The Koch Cancer Treatment

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 254-284

  Young, James Harvey ^a   Mcfadyen, Richard E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NOSTRUM;

ART; ARTICLE; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HISTORY; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; NEOPLASM; QUACKERY; UNITED STATES;

HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NOSTRUMS; PORTRAITS; QUACKERY; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 0032111363     PISSN: 00225045     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/53.3.254     Document Type: Article

References (245)

1. James Harvey Young, The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America before Federal Regulation (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 17.
2. Allan Nevins, Johns D. Rockfeller, 2 vols. (New York: Scribner's, 1940), 1, 16-18, 37-38; James T. Patterson, The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), pp. 20-21.
3. Allan Nevins, Johns D. Rockfeller, 2 vols. (New York: Scribner's, 1940), 1, 16-18, 37-38; James T. Patterson, The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), pp. 20-21.
4. Ibid., pp. 8-9.
5. American Medical Association, Nostrums and Quackery (Chicago: American Medical Association, 1912), pp. 25-75.
6. American Medical Association, Cancer "Cures" and "Treatments" (Chicago: American Medical Association. 1927), p. 1.
7. Sherley Amendment, 37 Stat. 416; 52 Stat. 1040.
8. Details of Koch's career come from documents he wrote and testimony he gave. Deposition of William F. Koch, 12 December 1941, Food and Drug Administration (hereafter cited as FDA deposition); Deposition of William F. Koch, 27 June 1942, Federal Trade Commission v. William F. Koch et al. in U.S. District Court for the Eastern District ot Michigan, Southern Division (hereafter cited as FTC deposition); Koch's testimony, Transcript of U.S.A. v. William F. Koch et al. in U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, Southern Division, pp. 6817-32 (hereafter cited as 1943 Trial). These documents are in the Food and Drug Administration Records, Record Group 88, Accession 52A214, boxes 21 and 23, and were used in the Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland.
9. William F. Koch, "On the occurrence of methyl guanidine in the urine of parathyroid-ectomized animals," J Biol Chem, 1912, 12, 313-15; "Toxic bases in the urine of parathyroid- ectomized dogs," ibid., 1913, 15: 43-63
10. William F. Koch, "On the occurrence of methyl guanidine in the urine of parathyroid- ectomized animals," J Biol Chem, 1912, 12, 313-15; "Toxic bases in the urine of parathyroid-ectomized dogs," ibid., 1913, 15: 43-63
11. Koch's testimony, U.S.A. v. William F. Koch, Koch Laboratories, Inc., and Louis F. Koch, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, Southern Division, FDA Records, p. 5563, Accession 52A214, boxes 18 and 19 (hereafter cited as 1946 Trial).
12. Koch, "A new and successful treatment and diagnosis of cancer," Detroit Med. J., 1919, 20, 244-48; ibid., Med. Rec. N.Y. 1920, 9, 715-23.
13. Koch, "A new and successful treatment and diagnosis of cancer," Detroit Med. J., 1919, 20, 244-48; ibid., Med. Rec. N.Y. 1920, 9, 715-23.
14. Cited in American Medical Association, (n. 5) Cancer "Cures", p. 2.
15. Koch, "Our answer to the A.M.A.," Bull. Koch Cancer Foundat., June 1936, 1, 5-6; Koch, FTC deposition, (n. 7); Koch, "Informal statement as to justification for naming the Koch products synthetic antitoxins effective in the treatment of infection, allergies, and malignancies," Record of Hearing, 27 February 1942, FDA Records, Interstate Office sample no. 30478E-30481E, Accession 52A214, box 21. American Medical Association critique appears in J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1921, 76, 465, 537-38; 1924, 82, 2024; 1926, 86, 1469-72.
16. Koch, "Our answer to the A.M.A.," Bull. Koch Cancer Foundat., June 1936, 1, 5-6; Koch, FTC deposition, (n. 7); Koch, "Informal statement as to justification for naming the Koch products synthetic antitoxins effective in the treatment of infection, allergies, and malignancies," Record of Hearing, 27 February 1942, FDA Records, Interstate Office sample no. 30478E-30481E, Accession 52A214, box 21. American Medical Association critique appears in J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1921, 76, 465, 537-38; 1924, 82, 2024; 1926, 86, 1469-72.
17. Koch, "Our answer to the A.M.A.," Bull. Koch Cancer Foundat., June 1936, 1, 5-6; Koch, FTC deposition, (n. 7); Koch, "Informal statement as to justification for naming the Koch products synthetic antitoxins effective in the treatment of infection, allergies, and malignancies," Record of Hearing, 27 February 1942, FDA Records, Interstate Office sample no. 30478E-30481E, Accession 52A214, box 21. American Medical Association critique appears in J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1921, 76, 465, 537-38; 1924, 82, 2024; 1926, 86, 1469-72.
