What Does Treatment of Depression Really Cost?

Health Affairs

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 198-208

  Croghan, Thomas W ^a   Obenchain, Robert L ^c   Crown, William E ^b  

^a ELI LILLY AND COMPANY   (United States)

^b MEDSTAT GROUP   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; ECONOMICS; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0032113875     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.17.4.198     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Chronic Medical Conditions in a Sample of the General Population with Anxiety, Affective, and Substance Use Disorders," American Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 11 (1989): 1440-1446; J.L. Coulehan et al., "Medical Comorbidity of Major Depressive Disorder in a Primary Medical Practice," Archives of Internal Medicine 150, no. 11 (1990): 2363-2367; K.B. Wells et al., "How the Medical Comorbidity of Depressed Patients Differs across Health Care Settings: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 12 (1991): 1688-1696; K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Psychiatric Disorder in a Sample of the General Population with and without Chronic Medical Conditions," American Journal of Psychiatry 145, no. 6 (1988): 976-981; W. Katon, "Depression: Somatic Symptoms and Medical Disorders in Primary Care," Comprehensive Psychiatry 23, no. 3 (1982): 274-287; A. LaBruzza, "Physical Illness Presenting in Psychiatric Disorder: Guidelines for Differential Diagnosis," Journal of Operational Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (1981): 24-31; W. Katon, "Depression: Relationship to Somatization and Chronic Medical Illness," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45, no. 3, part 2 (1984): 4-11; and P.F.M. Verhaak, "Variations in the Diagnosis of Psychosocial Disorders: A General Practice Observational Study," Social Science and Medicine 23, no. 6 (1986): 595-604.
2. K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Chronic Medical Conditions in a Sample of the General Population with Anxiety, Affective, and Substance Use Disorders," American Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 11 (1989): 1440-1446; J.L. Coulehan et al., "Medical Comorbidity of Major Depressive Disorder in a Primary Medical Practice," Archives of Internal Medicine 150, no. 11 (1990): 2363-2367; K.B. Wells et al., "How the Medical Comorbidity of Depressed Patients Differs across Health Care Settings: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 12 (1991): 1688-1696; K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Psychiatric Disorder in a Sample of the General Population with and without Chronic Medical Conditions," American Journal of Psychiatry 145, no. 6 (1988): 976-981; W. Katon, "Depression: Somatic Symptoms and Medical Disorders in Primary Care," Comprehensive Psychiatry 23, no. 3 (1982): 274-287; A. LaBruzza, "Physical Illness Presenting in Psychiatric Disorder: Guidelines for Differential Diagnosis," Journal of Operational Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (1981): 24-31; W. Katon, "Depression: Relationship to Somatization and Chronic Medical Illness," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45, no. 3, part 2 (1984): 4-11; and P.F.M. Verhaak, "Variations in the Diagnosis of Psychosocial Disorders: A General Practice Observational Study," Social Science and Medicine 23, no. 6 (1986): 595-604.
3. K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Chronic Medical Conditions in a Sample of the General Population with Anxiety, Affective, and Substance Use Disorders," American Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 11 (1989): 1440-1446; J.L. Coulehan et al., "Medical Comorbidity of Major Depressive Disorder in a Primary Medical Practice," Archives of Internal Medicine 150, no. 11 (1990): 2363-2367; K.B. Wells et al., "How the Medical Comorbidity of Depressed Patients Differs across Health Care Settings: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 12 (1991): 1688-1696; K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Psychiatric Disorder in a Sample of the General Population with and without Chronic Medical Conditions," American Journal of Psychiatry 145, no. 6 (1988): 976-981; W. Katon, "Depression: Somatic Symptoms and Medical Disorders in Primary Care," Comprehensive Psychiatry 23, no. 3 (1982): 274-287; A. LaBruzza, "Physical Illness Presenting in Psychiatric Disorder: Guidelines for Differential Diagnosis," Journal of Operational Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (1981): 24-31; W. Katon, "Depression: Relationship to Somatization and Chronic Medical Illness," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45, no. 3, part 2 (1984): 4-11; and P.F.M. Verhaak, "Variations in the Diagnosis of Psychosocial Disorders: A General Practice Observational Study," Social Science and Medicine 23, no. 6 (1986): 595-604.
