Maintenance of brucella abortus-free herds: A review with emphasis on the epidemiology and the problems in diagnosing brucellosis in areas of low prevalence

Veterinary Quarterly

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 81-88

  Bercovich, Z ^a  

^a WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM ANTIBODY;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; BRUCELLA ABORTUS; CATTLE; CATTLE DISEASE; CROSS REACTION; DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; PATHOGENICITY; REVIEW; SEROLOGY;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; ANTIBODIES, BACTERIAL; BRUCELLA ABORTUS; BRUCELLOSIS, BOVINE; CATTLE; CROSS REACTIONS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, HORIZONTAL; HYPERSENSITIVITY, DELAYED; SEROLOGIC TESTS;

EID: 0032113135     PISSN: 01652176     EISSN: 18755941     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.1998.9694845     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Aert A, Brioen P van, Dekeyser P, Uytterhagen L, Sijens R.J, and Boeyé A. A comparative study of ELISA and other methods for the detection of Brucella antibodies in bovine sera. Vet Microbiol 1984/85; 10: 13–21.
2. Al-Khalaf S, and El-Khaladi A. Brucellosis of camels in Kuwait. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1989; 12: 1–4.
3. Allan GS, Chappel RJ, Williamson P, and McNaught DJ. A quantitative comparison of the sensitivity of serological tests for bovine brucellosis to different antibody classes. J Hyg Camb 1976; 76: 287–98.
4. Allsup TN. Failure to demonstrate Brucella infection in ewes exposed to natural bovine infection. Vet Rec 1974; 94: 183–6.
5. Alton GG, Maw J, Rogerson BA, and McPherson GG. The serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis: an evaluation of the complement fixation, serum agglutination and Rose Bengal tests. Aust Vet J 1975; 51: 57–63.
6. Alton GG, Jones LM, Angus RD, and Verger JM. Techniques for the brucellosis laboratory. INRA, Paris, 1988
7. Alton GG, Corner LA, and Plackett P. The role of the differential complement fixation test, using rough and smooth Brucella antigens, in the anamnestic test. Aust Vet J 1983; 60: 4–6.
8. Anczykowski F. Further studies on fowl brucellosis. I. Studies on Brucella variability in vitro and in vivo. Vet Bull 1972; 42: Abstr. 5719.
9. Anczykowski F. Further studies on fowl brucellosis. II. Laboratory experiments. Vet Bull 1974; 44: Abstr. 2085.
10. Ansorg R, Palm G, und Unger U. Maltafieber in einem brucellosefreien Areal: Analyse des Malta-fieberausbruches im Raum Gottingen. Zentralbl Bacteriol Mikrobiol Hyg 1983; A 255: 299-308
11. Bala AK, and Sidhu NS. Studies on disease resistance vis-a-vis susceptibility in farm animals. III. Genetic group difference for the incidence of brucellosis in cattle. Indian J Animal Health 1982; 21: 61–4.
12. Barr SC, Eilts BE, Roy AF, and Miller R. Brucella suis biotype 1 infection in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986; 189: 686–7.
13. Beh KJ. Distribution of Brucella antibody among immunoglobulin classes and a low molecular weight antibody fraction in serum and whey of cattle. Res Vet Sci 1973; 14: 381–4.
14. Beh KJ. Quantitative distribution of Brucella antibody among immunoglobulin classes in vaccinated and infected cattle. Res Vet Sci 1974; 17: 1–4.
15. Bendixen HC, and Blom E. Investigation on brucellosis in the bovine male, with special regard to the spread of the disease by artificial insemination. Br Vet J 1947; 103: 337–45.
16. Bercovich Z, and Taaijke R. Enzyme immunoassay using mouse monoclonal anti-bovine antibodies for the detection of Brucella abortus antibodies in cow milk. J Vet Med 1990: B 37: 753–9.