18. Koch, "Our answer to the A.M.A.," Bull. Koch Cancer Foundat., June 1936, 1, 5-6; Koch, FTC deposition, (n. 7); Koch, "Informal statement as to justification for naming the Koch products synthetic antitoxins effective in the treatment of infection, allergies, and malignancies," Record of Hearing, 27 February 1942, FDA Records, Interstate Office sample no. 30478E-30481E, Accession 52A214, box 21. American Medical Association critique appears in J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1921, 76, 465, 537-38; 1924, 82, 2024; 1926, 86, 1469-72.
19. Koch, "Our answer to the A.M.A.," Bull. Koch Cancer Foundat., June 1936, 1, 5-6; Koch, FTC deposition, (n. 7); Koch, "Informal statement as to justification for naming the Koch products synthetic antitoxins effective in the treatment of infection, allergies, and malignancies," Record of Hearing, 27 February 1942, FDA Records, Interstate Office sample no. 30478E-30481E, Accession 52A214, box 21. American Medical Association critique appears in J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1921, 76, 465, 537-38; 1924, 82, 2024; 1926, 86, 1469-72.
20. Koch, "Our answer to the A.M.A.," Bull. Koch Cancer Foundat., June 1936, 1, 5-6; Koch, FTC deposition, (n. 7); Koch, "Informal statement as to justification for naming the Koch products synthetic antitoxins effective in the treatment of infection, allergies, and malignancies," Record of Hearing, 27 February 1942, FDA Records, Interstate Office sample no. 30478E-30481E, Accession 52A214, box 21. American Medical Association critique appears in J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1921, 76, 465, 537-38; 1924, 82, 2024; 1926, 86, 1469-72.
21. Arthur J. Cramp, Nostrums and Quackery and Pseudo-Medicine (Chicago: American Medical Association, 1936), p. 112; James Harvey Young, The Medical Messiahs (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967), pp. 137-42.
22. Arthur J. Cramp, Nostrums and Quackery and Pseudo-Medicine (Chicago: American Medical Association, 1936), p. 112; James Harvey Young, The Medical Messiahs (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967), pp. 137-42.
23. John C. Ray, "Relevant facts about the Koch case and an appraisal of their significance," FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 24; J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1926, 86, 1469-72.
24. Ray, (n. 14).
25. 1943 Trial (n. 7), p. 6832.
26. Cited in American Medical Association, (n. 5) Cancer "Cures," p. 4.
27. Sources for the paragraphs on Koch's theories are Important Facts about the Koch Treatment, undated pamphlet in FDA Records (n. 7), Accession 52A214, box 18; W. F. Koch, The Prevention of Cancer (Washington, D.C.: The Medical Press 1926); W F. Koch, Natural Immunity: Its Curative Chemistry in Neoplasia, Allergy, Infection (Detroit: W.F. Koch, 1936); Koch, FDA deposition, (n. 7); Food and Drug Hearing, 27 February 1942, Accession 52A214, box 21; 1943 Trial (n. 7); 1946 Trials (n. 9).
28. Sources for the paragraphs on Koch's theories are Important Facts about the Koch Treatment, undated pamphlet in FDA Records (n. 7), Accession 52A214, box 18; W. F. Koch, The Prevention of Cancer (Washington, D.C.: The Medical Press 1926); W F. Koch, Natural Immunity: Its Curative Chemistry in Neoplasia, Allergy, Infection (Detroit: W.F. Koch, 1936); Koch, FDA deposition, (n. 7); Food and Drug Hearing, 27 February 1942, Accession 52A214, box 21; 1943 Trial (n. 7); 1946 Trials (n. 9).
29. Sources for the paragraphs on Koch's theories are Important Facts about the Koch Treatment, undated pamphlet in FDA Records (n. 7), Accession 52A214, box 18; W. F. Koch, The Prevention of Cancer (Washington, D.C.: The Medical Press 1926); W F. Koch, Natural Immunity: Its Curative Chemistry in Neoplasia, Allergy, Infection (Detroit: W.F. Koch, 1936); Koch, FDA deposition, (n. 7); Food and Drug Hearing, 27 February 1942, Accession 52A214, box 21; 1943 Trial (n. 7); 1946 Trials (n. 9).
30. Sources for the paragraphs on Koch's theories are Important Facts about the Koch Treatment, undated pamphlet in FDA Records (n. 7), Accession 52A214, box 18; W. F. Koch, The Prevention of Cancer (Washington, D.C.: The Medical Press 1926); W F. Koch, Natural Immunity: Its Curative Chemistry in Neoplasia, Allergy, Infection (Detroit: W.F. Koch, 1936); Koch, FDA deposition, (n. 7); Food and Drug Hearing, 27 February 1942, Accession 52A214, box 21; 1943 Trial (n. 7); 1946 Trials (n. 9).