4. K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Chronic Medical Conditions in a Sample of the General Population with Anxiety, Affective, and Substance Use Disorders," American Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 11 (1989): 1440-1446; J.L. Coulehan et al., "Medical Comorbidity of Major Depressive Disorder in a Primary Medical Practice," Archives of Internal Medicine 150, no. 11 (1990): 2363-2367; K.B. Wells et al., "How the Medical Comorbidity of Depressed Patients Differs across Health Care Settings: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 12 (1991): 1688-1696; K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Psychiatric Disorder in a Sample of the General Population with and without Chronic Medical Conditions," American Journal of Psychiatry 145, no. 6 (1988): 976-981; W. Katon, "Depression: Somatic Symptoms and Medical Disorders in Primary Care," Comprehensive Psychiatry 23, no. 3 (1982): 274-287; A. LaBruzza, "Physical Illness Presenting in Psychiatric Disorder: Guidelines for Differential Diagnosis," Journal of Operational Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (1981): 24-31; W. Katon, "Depression: Relationship to Somatization and Chronic Medical Illness," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45, no. 3, part 2 (1984): 4-11; and P.F.M. Verhaak, "Variations in the Diagnosis of Psychosocial Disorders: A General Practice Observational Study," Social Science and Medicine 23, no. 6 (1986): 595-604.
5. K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Chronic Medical Conditions in a Sample of the General Population with Anxiety, Affective, and Substance Use Disorders," American Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 11 (1989): 1440-1446; J.L. Coulehan et al., "Medical Comorbidity of Major Depressive Disorder in a Primary Medical Practice," Archives of Internal Medicine 150, no. 11 (1990): 2363-2367; K.B. Wells et al., "How the Medical Comorbidity of Depressed Patients Differs across Health Care Settings: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 12 (1991): 1688-1696; K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Psychiatric Disorder in a Sample of the General Population with and without Chronic Medical Conditions," American Journal of Psychiatry 145, no. 6 (1988): 976-981; W. Katon, "Depression: Somatic Symptoms and Medical Disorders in Primary Care," Comprehensive Psychiatry 23, no. 3 (1982): 274-287; A. LaBruzza, "Physical Illness Presenting in Psychiatric Disorder: Guidelines for Differential Diagnosis," Journal of Operational Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (1981): 24-31; W. Katon, "Depression: Relationship to Somatization and Chronic Medical Illness," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45, no. 3, part 2 (1984): 4-11; and P.F.M. Verhaak, "Variations in the Diagnosis of Psychosocial Disorders: A General Practice Observational Study," Social Science and Medicine 23, no. 6 (1986): 595-604.
6. K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Chronic Medical Conditions in a Sample of the General Population with Anxiety, Affective, and Substance Use Disorders," American Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 11 (1989): 1440-1446; J.L. Coulehan et al., "Medical Comorbidity of Major Depressive Disorder in a Primary Medical Practice," Archives of Internal Medicine 150, no. 11 (1990): 2363-2367; K.B. Wells et al., "How the Medical Comorbidity of Depressed Patients Differs across Health Care Settings: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 12 (1991): 1688-1696; K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Psychiatric Disorder in a Sample of the General Population with and without Chronic Medical Conditions," American Journal of Psychiatry 145, no. 6 (1988): 976-981; W. Katon, "Depression: Somatic Symptoms and Medical Disorders in Primary Care," Comprehensive Psychiatry 23, no. 3 (1982): 274-287; A. LaBruzza, "Physical Illness Presenting in Psychiatric Disorder: Guidelines for Differential Diagnosis," Journal of Operational Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (1981): 24-31; W. Katon, "Depression: Relationship to Somatization and Chronic Medical Illness," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45, no. 3, part 2 (1984): 4-11; and P.F.M. Verhaak, "Variations in the Diagnosis of Psychosocial Disorders: A General Practice Observational Study," Social Science and Medicine 23, no. 6 (1986): 595-604.