17. Bercovich Z, and Lagendijk W. A modified milk ring test for detecting Brucella agglutinins in bulk tank coolers. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1978; 103: 407–16.
18. Bercovich Z, and Moerman A. Non-specific positive milk ring test(s) in tank milk and Estrumate® in the treatment of cattle. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1979; 104: 713–6.
19. Bercovich Z, Lagendijk W, and Bokhout BA. Evaluation of a delayedtype hypersensitivty test for the diagnosis of Brucella abortus infection in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1989; 21: 213–8.
20. Bercovich Z, Haagsma J, and Laak EA ter. Use of delayed-type hypersensitivity test to diagnose brucellosis in calves born to infected dams. Vet Quart 1990; 12: 231–7.
21. Bercovich Z, and Laak EA ter. An evaluation of the Delayed type hypersensitivity test for the diagnosis of brucellosis in individual cattle: a field study. Vet Microbiol 1990; 22: 241–8.
22. Bercovich Z, Laak EA ter, and Lipzig JHH van. Detection of brucellosis in dairy herds after an outbreak of the disease using a delayed-type hypersensitivity test. Prey Vet Med 1992; 13: 277–85.
23. Bercovich Z, Haagsma J, Lipzig JHH van, and Taaijkc R. Specificity of the skin delayed-type hypersensitivity test in brucellosis free cattle tested with a Brucella allergen. J Vet Med 1993; B 40: 582–8.
24. Boeer WJ, Crawford RF, Hidalgo RJ, and Robinson RM. Small mammals and white-tailed deer as possible reservoir host of B. abortus in Texas. J Wildlife Dis 1980; 16: 19–24.
25. Britov VA, Mel’nikova AI, Vasilinin M, and Korobeinikov VI. Transmission of Brucella abortus by Trichinella spiralis experiments on guinea-pigs. Vet Bull 1979; 49: Abstr. 3789.
26. Caces E, Lauture D De, Vol S, Tichet J, and Boulard P. The systematic detection of human brucellosis by the rose bengal test on agricultural people after a study in the Middle-west of France on 89000 workers. Comp Immun Microbiol Infec Dis 1978; 1: 107-14.28.
27. Cameron RDA, and Lauerman LH jr. Characteristics of semen changes during Brucella ovis infection in rams. Vet Rec 1976; 99: 231–3.
28. Catlin JE, and Sheehan EJ. Transmission of bovine brucellosis from dam to calve. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986; 188: 867–9.
29. Chand P. Serologic cross-reactions between B. abortus and Y. enterocolitica 09 in aborted and apparently healthy cattle. Indian Vet J 1990; 67: 393–7.
30. Corbel MJ. Observations on serological cross-reactions between smooth Brucella species and organisms of other genera. Develop Biol Standard 1984; 56: 341–8.
31. Cargill C, Lee K, and Clarke I. Use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a bovine brucellosis eradication program. Aust Vet J 1985; 62: 49–52.
32. Carmichael LE. Brucellosis (Brucella canis). In Handbook series in Zoonoses. (ed) by J.H.Steele. Section A: 1979; 1: 185. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.
33. Cassia B, El Zubli AEA, and Yassin TTM. Survey for certain zoonotic diseases in camels in Sudan. Vet Bull 1988; 58: Abstr. 4659.
34. Chaparro F, Lawrence JV, Bengis R, and Myburgh JG. A serological survey for brucellosis in buffalo (Syncerus coffer) in the Kruger National Park. J S Afric Vet Assoc 1990; 61: 110–1.
35. Chary JFC. Contribution a l’étude de la brucellose du chien. Une enquete serologique. Thesis, Ecole Nat Vet, Al fort, Paris. 1970; pp. 62.
36. Collier JR, and Molello JA. Comparative distribution of Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella ovis in experimentally infected pregnant sheep. Am J Vet Res 1964; 25: 930–4.