31. 1943 Trial (n. 7), p. 9489.
32. Koch, (n. 10).
33. 1943 Trial (n. 7), pp. 6879-80.
34. Koch, FTC deposition (n. 7).
35. Ibid.; 1946 Trial (n. 9), pp. 5634-35.
36. 1943 Trial (n. 7), p. 9219.
37. "Chemistry-Koch Case," FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 23.
38. An Effective Single Dose Treatment for Diabetes, undated pamphlet, FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 21.
39. Instructions for Patients, undated pamphlet, FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 21; 1943 Trial (n. 7), pp. 6871-74.
40. Ibid., pp. 2377, 6891, 7282-83.
41. Ray. (n. 14).
42. 1943 Trial (n. 7), pp. 7289-90; S. M. Collins to the Secretary of State, 16 November 1945, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 4, Accession 63A292, box 427.
43. 1943 Trial (n. 7), pp. 7289-90; S. M. Collins to the Secretary of State, 16 November 1945, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 4, Accession 63A292, box 427.
44. W. Frisbie to B. Wadsworth, 31 August 1926, FDA Records, AF 14626, Accession 63A292, box 427.
45. 1943 Trial (n. 7), pp. 6065-90.
46. Ibid., p. 2350; 1946 Trial (n. 9), p. 6881.
47. Ray, (n. 14); "Koch Connection," Time, 10 December 1934, pp. 68-70.
48. Koch discussed his collaboration with Maisin in his FTC deposition (n. 7); Koch, (n. 12); 1943 Trial (n. 7), pp. 6881-40, 7064-275, 8504; 1946 Trial (n. 9), pp. 1913, 5567-68.
49. Koch and Maisin, "Preparation des peroxydes et des peroxydogenes organiques etudies experimentalement en biologie," Compt. Rend. Trav. Lab. Carlsburg Ser. Physiol., 1935:120, 106-8.
50. Edgar A. Reed, "A brief historical comment on Koch's synthetic antitoxins: A panacea for all ills affecting mankind," 2 August 1942, FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 21; Frank H. Wiley interview with M. C. Winternitz, 10 December 1940, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427.
51. Edgar A. Reed, "A brief historical comment on Koch's synthetic antitoxins: A panacea for all ills affecting mankind," 2 August 1942, FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 21; Frank H. Wiley interview with M. C. Winternitz, 10 December 1940, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427.
52. 1943 Trial (n. 7), pp. 1504, 2357-58.
53. Wiley, interview with Winternitz, (n. 36).
54. Frank H. Wiley, interview with C.N.H. Long, 10 December 1940, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427.
55. 1943 Trial (n. 7), pp. 1486-1503, 1596, 9188, 9348-54.
56. Vincent LaPiana to Chief, Chicago Station, 6 August 1940, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427. U.S. Patents: "Process for the Production of Unsaturated Compounds from a Hexose," 2,257,748, 16 April 1938, and "Process for the Production of Unsaturated Bodies from Hexose Oxidation Products," 2,382,425, 13 August 1940, Patent Office Official Gaz, 1941, 531, 50; 1945, 577, 492.
57. Proceedings of the In Camera Sittings of the Cancer Commission of the Province of Ontario Covering the Presentation of the Koch Treatment, 1938-1939-1940, with Explanatory Notes by D.H. Arnott (Detroit, Mich.: Koch Laboratories, 1941), pp. 1-7. Copy in FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 21.
58. William Koch to physicians, 2 April 1941, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427.
59. Proceedings of the In Camera Sittings (n. 42).
60. Walter B. Simmons, "A Review of the Koch Case," 29 July 1946, FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 21; "The Commission for the Investigation of Cancer Remedies," 31 January 1941, FDA Records, AF 14626. vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427.
61. Walter B. Simmons, "A Review of the Koch Case," 29 July 1946, FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 21; "The Commission for the Investigation of Cancer Remedies," 31 January 1941, FDA Records, AF 14626. vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427.
62. Cited in Simmons, (n. 45).
63. 1943 Trial (n. 7), pp. 2366-75, 6915-37; 7364-65; Koch, FTC deposition (n. 7).
64. 1943 Trial (n. 7), p. 9360; 1946 Trial (n. 9), p. 3303.
65. Koch, FTC deposition (n. 7).
66. Ibid.; E. L. Holmes to Chief, Central District, 8 April 1942, FDA Records, Koch Material, vol. 1, Accession 52A214, box 21.
67. Ibid.; E. L. Holmes to Chief, Central District, 8 April 1942, FDA Records, Koch Material, vol. 1, Accession 52A214, box 21.
68. W. Frisbie to A. B. Wadsworth, 31 August 1926, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 1, Accession 63A292, box 427.
69. Walter B. Simmons to Chief, Chicago Station, 19 June 1932, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 1, Accession 63A292, box 427.