7. K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Chronic Medical Conditions in a Sample of the General Population with Anxiety, Affective, and Substance Use Disorders," American Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 11 (1989): 1440-1446; J.L. Coulehan et al., "Medical Comorbidity of Major Depressive Disorder in a Primary Medical Practice," Archives of Internal Medicine 150, no. 11 (1990): 2363-2367; K.B. Wells et al., "How the Medical Comorbidity of Depressed Patients Differs across Health Care Settings: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 12 (1991): 1688-1696; K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Psychiatric Disorder in a Sample of the General Population with and without Chronic Medical Conditions," American Journal of Psychiatry 145, no. 6 (1988): 976-981; W. Katon, "Depression: Somatic Symptoms and Medical Disorders in Primary Care," Comprehensive Psychiatry 23, no. 3 (1982): 274-287; A. LaBruzza, "Physical Illness Presenting in Psychiatric Disorder: Guidelines for Differential Diagnosis," Journal of Operational Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (1981): 24-31; W. Katon, "Depression: Relationship to Somatization and Chronic Medical Illness," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45, no. 3, part 2 (1984): 4-11; and P.F.M. Verhaak, "Variations in the Diagnosis of Psychosocial Disorders: A General Practice Observational Study," Social Science and Medicine 23, no. 6 (1986): 595-604.
8. K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Chronic Medical Conditions in a Sample of the General Population with Anxiety, Affective, and Substance Use Disorders," American Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 11 (1989): 1440-1446; J.L. Coulehan et al., "Medical Comorbidity of Major Depressive Disorder in a Primary Medical Practice," Archives of Internal Medicine 150, no. 11 (1990): 2363-2367; K.B. Wells et al., "How the Medical Comorbidity of Depressed Patients Differs across Health Care Settings: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 12 (1991): 1688-1696; K.B. Wells, J.M. Golding, and M.A. Burnam, "Psychiatric Disorder in a Sample of the General Population with and without Chronic Medical Conditions," American Journal of Psychiatry 145, no. 6 (1988): 976-981; W. Katon, "Depression: Somatic Symptoms and Medical Disorders in Primary Care," Comprehensive Psychiatry 23, no. 3 (1982): 274-287; A. LaBruzza, "Physical Illness Presenting in Psychiatric Disorder: Guidelines for Differential Diagnosis," Journal of Operational Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (1981): 24-31; W. Katon, "Depression: Relationship to Somatization and Chronic Medical Illness," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45, no. 3, part 2 (1984): 4-11; and P.F.M. Verhaak, "Variations in the Diagnosis of Psychosocial Disorders: A General Practice Observational Study," Social Science and Medicine 23, no. 6 (1986): 595-604.
9. H.C. Schulberg, M. McClelland, and B.J. Burns, "Depression and Physical Illness: The Prevalence, Causation, and Diagnosis of Comorbidity," Clinical Psychology Review 7, no. 7 (1987): 145-167; and N. Frasure-Smith, F. Lesperance, and M. Talajic, "Depression following Myocardial Infarction: Impact on 6-Month Survival," Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 15 (1993): 1819-1825.
10. H.C. Schulberg, M. McClelland, and B.J. Burns, "Depression and Physical Illness: The Prevalence, Causation, and Diagnosis of Comorbidity," Clinical Psychology Review 7, no. 7 (1987): 145-167; and N. Frasure-Smith, F. Lesperance, and M. Talajic, "Depression following Myocardial Infarction: Impact on 6-Month Survival," Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 15 (1993): 1819-1825.