37. Collin JC. The role of the different immunoglobulins in the milk ring test used for the detection of brucellosis. Ann Microbiol (Inst.Pasteur) 1976; 127 B: 117–87.
38. Cook DR, and Kingston GC. Isolation of Brucella suis biotype 1 from a horse. Aust Vet J 1988; 65: 162–3.
39. Cook I, Campbell RW, and Barrow G. Brucellosis in North queenland rodents. Aust Vet J 1966; 42: 5–8.
40. Corbel MJ. The direct fluorescent antibody test for detection of Brucella abortus in bovine abortion material. J Hyg Camb 1973; 71: 123–9.
41. Corbel MJ, Stuart FA, and Brewer RA. Observations on serological cross-reactions between smooth Brucella species and organisms of other genera. Develop Biol Standard 1984; 56: 314–48.
42. Corner LA, Alton GG, McNichol LN, Streeten, T, and Trueman KF. An evaluation of the anamnestic test for brucellosis in cows of the northern pastoral area. Aust Vet J 1983; 60: 1–3.
43. Crawford RP, Huber JD, and Adams BS. Epidemiology and surveillance. In Animal brucellosis (ed) by K. Nielsen and J.R.Duncan. CRC Press, 1990; 134–8.
44. Cunningham B, Miler JJ, Dolan L, McKoen F, and O’Merra M. Immunological characteristics in cattle of allergens derived from smooth Brucella abortus abortus S-99. Vet Rec 1980; 107: 369–75.
45. Cunningham B. A difficult disease called brucellosis. In Bovine Brucellosis, International Symposium, (ed) by R.P. Crawford and R.J. Hidalgo, Texas A&M University Press, 1977: 687–711.
46. Davies G, and Casey A. The survival of Brucella abortus in milk and milk products. Br Vet J 1973; 129: 345–53.
47. Davis DS, Templeton JW, Ficht TA, Williams JD, Kopec JD, and Adams LG. Brucella abortus in captive bison. I. Serology bacteriology pathogenesis, and transmission to cattle. J Wildlife Dis 1990; 26: 360–71.
48. Davis DS, Boeer WI, Mimis JP, Heck FC, and Adams LG. Brucella abortus in coyotes. I. A serologic and bacteriologic survey in eastern Texas. J Wildlife Dis 1979; 15: 367–72.
49. Dekeijzer P. Brucella biotypen in Belgie. Landbouwtijdschrift. 1981; 34: 1513–20.
50. Dohoo IR, Wright PF, Ruckerbauer GM, Samagh BS, Robertson FJ, and Forbes LB. A comparison of five serological tests for bovine brucellosis. Can J Vet Res 1986; 50: 485–93.
51. Dolan LA. Latent carriers of brucellosis. Vet Rec 1980; 106: 241–3.
52. EC directive 64/432/EC (F2) Annex A. II. and C.
53. Erasmus JA. Examination of lochia as an aid to the early diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. J S Afr Vct Assoc 1986; 57: 225–6.
54. Feinhaken D. Identification of Brucella isolated in Israel. Israel J Med Sci 1980; 16: 468.
55. Fensterbank R. Congenital brucellosis in cattle associated with localization in a hygroma. Vet Rec 1978; 103: 283–4.
56. Forbes LB. Brucella abortus infection in 14 farm dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990; 196: 911–6.
57. Giauffert A, and Sanchis R. Etude d’un foyer d’epididymite contagieuse du belier. Bull l’off int Epi 1974; 82: 581–6.
58. Glosser JW. Comments on abattoir-associated brucellosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972; 160: 643–4.
59. Gradwell DV, Schuttle AP, van Niekerk CAWL, and Roux DJ. The isolation of Brucella abortus biotype 1 from African buffalo in the Kruger National park. J S Afr Vet Assoc 1977; 48: 41–3.
60. Hajdu S. A study of the heterogeneity of Brucella antibodies. II. The proving of Brucella post-infection antibodies by means of gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Vet Bull 1971; 41: Abstr. 1631.