70. F. J. Cullen to Walter Campbell, 16 June 1933, and R. E. Dyer to Bertha Lamb, 30 October 1934, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 1, Accession 63A292, box 427.
71. Charles O. Jackson, Food and Drug Regulation in the New Deal (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970).
72. A. G. Murray to J. J. Durrett, [July 1938], FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 1, Accession 63A292, box 427.
73. LaPiana to Chief, Chicago Station, (n. 41).
74. "Summary of our files on Koch Cancer Foundation," [September 1941], FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427.
75. Cited in ibid.
76. "The 'Glyoxylide' of William F. Koch," J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 1936, 107, 519.
77. Paul Dunbar to The General Counsel, 3 March 1942, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427.
78. Walter B. Simmons to Station Chiefs, 11 February 1942, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427.
79. Record of Hearing, 27 February 1942; Koch, (n. 12).
80. Reed, (n. 36).
81. E. L. Holmes to Chief, Central District, (n. 50).
82. A. Fitzroy Anderson to Paul V. McNutt, 19 May 1942, and other letters in FDA Records, Special AF file [June-September 1942], Accession 52A214, box 24.
83. Walter Simmons to Chiefs, Eastern and Western Districts and Central District Stations, undated, FDA Records, Koch Material, vol. 2, Accession 52A214, box 21.
84. A. G. Murray interview with F. W. Irish, 17 November 1941, and J. J. Durrett to Walter Campbell, 19 November 1941, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427.
85. A. G. Murray interview with F. W. Irish, 17 November 1941, and J. J. Durrett to Walter Campbell, 19 November 1941, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427.
86. Frank H. Wiley to Charles D. Hurd, 19 November 1942, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427; FTC Complaint 4772, 20 June 1942;
87. Frank H. Wiley to Charles D. Hurd, 19 November 1942, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 2, Accession 63A292, box 427; FTC Complaint 4772, 20 June 1942;
88. FTC Decisions, 1941-42, 34, 1867; Koch, FTC deposition, (n. 7); Federal Trade Commission, Docket 4772, "In the matter of Koch Laboratories, Inc.: William F. Koch; and Louis G. Koch, findings as to the facts and conclusion and order to cease and desist," 24 August 1951.
89. FTC Decisions, 1941-42, 34, 1867; Koch, FTC deposition, (n. 7); Federal Trade Commission, Docket 4772, "In the matter of Koch Laboratories, Inc.: William F. Koch; and Louis G. Koch, findings as to the facts and conclusion and order to cease and desist," 24 August 1951.
90. FTC v. William F. Koch, Louis G. Koch, and Koch Laboratories, Inc., District Court, Eastern District of Michigan, Southern Division, 22 May 1942, FTC Decisions, (n. 68); FTC Complaint 4772, 20 June 1942; Koch, FTC deposition (n. 7); "In the matter of Koch Laboratories," (n. 68); FTC Order to Cease and Desist, 24 August 1951; William F. Koch and Louis G. Koch v. FTC, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, 8 July 1933; Bill Fay, "Cancer quacks," Collier's, 26 May 1951. 127: 24-25, 48-38.
91. FTC v. William F. Koch, Louis G. Koch, and Koch Laboratories, Inc., District Court, Eastern District of Michigan, Southern Division, 22 May 1942, FTC Decisions, (n. 68); FTC Complaint 4772, 20 June 1942; Koch, FTC deposition (n. 7); "In the matter of Koch Laboratories," (n. 68); FTC Order to Cease and Desist, 24 August 1951; William F. Koch and Louis G. Koch v. FTC, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, 8 July 1933; Bill Fay, "Cancer quacks," Collier's, 26 May 1951. 127: 24-25, 48-38.
92. 1943 Trial (n. 7); Simmons, (n. 45); Walter B. Simmons to Chiefs of Districts and Stations, 28 May 1943, FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 20.
93. 1943 Trial (n. 7); Simmons, (n. 45); Walter B. Simmons to Chiefs of Districts and Stations, 28 May 1943, FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 20.
94. Major witnesses were Frank H. Wiley, senior chemist of FDA's drug division; Charles D. Hurd of Northwestern University; and Samuel M. McElvain of the University of Wisconsin.
95. Walter B. Simmons to George Larrick, 25 June 1942, FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 21.
96. "No more pandiculation," Time, 20 April 1942, p. 66.
97. 1943 Trial (n. 7).
98. Ibid., passim, including Ray's summing up, pp. 9018-9101.
99. Ibid., pp 2067-2206, 9037-38; James Harvey Young, "Historical aspects of food cultism and nutrition quackery," in Gunnar Blix, ed., Food Cultism and Nutrition Quackery (Uppsala: Swedish Nutrition Foundation, 1970), pp. 9-10.