11. K.B. Wells et al., "Detection of Depressive Disorder for Patients Receiving Prepaid or Fee-for-Service Care: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 262, no. 23 (1989): 3298-3302; W.W. Zung et al., "Recognition and Treatment of Depression in a Family Medicine Clinic," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 44, no. 1 (1983): 3-6; M. Von Korff et al., "Anxiety and Depression in a Primary Care Clinic," Archives of General Psychiatry 44, no. 2 (1987): 152-156; and J.E. Barrett et al., "The Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in a Primary Care Practice," Archives of General Psychiatry 45, no. 12 (1988): 1100-1106.
12. K.B. Wells et al., "Detection of Depressive Disorder for Patients Receiving Prepaid or Fee-for-Service Care: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 262, no. 23 (1989): 3298-3302; W.W. Zung et al., "Recognition and Treatment of Depression in a Family Medicine Clinic," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 44, no. 1 (1983): 3-6; M. Von Korff et al., "Anxiety and Depression in a Primary Care Clinic," Archives of General Psychiatry 44, no. 2 (1987): 152-156; and J.E. Barrett et al., "The Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in a Primary Care Practice," Archives of General Psychiatry 45, no. 12 (1988): 1100-1106.
13. K.B. Wells et al., "Detection of Depressive Disorder for Patients Receiving Prepaid or Fee-for-Service Care: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 262, no. 23 (1989): 3298-3302; W.W. Zung et al., "Recognition and Treatment of Depression in a Family Medicine Clinic," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 44, no. 1 (1983): 3-6; M. Von Korff et al., "Anxiety and Depression in a Primary Care Clinic," Archives of General Psychiatry 44, no. 2 (1987): 152-156; and J.E. Barrett et al., "The Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in a Primary Care Practice," Archives of General Psychiatry 45, no. 12 (1988): 1100-1106.
14. K.B. Wells et al., "Detection of Depressive Disorder for Patients Receiving Prepaid or Fee-for-Service Care: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 262, no. 23 (1989): 3298-3302; W.W. Zung et al., "Recognition and Treatment of Depression in a Family Medicine Clinic," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 44, no. 1 (1983): 3-6; M. Von Korff et al., "Anxiety and Depression in a Primary Care Clinic," Archives of General Psychiatry 44, no. 2 (1987): 152-156; and J.E. Barrett et al., "The Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in a Primary Care Practice," Archives of General Psychiatry 45, no. 12 (1988): 1100-1106.
15. M. Von Korff et al., "Disability and Depression among High Utilizers of Health Care," Archives of General Psychiatry 49, no. 2 (1992): 91-100; G. Simon et al., "Health Care Costs Associated with Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care," American Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 3 (1995): 352-357; and J. Johnson, M. Weissman, and G. Klerman, "Service Utilization and Social Morbidity Associated with Depressive Symptoms in the Community," Journal of the American Medical Association 267, no. 11 (1992): 1478-1483.
16. M. Von Korff et al., "Disability and Depression among High Utilizers of Health Care," Archives of General Psychiatry 49, no. 2 (1992): 91-100; G. Simon et al., "Health Care Costs Associated with Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care," American Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 3 (1995): 352-357; and J. Johnson, M. Weissman, and G. Klerman, "Service Utilization and Social Morbidity Associated with Depressive Symptoms in the Community," Journal of the American Medical Association 267, no. 11 (1992): 1478-1483.
17. M. Von Korff et al., "Disability and Depression among High Utilizers of Health Care," Archives of General Psychiatry 49, no. 2 (1992): 91-100; G. Simon et al., "Health Care Costs Associated with Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care," American Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 3 (1995): 352-357; and J. Johnson, M. Weissman, and G. Klerman, "Service Utilization and Social Morbidity Associated with Depressive Symptoms in the Community," Journal of the American Medical Association 267, no. 11 (1992): 1478-1483.
