Ethnic Conflict and the Psychology of Liberation in Guatemala, Peru, and Puerto Rico

American Psychologist

Volumn 53, Issue 7, 1998, Pages 778-792

  Comas Díaz, Lillian ^a   Lykes, M Brinton ^b   Alarcón, Renato D ^b  

^a Transcultural Mental Health Institute   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; ETHNOLOGY; FREEDOM; GUATEMALA; HUMAN; IDENTITY; PERU; POLITICAL SYSTEM; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUERTO RICO; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; VIOLENCE;

COLONIALISM; CULTURAL DIVERSITY; FREEDOM; GUATEMALA; HUMANS; IDENTITY CRISIS; PERU; PREJUDICE; PUERTO RICO; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; VIOLENCE;

EID: 0032113169     PISSN: 0003066X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.53.7.778     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Adams, R. N. (1988). Conclusions: What can we know about the harvest of violence? In R. M. Carmack (Ed.), Harvest of violence: The Maya Indians and the Guatemalan crisis (pp. 274-291). Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Press.
2. Adams, R. N. (1989). The reproduction of state terrorism in Central America (Paper No. 89-01) Austin: University of Texas.
3. Alarcón, R. D., & Trujillo, J. (1997). La contemporaneidad de la violencia y su afronte multidimensional [Violence's contemporaneity and its multidimensional confrontation]. Alcmeon, 23, 223-240.
4. Aldana Arrieta, C. E. (1994). El chaqwa de los ninos: Una interpretación sobre la violencia desde el "mundo de adentro" [Chaqwa and children: An interpretation on violence from an "insider's world view"]. In C. Aldana, M. J. Oyague, & C. Torres Llosa (Eds.), Infancia y violencia 2: Experiencias y reflexiones sobre los niños y la violencia politica en el Peru (pp. 29-36). Lima, Peru: Cedapp-Centro de desarrollo y asesoría psicosocial.
5. Algarín, M., & Piñero, M. (Eds.). (1975). Nuyorican poetry: An anthology of Puerto Rican words and feelings. New York: Morrow.
6. An America's watch report. (1982). Human rights in Guatemala: No neutrals allowed. New York: America's Watch Committee.
7. Andreas, C. (1985). When women rebel: The rise of popular feminism in Perú. Brooklyn, NY: Hill.
8. Angenbraum, H., & Fernandez Olmos, M. (Eds.). (1997). The Latino reader. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
9. Arguedas, J. M. (1975). Formación de una cultura national indoamericana [Formation of a national Indoamerican culture]. Mexico City, Mexico: Siglo XXI Editores.
10. Aron, A., & Corne, S. (Eds.). (1994). Writings for a liberation psychology: Ignacio Martín-Baró. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
11. Azibo, D. A. (1994). The kindred fields of Black liberation theology and liberation psychology: A critical essay on their conceptual base and destiny. Journal of Black Psychology, 20, 334-356.
12. Babín, M. T. (1973). La cultura de Puerto Rico [The culture of Puerto Rico], San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña.
13. Barry, T. (1992). Inside Guatemala. Albuquerque, NM: Inter-Hemispheric Education Resource Center.
14. Bird, H. R. (1982). The cultural dichotomy of colonial people. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 10, 195-209.
15. Bosco, G. (1994). Criterios para el diseño de estrategias para atender a la población afectada [Criteria for the design of strategies for attending to the affected population]. In C. Aldana, M. J. Oyague, & C. Torres Llosa (Eds.), Infancia y violencia 2: Experiencias y reflexiones sobre los ninõs y la violencia política en el Peru (pp. 115-128). Lima, Peru: Cedapp-Centro de desarrollo y asesoría psicosocial.
16. Burgos-Debray, E. (Ed). (1984). I . . . Rigoberta Menchú: An Indian woman in Guatemala. New York: Verso.
17. Carmack, R. M. (Ed.). (1988). Harvest of violence: The Maya Indians and the Guatemalan crisis. Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Press.
18. Cojti, N. (1988). Mapa, proyecto linguistico "Francisco Marroquin" [Map, linguistic project of the Francisco Marroquin]. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Editorial Piedra Santa.
19. Comas-Díaz, L. (1994a). Integrative approach. In L. Comas-Díaz & B. Green (Eds.), Women of color: Integrating ethnic and gender identities in psychotherapy (pp. 287-318). New York: Guilford Press.