100. Ibid., pp 2067-2206, 9037-38; James Harvey Young, "Historical aspects of food cultism and nutrition quackery," in Gunnar Blix, ed., Food Cultism and Nutrition Quackery (Uppsala: Swedish Nutrition Foundation, 1970), pp. 9-10.
101. 1943 Trial (n. 7), pp. 9128, 9318-31, 9338, 9478-79.
102. Ibid., pp. 9148-52.
103. Ibid., pp. 2400, 7073.
104. Ibid., p. 9098.
105. Ibid., pp. 5449-53, 6065-6290.
106. Walter B. Simmons to the Commissioner, 10 April 1943, FDA Records, Accession 42A214, box 21; 1943 Trial (n. 7), pp. 6817-7725, 7767-86.
107. Ibid., pp. 3805-24, 7259-64, 7364-65, 7566-72, 7640-41, 8955-90, 9513.
108. Ibid., pp. 9057-58, 9517, 9524.
109. Edgar Reed to the Commissioner, 20 May 1943, FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 22.
110. Simmons, (n. 45).
111. Walter B. Simmons to Chiefs of Districts and Stations, 28 May 1943; Simmons to the Commissioner, 29 May 1943; Anton J. Carlson to George Larrick, 7 June 1943, FDA Records, Accession 52A214, box 21.
112. George Larrick to Max Cutler, 7 June 1943, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 3, Accession 63A292, box 427.
113. Walter B. Simmons to the Commissioner, 9 September 1943, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 4, Accession 63A292, box 427.
114. Walter B. Simmons to Districts and Stations, 12 January 1948, FDA Records, AF 146626, vol. 4, Accession 63A292, box 427.
115. Robert P. Herwick to Roscoe R. Spencer, 9 December 1943, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 4, Accession 63A292, box 427.
116. Commission report, 7 February 1943, cited in Simmons, (n. 45).
117. Ibid.; Detroit Free Press, 18 August 1948; 1946 Trial (n. 9).
118. Ibid.; Detroit Free Press, 18 August 1948; 1946 Trial (n. 9).
119. 1946 Trial (n. 9), pp. 5560-6279
120. Ibid., p. 1923.
121. Ibid., 5676, 6127-33.
122. Simmons, (n. 45); undated clipping from Detroit Times, FDA Records, AF 14626, Accession 63A292, box 427.
123. Detroit Free Press, 25 July 1946.
124. Hilda Bruch, "What makes people food cultists or victims of nutrition quackery?" in Blix, ed., (n. 76), Food Cultism and Nutrition Quackery, pp. 82-92. See also James Harvey Young, "The persistence of medical quackery in America," American Scientist, 1972, 60, 318-26.
125. Hilda Bruch, "What makes people food cultists or victims of nutrition quackery?" in Blix, ed., (n. 76), Food Cultism and Nutrition Quackery, pp. 82-92. See also James Harvey Young, "The persistence of medical quackery in America," American Scientist, 1972, 60, 318-26.
126. Koch claimed he spent over a half million dollars defending himself against FDA's charges. William Koch to Kenneth Milstead, 14 April 1961, FDA Records, AF14626, vol. 16, Accession 72A2957, box 285.
127. Walter B. Simmons to all Stations and Districts, 12 January 1948, and Memorandum on the Lutheran Research Society, 11 August 1947, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 4, Accession 63A292, box 427.
128. Cited in Simmons to Stations and Districts, (n. 90).
129. James L. Trawick, interview with Rev. Carl E. Lundquist and Robert Van Deusen of the National Lutheran Council, 9 February 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 7, Accession 63A292, box 428.
130. Walter B. Simmons to John L. Harvey, 4 August 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 9, Accession 63A292, box 428; Norman DeNosaquo, interview with Gertrude Winfield, 26 July 1950, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 10; William Goodrich to Attorney General, 2 September 1951, FDA Records, vol. 12, Accession 63A292, box 428.
131. Walter B. Simmons to John L. Harvey, 4 August 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 9, Accession 63A292, box 428; Norman DeNosaquo, interview with Gertrude Winfield, 26 July 1950, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 10; William Goodrich to Attorney General, 2 September 1951, FDA Records, vol. 12, Accession 63A292, box 428.
132. Walter B. Simmons to John L. Harvey, 4 August 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 9, Accession 63A292, box 428; Norman DeNosaquo, interview with Gertrude Winfield, 26 July 1950, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 10; William Goodrich to Attorney General, 2 September 1951, FDA Records, vol. 12, Accession 63A292, box 428.
133. "The Koch treatment," Congressional Record, 80th Cong., 2d sess., 7 June 1948, 7232-34.
134. Walter B. Simmons to John L. Harvey, 19 April 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 9, Accession 63A292, box 428; "Senator Langer abuses franking privilege by circulation of propaganda for Koch's cancer quackery," J. Am. Med. Asso., 7 August 1948, 137, 1333.