61. Hall WH. Modern chemotherapy for brucellosis in humans. Rev Inf Dis 1990; 12: 1060–99.
62. Harmon BG, Adams LG, Templeton JW, and Smith R. III. Macrophage function in mammary glands of Brucella abortus-infected cows and cows that resisted infection after inoculation of Brucella abortus. Am J Vet Res 1989; 50: 459–65.
63. Hellmann E, Staak C, and Baumann M. Bovine brucellosis among two different cattle populations in Bahr el Ghazal province of southern Sudan. Tropenmed Parasitol 1984; 35: 123–6.
64. Herr S, Ribeiro LMM, and Chaparro F. Persistent infection with B. abortus biotype 1 in a cow. J S Afric Vet Assoc 1990; 61: 77.
65. Hill WKW, and Cremers FXMM. Voortgezet onderzock naar de waarde van Abortus Bang Ringtest bij melkmonsters uit melktanks. Tijdschr Diergeneesk 1967; 92: 1467–73.
66. Hill WKW. Die gleichzeitige Anwendung mehrere serologische Untersuchungsverfahren dei der Diagnose der Brucellose de Rinder unter besondere Beriicksichtigung der Differentzierung zwischen Impf- und Infektionsreakionen. Zentralbl Veterinärmed 1963; B 10: 27–72.
67. Hill WKW. Een onderzoek over de waarde van de Abortus Bang-Ringtest bij melkmonsters uit melktanks. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1966; 14: 885–95.
68. Hill WKW. Standardisation of the complement fixation test for brucellosis. Bull Off int Epiz 1963; 60: 401–17.
69. Ho M, and Cheers C. Resistance and susceptibility of mice to bacterial infection. IV. Genetic and cellular basis of resistance to chronic infection with Brucella abortus. J Inf Dis 1982; 146: 381–7.
70. Huddelson IF, Wood EE, Cressman AR, and Bennet GR. The bactericidal action of bovine blood for Brucella and its possible significance. J Microbiol 1945; 50: 261–77.
71. Hurvell B, and Hugoson G. Brucella canis infection in dogs - a contemporary disease. Vet Bull 1979; 49: Abstr. 7115.
72. Hurvell B, and Hugoson G. Joint FAO/WHO Expert committee on brucellosis. Technical report series 740. Geneva, 1986.
73. Keer WR, Pearson JKL, and Rankin JEF. The bovine udder and its agglutinins. Br Vet J 1959; 115: 105–19.
74. Kerkhofs P, Botton Y, Thiange P, Dekeyser P, and Limet JN. Diagnosis of bovine brucellosis by enzyme immunoassay of milk. Vet Microbiol 1990; 24: 73–80.
75. Kerimov Ch. Survival of Escherichia colt and Brucella abortus in cattle manure. Veterinaria, Moscow. 1983; 12: 23.
76. King NB. The survival of Brucella abortus (u.s.d.a. strain 2308) in manure. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1957; 131: 349–52.
77. Kiss Z. Value of antiglobul in test in brucellosis eradication in a oneyear field study. Vet Bull 1971; Abstr. 5609.
78. Lambert G, Manthei CA, and Deyoe BL. Studies on Brucella abortus infection in bulls. Am J Vet Res 1963; 24: 1152–6.
79. Lapraik RD, Brown DD, Mann H, and Brand T. Brucellosis: A study of five calves from reactor dams. Vet Rec 1975; 97: 52–4.
80. Lapraik RD, and Moffat R. Latent bovine brucellosis. Vet Rec 1982; 111: 578–9.
81. Levieux D. Bovine immunoglobul ins and Brucellosis. II. Activity of serum IgG1, IgG2 and IgM in agglutination, coombs, cf and rose Bengal tests. Ann Res Vet 1974; 5: 343–53.
82. Libal MC, and Kirkbride CA. Brucella ovis induced abortion in ewes. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983; 183: 553–4.