20. Comas-Díaz, L. (1994b). LatiNegra: Mental health issues of African Latinas. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 5, 35-74.
21. Comas-Díaz, L., & Jansen, M. A. (1995). Global conflict and violence against women. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, I, 315-331.
22. Comisión de Derechos Humanos de Guatemala. (1986). El niño guatemalteco en la coyuntura actual [The Guatemalan child today]. Mexico City, Mexico: Author.
23. Dassin, J. (1992). Testimonial literature and the armed struggle in Brazil. In J. E. Corradi, P. W. Fagen, & M. A. Garretón (Eds.), Fear at the edge: State terror and resistance in Latin America (pp. 161-183). Berkeley: University of California Press.
24. Davis, S. (1988). Introduction: Sowing the seeds of violence. In R. M. Carmack (Ed.), Harvest of violence: The Maya Indians and the Guatemalan crisis (pp. 3-36). Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Press.
25. Del Valle, M. (1989). Acculturation, sex roles and racial definitions of Puerto Rican college students in Puerto Rico and the United States. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
26. Duran, E., Guillory, B., & Villanueva, M. (1990). Third and Fourth World concerns: Toward a liberation psychology. In E. Stricker, E. Davis-Russell, E. Bourg, E. Duran, W. R. Hammond, J. McHolland, K. Polite, & B. E. Vaughn (Eds.), Toward ethnic diversification in psychology education and training (pp. 211-217). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
27. Ehlers, T. B. (1990). Silent looms: Women and production in a Guatemalan town. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
28. Å Equipo de antropologia Forenso de Guatemala. (1995). Las masacres en Rabinal: Estudio histórico-antropologico de las masacres de Plan de Sanchez, Chichupac y Rio Negro [The massacres in Rabinal: Historical-anthropological study of the massacres of Plan de Sanchez, Chichupac and Rio Negro] Guatemala City, Guatemala: Author.
29. Facundo, A. (1991). Sensitive mental health services for low-income Puerto Rican families. In M. Sotomayor (Ed.), Empowering Hispanic families: A critical issue for the 90s. Milwaukee, WI: Family Service America.
30. Falla, R. (1984). Vision of an indigenous people who suffer genocide. In S. Jonas, E. McCaughan, & E. S. Martinez (Eds.), Guatemala. Tyranny on trial. Testimony of the Permanent People's Tribunal. San Francisco: Publicaciones Sinthesis.
31. Fanon, F. (1967). Black skin, White masks. New York: Grove Press.
32. Flores Galindo, A. (1988). Buscando un Inca [Searching for an Inca]. Lima, Peru: Editorial Horizonte.
33. Freire, P. (1967). Educaçấo como prática da liberdade [Education as a practice of freedom], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Paz e Terra.
34. Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Seabury Press.
35. Freire, P. (1973). Education for critical consciousness. New York: Seabury Press.
36. García Sayan, D. (Ed.). (1989). Coca, cocaína y narcotráfico: Laberinto en los Andes [Coca, cocaine, and drug traffic: Labyrinth in the Andes]. Lima, Peru: Comisión Andina de Juristas.
37. Gergen, K. J. (1991). The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life. New York: Basic Books.
38. Ginorio, A. B. (1971). A study of racial perception in Puerto Rico. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.
39. González, J. L. (1993). Puerto Rico: The four-storeyed country and other essays (G. Guinness, Trans.). Princeton, NJ: Wiener.
40. Gonzalez, R. (1988). MRTA: La historia desconocida [MRTA: The unknown history]. Lima, Peru: Qué Hacer.
41. González Holguín, D. (1989). Vocabulario de la lengua general de todo el Peru llamada Quichua o del Inca [General language vocabulary of the Quechua and Inca of Peru]. Lima, Peru.
42. Gordon, T. (1973). Notes on White and Black psychology. Journal of Social Issues, 29(1), 87-95.
43. Gorriti, G. (1991). Sendero:Historia de la guerra milenaria en el Perú [Sendero: History of a millenary war in Peru]. Lima, Peru: Editorial Apoyo.