18. K.B. Wells et al., "Cost-Sharing and the Use of General Medical Physicians for Outpatient Mental Health Care," Health Services Research 22, no. 1 (1987): 1-17; R.G. Frank and M.S. Kamlet, "Determining Provider Choice for the Treatment of Mental Disorder: The Role of Health and Health Status," Health Services Research 24, no. 1 (1989): 83-103; C.A. Jackson, W.G. Manning, and K.B. Wells, "Impact of Prior and Current Alcohol Use on Use of Services by Patients with Depression and Chronic Medical Illnesses," Health Services Research 30, no. 5 (1995): 687-705; G.E. Simon, M. Von Korff, and W. Barlow, "Health Care Costs of Primary Care Patients with Recognized Depression," Archives of General Psychiatry 52, no. 10 (1995): 850-856; T.W. Croghan et al., "Effect of Antidepressant Therapy of Health Care Utilization and Costs in Primary Care," Psychiatric Services 48, no. 11 (1997): 1420-1426; and W.E. Crown et al., "Application of Sample Selection Models to Outcomes Research: The Case of Evaluating the Effects of Antidepressant Therapy on Resource Utilization," Statistics in Medicine (forthcoming).
19. K.B. Wells et al., "Cost-Sharing and the Use of General Medical Physicians for Outpatient Mental Health Care," Health Services Research 22, no. 1 (1987): 1-17; R.G. Frank and M.S. Kamlet, "Determining Provider Choice for the Treatment of Mental Disorder: The Role of Health and Health Status," Health Services Research 24, no. 1 (1989): 83-103; C.A. Jackson, W.G. Manning, and K.B. Wells, "Impact of Prior and Current Alcohol Use on Use of Services by Patients with Depression and Chronic Medical Illnesses," Health Services Research 30, no. 5 (1995): 687-705; G.E. Simon, M. Von Korff, and W. Barlow, "Health Care Costs of Primary Care Patients with Recognized Depression," Archives of General Psychiatry 52, no. 10 (1995): 850-856; T.W. Croghan et al., "Effect of Antidepressant Therapy of Health Care Utilization and Costs in Primary Care," Psychiatric Services 48, no. 11 (1997): 1420-1426; and W.E. Crown et al., "Application of Sample Selection Models to Outcomes Research: The Case of Evaluating the Effects of Antidepressant Therapy on Resource Utilization," Statistics in Medicine (forthcoming).
20. K.B. Wells et al., "Cost-Sharing and the Use of General Medical Physicians for Outpatient Mental Health Care," Health Services Research 22, no. 1 (1987): 1-17; R.G. Frank and M.S. Kamlet, "Determining Provider Choice for the Treatment of Mental Disorder: The Role of Health and Health Status," Health Services Research 24, no. 1 (1989): 83-103; C.A. Jackson, W.G. Manning, and K.B. Wells, "Impact of Prior and Current Alcohol Use on Use of Services by Patients with Depression and Chronic Medical Illnesses," Health Services Research 30, no. 5 (1995): 687-705; G.E. Simon, M. Von Korff, and W. Barlow, "Health Care Costs of Primary Care Patients with Recognized Depression," Archives of General Psychiatry 52, no. 10 (1995): 850-856; T.W. Croghan et al., "Effect of Antidepressant Therapy of Health Care Utilization and Costs in Primary Care," Psychiatric Services 48, no. 11 (1997): 1420-1426; and W.E. Crown et al., "Application of Sample Selection Models to Outcomes Research: The Case of Evaluating the Effects of Antidepressant Therapy on Resource Utilization," Statistics in Medicine (forthcoming).
21. K.B. Wells et al., "Cost-Sharing and the Use of General Medical Physicians for Outpatient Mental Health Care," Health Services Research 22, no. 1 (1987): 1-17; R.G. Frank and M.S. Kamlet, "Determining Provider Choice for the Treatment of Mental Disorder: The Role of Health and Health Status," Health Services Research 24, no. 1 (1989): 83-103; C.A. Jackson, W.G. Manning, and K.B. Wells, "Impact of Prior and Current Alcohol Use on Use of Services by Patients with Depression and Chronic Medical Illnesses," Health Services Research 30, no. 5 (1995): 687-705; G.E. Simon, M. Von Korff, and W. Barlow, "Health Care Costs of Primary Care Patients with Recognized Depression," Archives of General Psychiatry 52, no. 10 (1995): 850-856; T.W. Croghan et al., "Effect of Antidepressant Therapy of Health Care Utilization and Costs in Primary Care," Psychiatric Services 48, no. 11 (1997): 1420-1426; and W.E. Crown et al., "Application of Sample Selection Models to Outcomes Research: The Case of Evaluating the Effects of Antidepressant Therapy on Resource Utilization," Statistics in Medicine (forthcoming).