83. Luchsinger DW, and Anderson RA. Epizootiology of Brucellosis in a flock of sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1967; 150: 1017–21.
84. Luchsinger DW, and Anderson RK. Longitudinal studies of naturally acquired B. abortus infection in sheep. Am J Vet Res 1979; 40: 1307–12.
85. MacDiarmid SC, and Hellstrom JS. An intradermal test for the diagnosis of brucellosis in extensive managed cattle herds. Perv Vet Med 1987; 4: 361–9.
86. MacMillan AP. Conventional serological tests. In: Animal brucellosis, epidemiology and surveillance. (ed) by K. Nilsen and J.R. Duncan. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, 1990; 153–90.
87. MacMillan AP, and Cockrem DS. Reduction of non-specific reactions to the Brucella abortus serum agglutination test by the addition of EDTH. Res Vet Sci 1985; 38: 288–91.
88. Manthei CA, and Deyoe BL. Brucellosis. In Bovine medicine & Surgery and herd health management. (ed) by W.J. Gibbons, E.J. Catcott and J.F. Smithcors. American Veterinary Publications Inc. 1970; 104–21.
89. Manthei CA, and Carter RW. Persistence ofBrucella abortus infection in cattle. Am J Vet Res 1950; 11: 173–80.
90. Manthei CA. Research of swine brucellosis by the Bureau of Animal Indusry (1941-1947). Am J Vet Res 1948; 9: 40.
91. Manthei CA, Detray DE, and Goode ER. Brucella infection in bulls and the spread of brucellosis in cattle by artificial insemination. I. Intrauterine injection. Proc. 87th Annual Meeting Am Vet Med Assoc 1950; 177.
92. Mathur TN. Isolation of Brucella abortus from goats and sheep in the Punjab. Indian J Vet Sci 1967; 37: 277–86.
93. McCaughey WJ, and Purcell DA. Brucellosis in bulls. Vet Rec 1973; 93: 336–7.
94. McCaughey WJ, and Hanna JA. A comparison of vaginal tampons tests used in the eradication of brucellosis. Vet Rec 1973; 93: 246–9.
95. McNaught DJ, Chappel RJ, Allen GS, Bourke JA, and Rogerson BA. The effect of IgG2 and of antigen concentration on prozoning in the complement fixation test for bovine brucellosis. Res Vet Sci 1977: 22:194–7.
96. Meador VP, Deyoe BL, and Cheville NF. Pathogenesis of Brucella abortus infection of the mammary gland and supramammary lymph node of the goat. Vet Pathol 1989; 26: 357–68.
97. Moore CG, and Schnurrenberger PR. A review of naturally occurring Brucella abortus infections in wild mammals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1981; 179: 1105–12.
98. Morton JK, Thome ET, and Thomas GM. Brucellosis in Elk. III. Serologic evaluation. J Wildlife Dis 1981; 17: 23–31.
99. Neiland KA, and Miller LG. Experimental B. suis type 4 infections in domestic and wild Alaskan carnivores. J Wildlife Dis 1981; 17: 183–9.
100. Nicoletti P. Further evaluation of serologic test procedure used to diagnose brucellosis. Am J Vet Res 1969; 30: 1811–6.
101. Nicoletti P. The Epidemiology of Bovine Brucellosis. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 1980; 24: 69–98.
102. Nicoletti P. The use of a Brucella protein antigen in dermal hypersensitivity as an adjunct method to diagnose bovine brucellosis. Vet Immun Immunopathol 1983/84; 5: 27–31.
103. Nielsen K, Duncan JR, Stcmshorn B, and Ruckerbauer G. Relationship of humoral factors (antibody and complement) to immune responsiveness, resistance and diagnostic serology. Adv Exp Med Biol 1981; 137: 367–89.
104. Nielsen KH, Wright PF, and Cherwonogrodzky JH. A review of enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibody to Brucella abortus in cattle. Vet Immun Immunopathol 1988; 18: 331–47.