135. Walter B. Simmons to John L. Harvey, 19 April 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 9, Accession 63A292, box 428; "Senator Langer abuses franking privilege by circulation of propaganda for Koch's cancer quackery," J. Am. Med. Asso., 7 August 1948, 137, 1333.
136. Simmons to Harvey, (n. 106).
137. Congressional Record, 82d Cong., 1st sess., 27 August 1951, A5404-05, and 17 October 1951, A6465-66 (the Winrod speech); 83rd Cong., 1st sess., 23 March 1953, A1430, and 3 August 1953, A5350-53.
138. Congressional Record, 82d Cong., 1st sess., 27 August 1951, A5404-05, and 17 October 1951, A6465-66 (the Winrod speech); 83rd Cong., 1st sess., 23 March 1953, A1430, and 3 August 1953, A5350-53.
139. Congressional Record, 82d Cong., 1st sess., 27 August 1951, A5404-05, and 17 October 1951, A6465-66 (the Winrod speech); 83rd Cong., 1st sess., 23 March 1953, A1430, and 3 August 1953, A5350-53.
140. Congressional Record, 82d Cong., 1st sess., 27 August 1951, A5404-05, and 17 October 1951, A6465-66 (the Winrod speech); 83rd Cong., 1st sess., 23 March 1953, A1430, and 3 August 1953, A5350-53.
141. Young, (n. 13) Medical Messiahs, pp. 382-83
142. Motions for entry of nolle prosequi, 17 August 1948, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 5, Accession 63A292, box 427;
143. Paul B. Dunbar to Eugene R. Grether, 4 October 1948, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 6, Accession 63A292, box 428.
144. James L. Trawick and John T. Cain report, 18 August-9 September 1948, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 5, Accession 63A242, box 428; History of the Koch Case, [October 1948], FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 6, Accession 63A242, box 428.
145. James L. Trawick and John T. Cain report, 18 August-9 September 1948, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 5, Accession 63A242, box 428; History of the Koch Case, [October 1948], FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 6, Accession 63A242, box 428.
146. Nathan B. Goodnow to FDA, 8 September 1948, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 5, Accession 63A292, box 427.
147. Walter B. Simmons to All Stations, 22 October 1948, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 6, Accession 63A292, box 428.
148. "Emergency! - Urgent!" and James L. Trawick to George P. Larrick, 11 October 1948, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 6, Accession 63A292, box 428.
149. "The Koch method," Time, 6 September 1948, pp. 56, 59-60.
150. George P. Larrick, memorandum of interview, 3 December 1948, and Paul B. Dunbar to John L. Harvey, 3 December 1948, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 6, Accession 63A292, box 428.
151. George P. Larrick, memorandum of interview, 3 December 1948, and Paul B. Dunbar to John L. Harvey, 3 December 1948, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 6, Accession 63A292, box 428.
152. Ibid.; Sam Swain to Commissioner Paul B. Dunbar, 2 December 1948, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 6, Accession 63A292, box 628.
153. Ibid.; Sam Swain to Commissioner Paul B. Dunbar, 2 December 1948, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 6, Accession 63A292, box 628.
154. George M. Downard, interview with Sam Swain, FDA Records, 6 April 1949, AF 14626, vol. 8, Accession 63A292, box 428; James L. Trawick and James L. Cain report, 8 March 1949, ibid., vol. 7.
155. George M. Downard, interview with Sam Swain, FDA Records, 6 April 1949, AF 14626, vol. 8, Accession 63A292, box 428; James L. Trawick and James L. Cain report, 8 March 1949, ibid., vol. 7.
156. Ibid.
157. Assistant General Counsel to Attorney General, [January 1954], FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 15, Accession 63A292, box 429; DeNosaquo, interview with Winfield, (n. 104); Trawick and Cain report, (n. 111);
158. Assistant General Counsel to Attorney General, [January 1954], FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 15, Accession 63A292, box 429; DeNosaquo, interview with Winfield, (n. 104); Trawick and Cain report, (n. 111);
159. Assistant General Counsel to Attorney General, [January 1954], FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 15, Accession 63A292, box 429; DeNosaquo, interview with Winfield, (n. 104); Trawick and Cain report, (n. 111);
160. James L. Trawick and J. T. Cain report, 9, 10, 22, and 23 April 1952, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428;
161. Frederick L. Compton, comp., Extensive Index Covering Dr. William Frederick Koch's Medical System (Edgewater Beach, N.J.: F. L. Compton, [1986?]).