44. Goudvis, P. (1993). Trabajando para unfuturo mejor: Talleres creativos con niños [Working for a better future: Creative workshops with children]. Copies can be purchased for $25 in the United States from the Mental Health Committee/BCHRCA, c/o M. Brinton Lykes, 10 John A. Andrew Street, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130. Distribution in Central America is through ASECSA, Apartado Postal No. 27, Chimaltenango, Guatemala, Central America. Distribution in South America is through MSSM, c/o Esteban Costa, Sarmiento 4075 -9E, 1197 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
45. Hermans, H., & Kempen, J. G. (1993). The dialogical self: Meaning as movement. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
46. Herrera Abad, L. (1994). Acerca de la guerra, la violencia y la desilusión [About war, violence and disillusion]. In C. Aldana, M. J. Oyague, & C. Torres Llosa (Eds.), lnfancia y violencia 2: Experiencias y reflexiones sobre los niños y la violencia política en el Peru (pp. 65-80). Lima, Peru: Cedapp-Centro de desarrollo y asesoría psicosocial.
47. Jensen, P. S., & Shaw, J. (1993). Children as victims of war: Current knowledge and future research needs. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 697-708.
48. Klor de Alva, J. J. (1997). The invention of ethnic origins and the negotiation of Latino identity, 1969-1981. In M. Romero, P. Hondagneu-Sotelo, & V. Ortiz (Eds.), Challenging fronteras: Structuring Latina and Latino lives in the U.S. (pp. 55-74). New York: Routledge.
49. Kreimer, E. (1994). Proceso social y reparacion [Social process and reparation]. In C. Aldana, M. J. Oyague, & C. Torres Llosa (Eds.), lnfancia y violencia 2: Experiencias y reflexiones sobre los ninos y la violencia política en el Peru (pp. 105-112). Lima, Peru: Cedapp-Centro de desarrollo y asesoria psicosocial.
50. Longres, J. F. (1974). Racism and its effects on Puerto Rican continentals. Social Casework, 55, 67-75.
51. Lykes, M. B. (1989). Dialogue with Guatemalan Indian women: Critical perspectives on constructing collaborative research. In R. Unger (Ed.), Representations: Social constructions of gender (pp. 167-185). Amityville, NY: Baywood.
52. Lykes, M. B. (1994). Terror, silencing, and children: International multi-disciplinary collaboration with Guatemalan Maya communities. Social Science and Medicine, 38, 543-552.
53. Lykes, M. B. (1996). Meaning making in a context of genocide and silencing. In M. B. Lykes, A. Banuazizi, R. Liem, & M. Morris (Eds.), Myths about the powerless: Contesting social inequalities (pp. 159-178). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
54. Lykes, M. B., & Liem, R. (1990). Human rights and mental health in the United States: Lessons from Latin America. Journal of Social Issues, 46(3), 151-165.
55. Lykes, M. B., Rosales, J., Sigenza, E., Aguilar, M. I., Becker, D., Morales, G., Costa, G. E., Faria, J. J., Gutiõrrez, C. F., Iborra, M., Maciel, R. G., Mena, J. O., Taboada, A. S., Vega, D. O., Acosta, M., Bodnar de De Pilla, G., Henrquez, J. L., & Rodrguez de Burgos, M. (1994). Trauma psicosocial y adolescentes Latinoamericanos: Formas de acción grupal [Psychosocial trauma and Latin American adolescents: Forms of group action]. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Latinoamericano de Salud Mental y Derechos Humanos.
56. Mariategui, J. C. (1989). Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana [Seven essays on the interpretation of the Peruvian reality]. Lima, Peru: Empresa Editera Amauta.
57. Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
58. Martín-Baró, I. (1989, June/July). La institucionalización de la guerra [Institutionalization of war]. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Interamerican Psychological Association, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
59. Matos Mar, J. (1984). Desborde popular y crisis del Estado [Popular overflow and state crisis], Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
60. Melville, M. B., & Lykes, M. B. (1992). Guatemalan Indian children and the sociocultural effects of government-sponsored terrorism. Social Science and Medicine, 34, 533-548.
61. Memmi, A. (1965). The colonizer and the colonized. Boston: Beacon Press.
62. Mercado, R. (1985). El APRA, el PCP y Sendern Luminoso [The APRA, PCP, and Sendero Luminoso]. Lima, Peru: Fondo de Cultura.
63. Microsoft Encarta. (1997). Perú. Los Angeles: Funk & Wagnalis.
64. Morote Best, E. (1988). Aldeas sumergidas, cultura popular y sociedad en los Andes [Submerged villages, popular culture and society in the Andes]. Cusco, Peru: Centra de Estudios Rurales Andinos Bartolomé de las Casas.