105. Nielsen KH, Samagh BS, Speckmann G, and Stemshorn B. The bovine immune response to Brucella abortus. II. Elimination of some sporadic serological reactions by chelation of divalent cations. Can J Comp Med 1979; 43: 420–5.
106. Norton JH. Brucella suis infection in pregnant cattle. Aust Vet J 1979; 55: 525–7.
107. Okoh AEJ. A survey of brucellosis in camels in Kano, Nigeria. Trop Anim Hlth Prod 1979; 11: 213–4.
108. Okoh AEJ. Abortion in sheep near Kano, Nigeria. Trop Anim Hlth Prod 1980; 12: 11–4.
109. Olitzki A. Imunological methods in brucellosis research. Part II. S. Kager AG, Arnold-Böcklin-Strasse 25, CH-4000 Basel, Switzerland. 1970; 68–120.
110. Ottosen HE, and Plum N. Studies on the applicability of the intradermal brucellosis test. Nord Vet Med 1955; 7: 497–535.
111. Patterson JM, and Deyoe BL. Effect of physical properties of milk fat globules on Brucella ring test sensitivity. J Dairy Sci 1976; 60: 851–6.
112. Payne JM. The pathogenesis of experimental brucellosis in the pregnant cow. J Path Bact 1959; 78: 447–63.
113. Peelman J, and Dekeyser P. De verspreiding van de Brucella infectie bij Vlaamse werknemers professioneel in contact met runderen. Vlaams Diergeneesk Tijdschr 1987; 56: 314–23.
114. Perez E, Flores Castro R, Alberto de la Higuera J, and Trigo Tavera FJ. Diagnosis and description of an outbreak of ovin epididymitis in Mexico caused by B. ovis. Vet Bull 1981; 51: Abstr. 2991.
115. Pietz DM, and Cowart WO. Use of epidemiologic data and serologic tests in bovine brucellosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980; 177: 1221–6.
116. Philippon A, Renoux G, and Plommet M. Experimental Bovine brucellosis. III. Vaginal excretion of Brucella abortus before and after calving. Ann Rech Vet 1970; 1: 215–24.
117. Pinigin AF, Petukhova OS, and Kalinovskii AI. Characteristics of Brucella strains isolated from dogs. Vet Bull 1971; 41: Abstr. 3813.
118. Plackett P, and Alton GG. A mechanism for prozone formation in the complement fixation test for bovine brucellosis. Aust Vet J 1975; 51: 374–7.
119. Plommet M, Fensterbank R, Renoux G, Gestin J, and Philippon A. Brucellose bovine experimentale. XII. Persistance Al’alge adulte de l’infection congénitale de la génisse. Ann Rech Vet 1973; 4: 419–35.
120. Plommet M. Survie de Brucella abortus dans le lisier de bovins. Désinfection par le xyléne. Ann Rech Vet 1972; 3: 621–32.
121. Prior MG. Isolation of Brucella abortus from two dogs in contact with bovine brucellosis. Can J Comp Med 1976; 40: 117–8.
122. Quatrefages H, and Pierre M. Brucellosis in animals and anti-complement activity of some serum samples. Attempt to remove this anticomplement activity. Vet Bull 1975; 45: Abstr. 581.
123. Rankin JD, and Taylor RJ. A study of some diseases hazards which could be associated with the system of applying cattle slurry to pasture. Vet Rec 1969; 85: 578–81.
124. Rankin JEF. Brucella abortus in bulls: A study of twelve naturally infected cases. Vet Rec 1965; 77: 132–5.
125. Ray WC. Brucellosis (due to Brucella abortus and suis). In Handbook sereis in zoonoses (ed) by Steele. J. Section A: bacterial, Rickettial and Mycotic Diseases. CRC press, Inc. Roca Raton, Florida 33431. 1979; 99–127.