22. K.B. Wells et al., "Cost-Sharing and the Use of General Medical Physicians for Outpatient Mental Health Care," Health Services Research 22, no. 1 (1987): 1-17; R.G. Frank and M.S. Kamlet, "Determining Provider Choice for the Treatment of Mental Disorder: The Role of Health and Health Status," Health Services Research 24, no. 1 (1989): 83-103; C.A. Jackson, W.G. Manning, and K.B. Wells, "Impact of Prior and Current Alcohol Use on Use of Services by Patients with Depression and Chronic Medical Illnesses," Health Services Research 30, no. 5 (1995): 687-705; G.E. Simon, M. Von Korff, and W. Barlow, "Health Care Costs of Primary Care Patients with Recognized Depression," Archives of General Psychiatry 52, no. 10 (1995): 850-856; T.W. Croghan et al., "Effect of Antidepressant Therapy of Health Care Utilization and Costs in Primary Care," Psychiatric Services 48, no. 11 (1997): 1420-1426; and W.E. Crown et al., "Application of Sample Selection Models to Outcomes Research: The Case of Evaluating the Effects of Antidepressant Therapy on Resource Utilization," Statistics in Medicine (forthcoming).
23. K.B. Wells et al., "Cost-Sharing and the Use of General Medical Physicians for Outpatient Mental Health Care," Health Services Research 22, no. 1 (1987): 1-17; R.G. Frank and M.S. Kamlet, "Determining Provider Choice for the Treatment of Mental Disorder: The Role of Health and Health Status," Health Services Research 24, no. 1 (1989): 83-103; C.A. Jackson, W.G. Manning, and K.B. Wells, "Impact of Prior and Current Alcohol Use on Use of Services by Patients with Depression and Chronic Medical Illnesses," Health Services Research 30, no. 5 (1995): 687-705; G.E. Simon, M. Von Korff, and W. Barlow, "Health Care Costs of Primary Care Patients with Recognized Depression," Archives of General Psychiatry 52, no. 10 (1995): 850-856; T.W. Croghan et al., "Effect of Antidepressant Therapy of Health Care Utilization and Costs in Primary Care," Psychiatric Services 48, no. 11 (1997): 1420-1426; and W.E. Crown et al., "Application of Sample Selection Models to Outcomes Research: The Case of Evaluating the Effects of Antidepressant Therapy on Resource Utilization," Statistics in Medicine (forthcoming).
24. R.G. Frank, S.H. Busch, and E.R. Berndt, "Measuring Prices and Quantities of Treatment for Depression," American Economic Review 88, no. 2 (1998): 106-111; and E.R. Berndt, R.G. Frank, and T.G. McGuire, "Alternative Insurance Arrangements and the Treatment of Depression: What Are the Facts?" American Journal of Managed Care 3, no. 2 (1997): 243-250.
25. R.G. Frank, S.H. Busch, and E.R. Berndt, "Measuring Prices and Quantities of Treatment for Depression," American Economic Review 88, no. 2 (1998): 106-111; and E.R. Berndt, R.G. Frank, and T.G. McGuire, "Alternative Insurance Arrangements and the Treatment of Depression: What Are the Facts?" American Journal of Managed Care 3, no. 2 (1997): 243-250.