162. Koch to Cash Asher, 3 May 1962, Cash Asher Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
163. Downard interview with Swain, (n. 118); Sam Swain to Paul B. Dunbar, 26 April and 9 May 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 8, Accession 63A292, box 428; Swain to Dunbar, 27 June 1949, vol. 9, box 428; Swain to Dunbar, 22 November 1950, vol. 11, box 428; Swain to FDA, 28 April 1952, vol. 13, box 428; Irwin B. Berch to Chief, Los Angeles District, 9 April 1952,
164. Downard interview with Swain, (n. 118); Sam Swain to Paul B. Dunbar, 26 April and 9 May 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 8, Accession 63A292, box 428; Swain to Dunbar, 27 June 1949, vol. 9, box 428; Swain to Dunbar, 22 November 1950, vol. 11, box 428; Swain to FDA, 28 April 1952, vol. 13, box 428; Irwin B. Berch to Chief, Los Angeles District, 9 April 1952,
165. Downard interview with Swain, (n. 118); Sam Swain to Paul B. Dunbar, 26 April and 9 May 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 8, Accession 63A292, box 428; Swain to Dunbar, 27 June 1949, vol. 9, box 428; Swain to Dunbar, 22 November 1950, vol. 11, box 428; Swain to FDA, 28 April 1952, vol. 13, box 428; Irwin B. Berch to Chief, Los Angeles District, 9 April 1952,
166. Downard interview with Swain, (n. 118); Sam Swain to Paul B. Dunbar, 26 April and 9 May 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 8, Accession 63A292, box 428; Swain to Dunbar, 27 June 1949, vol. 9, box 428; Swain to Dunbar, 22 November 1950, vol. 11, box 428; Swain to FDA, 28 April 1952, vol. 13, box 428; Irwin B. Berch to Chief, Los Angeles District, 9 April 1952,
167. Downard interview with Swain, (n. 118); Sam Swain to Paul B. Dunbar, 26 April and 9 May 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 8, Accession 63A292, box 428; Swain to Dunbar, 27 June 1949, vol. 9, box 428; Swain to Dunbar, 22 November 1950, vol. 11, box 428; Swain to FDA, 28 April 1952, vol. 13, box 428; Irwin B. Berch to Chief, Los Angeles District, 9 April 1952,
168. Downard interview with Swain, (n. 118); Sam Swain to Paul B. Dunbar, 26 April and 9 May 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 8, Accession 63A292, box 428; Swain to Dunbar, 27 June 1949, vol. 9, box 428; Swain to Dunbar, 22 November 1950, vol. 11, box 428; Swain to FDA, 28 April 1952, vol. 13, box 428; Irwin B. Berch to Chief, Los Angeles District, 9 April 1952,
169. and John L. Harvey and N. E. Cook interview with Sam Swain and Robert D. Dunwoodie, 29 April 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
170. "In the matter of Koch Laboratories, Inc., William F. Koch, and Louis G. Koch, FTC Findings As to the Facts and Conclusion," Docket No. 4772, 24 August 1951; FTC order to cease and desist, (n. 69).
171. William F. Koch and Louis G. Koch, Petitioners, v. Federal Trade Commission, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, No. 11495, 8 July 1953, 206 Fed 2d 311. James L. Trawick and J. T. Cain report, 9 , 10, 22, and 23 April 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
172. William F. Koch and Louis G. Koch, Petitioners, v. Federal Trade Commission, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, No. 11495, 8 July 1953, 206 Fed 2d 311. James L. Trawick and J. T. Cain report, 9 , 10, 22, and 23 April 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
173. On radio tapes; see Frank McKinley to Chief, Los Angeles District, 10 March 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
174. Lawrence P. Reilly, "Dr. Koch's persecution," Defender, January 1949, 23, 12-14.
175. "God and the Koch treatment," Congressional Record, 82d Cong., 1st sess., 17 October 1951, A6465-66.
176. Walter B. Simmons to John L. Harvey, 6 December 1949, FDA Records, vol. 9, Accession 63A292, box 428.
177. Programs of league's annual conventions, 1948 and 1950, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 8, Accession 63A292, box 48, and vol. 11, Accession 64A292, box 428; transcript of tape recording of 1952 American Association of Physicians convention, vol. 13, 63A292, box 128.
178. Programs of league's annual conventions, 1948 and 1950, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 8, Accession 63A292, box 48, and vol. 11, Accession 64A292, box 428; transcript of tape recording of 1952 American Association of Physicians convention, vol. 13, 63A292, box 128.
179. Roy Gibbons, "Cancer 'cure' assailed by U.S., peddled again," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 11 September 1949.
180. Walter B. Simmons to John L. Harvey, 8 September 1950, and Walter B. Simmons to Chiefs of Districts, 13 October 1950, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 11, Accession 63A292, box 428.
181. Walter B. Simmons to John L. Harvey, 8 September 1950, and Walter B. Simmons to Chiefs of Districts, 13 October 1950, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 11, Accession 63A292, box 428.
182. Trawick and Cain report, (n. 124); Assistant General Counsel to Attorney General, (n. 120).
183. Trawick and Cain report, (n. 124); Assistant General Counsel to Attorney General, (n. 120).
184. Norman DeNosaquo and Walter B. Simmons, interview with Louis B. Rubens, Gertrude Winfield, and Dr. William J. Hale, 17 and 18 April 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 9, Accession 63A292, box 428.