126. Reid MA, and Harvey PR. The use of Brucella abortus 45/20 adjuvant vaccine as a diagnostic aid in the brucellosis eradication campaign in papua New Guinea. Aust Vet J 1972; 48: 495–500.
127. Robertson FJ, Milne J. Silver CL, and Clark H. Abortion associated with Brucella abortus (Biotype 1) in the T.B. Mare. Vet Rec 1973; 92: 480–1.
128. Rose JE, and Roepke MH. An acidified antigen for detection of nonspecific reactions in the plate agglutination test for bovine brucellosis. Am J Vet Res 1957; 18: 550–5.
129. Rossi C, and Cantini G. Mercaptoethanol test in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Vet Bull 1969; 39: Abstr. 4874.
130. Ruppanner R, Meyer ME, Willeberg P, and Behymer DE. Comparison of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with other tests for brucellosis, using sera from experimentally infected heifers. Am J Vet Res 1980; 41: 1329–32.
131. Schnurrenberger PR, Brown RR, Hill EP, Scanlan CM, Altiere JA, and Wykoff JT. Brucella abortus in wildlife on selected cattle farms in Alabama. J Wildlife Dis 1985; 21: 132–6.
132. Schnurrenberger PR, Walker H., and Martin RL. Brucella infections in Illinois Veterinarians. I Am Vet Med Assoc 1975; 167: 1084–9.
133. Shaw BW. Brucella abortus infection in sheep. I. Field case. Br Vet J 1976; 132: 18–27.
134. Spink WW. Current status of the therapy of brucellosis in human brucellosis. J Am Med Assoc 1960; 172: 697–8.
135. Stemshorn BW. Recent progress in the diagnosis of brucellosis. Develop Biol Standard 1984; 56: 325–40.
136. Stemshorn BW, Forbes LB, Eaglesome KH, Nielsen FJ, Robertson FJ, and Samagh BS. A comparison of standard serological tests for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in Canada. Can J Comp Med 1985; 49: 391–4.
137. Stemshorn BW, Nielsen KH, Samagh BS, Forbes LB, and Ingram DG. Evaluation of an enzyme-labeled antiglobulin test for anti-Brucella immunoglobulin G among 3 cattle populations. Am J Vet Res 1980; 41: 779–84.
138. Stockman S. Enzootic abortion. J Comp Pathol 1914; 27: 237–42.
139. Stringfellow DA, Scanlan CM, Hannon SS, Panangala VS, Gray BW, and Galik PA. Culture of uterine flushings, cervical mucosa, and udder secretions collected post-abortion from heifers artificially exposed to Brucella abortus. Theriogeology 1983; 20: 77–83.
140. Sutherland S. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Brucella abortus in cattle using monoclonal antibodies. Aust Vet J 1985; 62: 264–8.
141. Sutherland SS. Evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the detection of cattle infected with Brucella abortus. Vet Microbiol 1985; 10: 23–32.
142. Sutherland SS, Evans RJ, and Bathgate J. Application of an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay in the final stages of a bovine brucellosis eradication program. Aust Vet J 1986; 63: 412–5.
143. Sutherland SS, and MacKenzie RM. Applied serology in the latter stages of the eradication of bovine brucellosis. Aust Vet J 1983; 60: 240–2.
144. Sutra L, Caffin JP, and Dubray G. Role of milk immunoglobulins in the Brucella milk ring test. Vet Microbiol 1986; 12: 359–66.
145. Szyfers B, and Tome JG. Natural Brucella infection in Argentine wild Foxes. Bull WHO 1980; 34: 919–23.
146. Tacken PHW. De enting van jongvee als hulpmiddel ter onderkenning van een jeugdinfectie met abortus Bang. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1964; 89: 1703–8.
147. Tanwani SK, and Pathak PN. Studies on abortus bang ring test: Factors affecting the nature of reaction in different milk samples. Indian J Anim Sic 1971; 41: 1037–40.
