenación sistemática de sus recomendaciones 1916-1963, 44, 71-12, 101-2. See also Stepan, The Hour of Eugenics.
46. Organización de Estados Americanos, Instituto Interamericano del Niño, Congreso Panamericanos del Niño: Ordenación sistemática de sus recomendaciones 1916-1963, 44, 71-12, 101-2. See also Stepan, The Hour of Eugenics.
47. Bulletin of the Women's Auxiliary Committee of the United States to the Second Pan American Scientific Congress (February 1921), 4.
48. USLC, Women's Auxiliary Committee, Box 1, Letter of Mrs. Robert Lansing to Mrs. Julia Lathrop, 16 December 1916; Box 3, Miss C. E. Mason, "The Solidarity of the World's Womanhood as an International Asset," Report on the Women's Auxiliary Conference, 42.
49. USLC, Women's Auxiliary Committee, Box 3, Bulletin of the Women's Auxiliary Committee of the United States of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress in Cooperation with the International Committee 1 (February 1921): 21-33. The reports were published in English and Spanish. Box 8, Mimeo, "Informal Report of the Women's Auxiliary Committee by Mrs. G. L. Swiggett, the Committee's Official Delegate to the Lima Conference, December 24-January 6, 1925."
50. USLC, Women's Auxiliary Committee, Box 3, Bulletin of the Women's Auxiliary Committee of the United States of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress in Cooperation with the International Committee 1 (February 1921): 21-33. The reports were published in English and Spanish. Box 8, Mimeo, "Informal Report of the Women's Auxiliary Committee by Mrs. G. L. Swiggett, the Committee's Official Delegate to the Lima Conference, December 24-January 6, 1925."
51. Dr. C. P. Knight, "La mortalidad infantil y métodos para prevenirla," in Cuarto Congreso Panamericano del Niño, Antecedentes, actas y trabajos del Cuarto Congreso Panamericano del Niño (Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes, 1926), 3: 10-12.
52. Katherine Lenroot, "Cuidado de los niños desamparados en los Estados Unidos," Ibid., 4: 173-82.
53. José Maza F., "Necesidad de atribuir a la madre la patria potestad," Ibid., 5: 272.
54. K. Lynn Stoner, From the House to the Streets: The Cuban Women's Movement for Legal Reform 1898-1940 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991).
55. Katherine F. Lenroot, "V Congreso Panamericano del Niño," Boletín IIAPI 1, no. 4 (April 1928): 557.
56. Stepan, The Hour of Eugenics, 178-82.
57. Dr. Luis Morquio, speech, Boletín IIAPI 2, no. 3 (January 1929): 360.
58. Lenroot, "V Congreso Panamericano del Niño," Ibid., 557.
59. VII Congreso Panamericano del Niño, Memoria del VII Congreso Panamericano del Niño, 2 tomos (Mexico: Talleres Gráficos de la Nación, 1937), 1: 7.
60. Ibid., passim.
61. Eighth Pan American Child Congress, Washington, DC, 2-9 May 1942 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1948), 1.
62. Ibid., 3-16.
63. Ibid., 41-47.
64. Eduarde J. Bullrich, Asistencia social de menores, 2 tomos (Buenos Aires 1919) I: 399-427.
65. Susan K. Besse, Restructuring Patriarchy: The Modernization of Gender Inequality in Brazil, 1914-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 95; UNCRI, ILANUD, Infancia, adolescencia y control social en America latino. Argentina-Colombia-Costa Rica-Uruguay-Venezuela, 275-76. See also UNICEF, UNICRI, ILANUD, Del revés al derecho; La condición jurídica de la infancia en America Latina, Bases para una reforma legislativa (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Galerna, 1992).
66. Susan K. Besse, Restructuring Patriarchy: The Modernization of Gender Inequality in Brazil, 1914-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 95; UNCRI, ILANUD, Infancia, adolescencia y control social en America latino. Argentina-Colombia-Costa Rica-Uruguay-Venezuela, 275-76. See also UNICEF, UNICRI, ILANUD, Del revés al derecho; La condición jurídica de la infancia en America Latina, Bases para una reforma legislativa (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Galerna, 1992).
67. Susan K. Besse, Restructuring Patriarchy: The Modernization of Gender Inequality in Brazil, 1914-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 95; UNCRI, ILANUD, Infancia, adolescencia y control social en America latino. Argentina-Colombia-Costa Rica-Uruguay-Venezuela, 275-76. See also UNICEF, UNICRI, ILANUD, Del revés al derecho; La condición jurídica de la infancia en America Latina, Bases para una reforma legislativa (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Galerna, 1992).
68. República Oriental del Uruguay, Consejo del Niño,
69. "Organización integral de la protección a la infancia. Opiniones de los doctores Gregorio Aráoz Alfaro, Roberto Berro, Víctor Escardó y Anaya y profesor Emilio Fournié." Boletín IIAPI 18, no. 3 (septiembre 1944), 352-54.
70. República Oriental del Uruguay, Consejo del Niño, Código del Niño. Ley promulgada el 6 de abril de 1934 (Montevideo: Imprenta Nacional, 1935).
71. "Los Derechos del Niño; Carta de la Unión Internacional de Protección de la Infancia; Promulgada en 1923 y revisada en 1948," Boletín IIAPI (June 1961): 109.
72. "Los Derechos del Niño, Declaracion de la Casa Blanca, Washington, DC, EEUU, 1930," translated and reprinted in Boletín IIAPI (June 1961): 110-12.
73. "Organización integral de la protección a la infancia. Opiniones de los doctores Gregorio Aráoz Alfaro, Roberto Berro, Víctor Escardó y Anaya y profesor Emilio Fournié." Boletín IIAPI 18, no. 3 (septiembre de 1944), 374-77.
74. "Organización integral de la protección a la infancia. Opiniones de los doctores Gregorio Aráoz Alfaro, Roberto Berro, Víctor Escardó y Anaya y professor Emilio Fournié." Boletín IIAPI 28, no. 3 (septiembre de 1944), 357-59.
75. Congresos Pan Americanos del Niño, Ordenación sistemática de sus recomendaciones 1916-1963, 157.
76. Ibid., 158-59.
77. Instituto Interamericano del Niño, XII Congreso Panamericano del Niño. Recomendaciones (Montevideo, 1964), passim.
78. O.E.A., Instituto Interamericano del Niño, XIII Congreso Panamericano del Niño, Quito, Ecuador (Montevideo, 1968), passim.
79. Lourdes Benería and Shelly Feldman, Unequal Burden: Economic Crises, Persistent Poverty, and Women's Work (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992).