26. American Psychiatric Association, "Practice Guideline for Major Depressive Disorder in Adults," American Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 4 (Supplement 1993): 1-26; Depression Guideline Panel, Depression in Primary Care: Treatment of Major Depression, Clinical Practice Guideline no. 5, AHCPR Pub. no. 93-0550 (Rockville, Md: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1993).
27. American Psychiatric Association, "Practice Guideline for Major Depressive Disorder in Adults," American Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 4 (Supplement 1993): 1-26; Depression Guideline Panel, Depression in Primary Care: Treatment of Major Depression, Clinical Practice Guideline no. 5, AHCPR Pub. no. 93-0550 (Rockville, Md: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1993).
28. J. Heckman, "The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models," Annals of Economic Social Measurement 5, no. 4 (1976): 475-492; J. Heckman, "Varieties of Selection Bias," American Economic Review 80, no. 2 (1990): 313-318; and C.A. Melfi and D.M. Waldman, "Limited and Discrete Dependent Variable Models: Use, Applications, and Comparisons," in Econometric Modeling in Economic Education Research, ed. W.E. Becker (Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff, 1987).
29. J. Heckman, "The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models," Annals of Economic Social Measurement 5, no. 4 (1976): 475-492; J. Heckman, "Varieties of Selection Bias," American Economic Review 80, no. 2 (1990): 313-318; and C.A. Melfi and D.M. Waldman, "Limited and Discrete Dependent Variable Models: Use, Applications, and Comparisons," in Econometric Modeling in Economic Education Research, ed. W.E. Becker (Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff, 1987).
30. J. Heckman, "The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models," Annals of Economic Social Measurement 5, no. 4 (1976): 475-492; J. Heckman, "Varieties of Selection Bias," American Economic Review 80, no. 2 (1990): 313-318; and C.A. Melfi and D.M. Waldman, "Limited and Discrete Dependent Variable Models: Use, Applications, and Comparisons," in Econometric Modeling in Economic Education Research, ed. W.E. Becker (Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff, 1987).
31. An internal technical report is available from the authors upon request. Write to Thomas W. Croghan, Division of Health Services and Policy Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285.
32. APA, "Practice Guideline for Major Depressive Disorder in Adults;" and Depression Guideline Panel, Depression in Primary Care, vol. 2.
33. APA, "Practice Guideline for Major Depressive Disorder in Adults;" and Depression Guideline Panel, Depression in Primary Care, vol. 2.
34. Patients with either psychotic or substance abuse disorders were excluded from the analysis.
35. Simon et al., "Health Care Costs of Primary Care Patients."
36. C.A. Melfi and T.W. Croghan, "Access to Treatment of Depression in a Medicaid Population," Journal of Healthcare for the Poor and Underserved (forthcoming).
37. R.A. Browne et al., "Why the Quality of Antidepressant Claims Is Uncertain and What Can Be Done to Improve It," Drug Benefit Trends (forthcoming); and K. Rost et al., "The Deliberate Misdiagnosis of Major Depression in Primary Care," Archives of Family Medicine 3, no. 4 (1994): 333-337.
38. R.A. Browne et al., "Why the Quality of Antidepressant Claims Is Uncertain and What Can Be Done to Improve It," Drug Benefit Trends (forthcoming); and K. Rost et al., "The Deliberate Misdiagnosis of Major Depression in Primary Care," Archives of Family Medicine 3, no. 4 (1994): 333-337.
39. W. Katon et al., "Collaborative Management to Achieve Treatment Guidelines," Journal of the American Medical Association 273, no. 13 (1995): 1026-1031.
40. Frank et al., "Measuring Prices and Quantities of Treatment for Depression," and Berndt et al., "Alternative Insurance Arrangements and the Treatment Depression."
41. Frank et al., "Measuring Prices and Quantities of Treatment for Depression," and Berndt et al., "Alternative Insurance Arrangements and the Treatment Depression."
42. M. Hotopf, G. Lewis, and C. Normand, "Are SSRIs a Cost-Effective Alternative to Tricyclics?" British Journal of Psychiatry 168, no. 4 (1996): 404-409.