148. Taylor JP, and Perude IN. The changing epidemiology of human brucellosis in Texas, 1977-1986. Am J Epid 1989; 130: 160–5.
149. Teyssou R, Morvan J, Leleu JP, Roumegou P, Goullin B, and Carteron B. A case of brucellosis in man due to B. suis biovar 2. Médecine et Maladies Infectieux. 1989; 19: 160–1.
150. Thomsen A. Experimental studies on the incubation period of infectious abortion in cattle. Brit Vet J 1950; 106: 41–5.
151. Thorne ET, and Morton JK. Brucellosis in Elk. II. Clinical effects and means of transmission as determined through artificial infection. J Wildlife Dis 1977; 14: 280–91.
152. Thorpe BD, Sidwell RW, Buchman JB, Smart KL, and Noyes R. Brucellosis in wildlife and livestock of west Utah. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1965; 145: 225–32.
153. Vashkevich RB. The reindeer warble fly, Oedemagena tarandi, as a vector of Brucella. Vet Bull 1979; 49: Abstr. 3790.
154. Verger JM, Gate M, Piéchaud M, Chatelain R, Ramisse J, and Blancou J. Isolament de Brucella suis biotype 5 a Madagascar, chez une chienne. Calidité du nom d’espece Brucella canis. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol 1975; 126 A: 57–74.
155. Verger JM, Duee J, and Grayon M. Brucella typing a ten-year investigation in France. Ann. Microbiol., (Inst. Pasteur), 1982; 133 B: 433–47.
156. Biihlmann X von Die Brauchbarkeit von intrakutanproben fiir die Diagnose der Rinderbrucellose. Schweizer Arch Tierheilk 1956; 98: 559–64.
157. Dedek J von, and Zimmernann EM. Zur Diagnostik der Hasenbrucellose. Mh Vet Med 1980; 39: 845–49.
158. Fecher J von, and Meyer W. Zur Serologie und Epizootologie der Pferdebrucellose. Mh Vet Med 1963; 18: 262–7.
159. Kiok P von, Griinbaum EG, Letz M, Uhl W, and Mieth K. Der Hund als reinfektionsquelle fiir brucellosefreie Rinderbestände. Mh Vet Med 1978; 33: 700–4.
160. Kruedener R von Isolierung und Bestimmung von B. canis aus einem Beaglebestand. Zentralbl Veterinärmed 1974; B 12: 307–10.
161. Pannwitz S von. Untersuchungen zur anwndung der Blutserumlangsamagglutination (BSLA) nach dem Siebtestprinzip im Milieu der 5% Kochsalzlösung. Mh Vet Med 1970; 25: 377–81.
162. yWashko FV, Donham ER, and Heimlich A. Response of cattle to Brucella following sexual stimulation and Brucella exposure during early calfhood. Am J Vet Res 1952; 49: 437–40.
163. Wilesmith JW. The persistence of B. abortus infection in calves: A retrospective study of heavily infected herd. Vet Rec 1978; 103: 149–53.
164. Wilhelm A, and Zieris H. Wild boar as primary natural reservoir of B. suis. Vet Bull 1987; 7: Abstr. 664.
165. Wray C. Survival and spread of pathogenic bacteria of veterinary importance within the environment. Vet Bull 1975; 45: 546.
166. Zowghi E, and Ebadi AE. Naturally occurring B. melitensis infection in cattle in Iran. Rev Sci Tech Off int Epiz 1985; 4: 811–4.
167. Zowghi E, and Ebadi AE. Abortion due to Brucella abortus in sheep in Iran. Rev Sci Tech Off int Epiz 1988; 7: 379–82.
168. Zygmont SM, Nettles VF, Shotts EB.Jr, Carmen WA, and Blackburn OB. Brucellosis in wild swine: A serologic and bacteriologic survey in the southeastern US and Hawaii. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982. 181:1285–7.