65. National Museum of American Art. (1997). Colonial art from Puerto Rico. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
66. Navarro, M. (1997, December 27). A new Barbie in Puerto Rico divides island and mainland. The New York Times, pp. A1, A9.
67. Ortega & Gasset, J. (1958). Man and crisis. New York: Norton.
68. Pacheco Vélez, C. (Ed.). (1988). Perú promesa [Peru Promise]. Lima, Peru: Universidad del Pacífico, Gráficas Emerge.
69. Paz, O. (1950). El laberinto de la soledad [The labyrinth of solitude]. Mexico City, Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
70. Portocarrero Maisch, G., Valentin, I., & Irigoyen, S. (1991). Sacaojos: Crisis social y fantasmas coloniales [Putting out eyes: Social crisis and colonial phantoms]. Lima, Peru: TAREA: Asociacion de Publicaciones Educativas.
71. Ramos-McKay, J., Comas-Díaz, L., & Rivera, L. (1988). Puerto Ricans. In L. Comas-Díaz & E. E. H. Griffith (Eds.), Clinical guidelines in cross-cultural mental health (pp. 204-232). New York: Wiley.
72. Richards, B. (1983). The uncertain state of Puerto Rico. National Geographic, 163(4), 516-543.
73. Rivera, E. (1982). Family installments: Memories of growing up Hispanic. New York: Morrow.
74. Rohter, L. (1994, January 31). A Puerto Rican boom for Florida. The New York Times, p. A10.
75. Rosaldo, R. (1989). Culture and truth: The remaking of social analysis. Boston: Beacon Press.
76. Sampson, E. E. (1993). Celebrating the other: A dialogic account of human nature. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
77. Sánchez, L. A. (1962). Perú, retrato de un pais adolescente [Peru, a portrait of an adolescent country]. Lima, Peru: Editorial Populibros.
78. Santiago, E. (1993). When I was Puerto Rican. New York: Vintage.
79. Scarry, E. (1985). The body in pain: The making and unmaking of the world. New York: Oxford University Press.
80. Silva Santistevan, F. (Ed.). (1995). Historial de nuestro tiempo: Testimonios [Historical record of our times: Testimonials]. Lima, Peru: Editorial Universo.
81. Stavenhagen, R. (1970). Classes, colonialism and acculturation. In I. L. Horowitz (Ed.), Masses in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
82. Stoll, D. (1993). Between two armies in the Ixil towns of Guatemala. New York: Columbia University Press.
83. Strong, S. (1992). Shining Path, the world's deadliest revolutionary force. London: Harper Collins.
84. Suarez-Orozco, M. M. (1990). Speaking of the unspeakable: Toward a psychosocial understanding of responses to terror. Ethos, 18, 353-383.
85. Suarez-Orozco, M. M. (1991). The heritage of enduring a "dirty war": Psychosocial aspects of terror in Argentina, 1976-1988. The Journal of Psychohistory, 18, 469-505.
86. Taussig, M. (1986/1987). Shamanism, colonialism, and the wild man: A study in terror and healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
87. Taussig, M. (1989, Fall/Winter). Terror as usual: Walter Benjamin's theory of history as a state of siege. Sociological Text, pp. 3-20.
88. Traba, M. (1972). The rebellion of the Santas. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Puerto Rico Museo de Santos.
89. UNICEF. (1997). The state of the world's children 1997. New York: Oxford University Press.
90. Vargas Llosa, M. (1996). La utopía arcaica: José María Arguedas y las ficciones del indigenismo [The archaic utopia: José María Arguedas and the indigenous fiction]. Mexico City, Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
91. Warren, K. B. (Ed.). (1993). The violence within: Cultural and political opposition in divided nations. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
92. Warren, K. B. (in press). Indigenous movements and their critics: PanMayanism and ethnic resurgence in Guatemala.
93. Zeńon Cruz, I. (1975). Narciso descubre su trasero [Narcissus discovers his rear]. Humacao, Puerto Rico: Editorial Furidi.
94. Zuñiga, R. (1975). The experimentation society and radical social reform: The role of the social scientist in Chile's Unidad Popular Experience. American Psychologist, 30, 99-115.