185. Louis C. Rubens to James L. Trawick, 25 July 1949, Gertrude Winfield to James L. Trawick, 25 July 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 9, Accession 63A292, box 428; DeNosaquo and Simmons, interview with Rubens, Winfield, and Hale, (n. 133).
186. Louis C. Rubens to James L. Trawick, 25 July 1949, Gertrude Winfield to James L. Trawick, 25 July 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 9, Accession 63A292, box 428; DeNosaquo and Simmons, interview with Rubens, Winfield, and Hale, (n. 133).
187. Louis C. Rubens to James L. Trawick, 25 July 1949, Gertrude Winfield to James L. Trawick, 25 July 1949, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 9, Accession 63A292, box 428; DeNosaquo and Simmons, interview with Rubens, Winfield, and Hale, (n. 133).
188. Forrest J. Ault to Chief, Kansas City District, 19 April 1951, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 12, Accession 63A292, box 428;
189. Trawick and Cain report, 9, 10, 22, and 23 April 1952 (n. 123).
190. Ibid.; William Koch to Gerald B. Winrod, 5 January 1952, cited in ibid.
191. Ibid.; William Koch to Gerald B. Winrod, 5 January 1952, cited in ibid.
192. Trawick and Cain report, (n. 124).
193. 65 U.S. Statutes 648.
194. Sam Swain to FDA, 28 April 1952; John L. Harvey and N. E. Cook, memorandum of interview with Sam Swain and Robert D. Dunwoodie, 29 April 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
195. Sam Swain to FDA, 28 April 1952; John L. Harvey and N. E. Cook, memorandum of interview with Sam Swain and Robert D. Dunwoodie, 29 April 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
196. Gerald B. Winrod to William T. Watson, 15 May 1952 (copy), FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 14, Accession 63A292, box 428.
197. Printed letter, Gerald B. Winrod to his followers, 5 August 1953, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 14, Accession 63A292, box 428.
198. Walter B. Simmons to Atlanta District, is July 1952; Chester E. Hardy to Dear Doctor, 9 July 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
199. Walter B. Simmons to Atlanta District, is July 1952; Chester E. Hardy to Dear Doctor, 9 July 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
200. Transcript of tape recording of American Association of Physicians convention, (n. 129).
201. Oveta Culp Hobby to Leonard W. Hall, 6 July 1953, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 15, Accession 63A292, box 429.
202. Walter B. Simmons to Los Angeles District, 19 November 1952; newspaper clipping, from Douglas Dispatch, 26 September 1952; John R. Winch to Chief, Los Angeles District, 24 December 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
203. Walter B. Simmons to Los Angeles District, 19 November 1952; newspaper clipping, from Douglas Dispatch, 26 September 1952; John R. Winch to Chief, Los Angeles District, 24 December 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
204. Walter B. Simmons to Los Angeles District, 19 November 1952; newspaper clipping, from Douglas Dispatch, 26 September 1952; John R. Winch to Chief, Los Angeles District, 24 December 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
205. Young, (n. 13) Medical Messiahs, pp. 360-89; Leonard W. Hall to Oveta Culp Hobby, 19 June 1953, Frank McKinley to Chief, Los Angeles District, 16 and 25 November 1953, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 15, Accession 63A292, box 429.
206. Young, (n. 13) Medical Messiahs, pp. 360-89; Leonard W. Hall to Oveta Culp Hobby, 19 June 1953, Frank McKinley to Chief, Los Angeles District, 16 and 25 November 1953, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 15, Accession 63A292, box 429.
207. Young, (n. 13) Medical Messiahs, pp. 360-89; Leonard W. Hall to Oveta Culp Hobby, 19 June 1953, Frank McKinley to Chief, Los Angeles District, 16 and 25 November 1953, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 15, Accession 63A292, box 429.
208. Obituary, New York Times, 13 November 1957.
209. Young, (n. 13) Medical Messiahs, pp. 373-74, 381-82.
210. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1949, 140, 1352-53; 1953, 153, 665-70.
211. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1949, 140, 1352-53; 1953, 153, 665-70.
212. Norma Lee Browning, "Public aroused by expose of quack doctor," Chicago Tribune, 21 August 1949; Browning, "Beware the scientific medical quacks!" Reader's Digest, April 1950, 56: 65-69; Fay, (n. 69); Walter B. Simmons to New York District, 1 May 1952; Philip A. Jackson to Chief, New York District, 13 May 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
213. Norma Lee Browning, "Public aroused by expose of quack doctor," Chicago Tribune, 21 August 1949; Browning, "Beware the scientific medical quacks!" Reader's Digest, April 1950, 56: 65-69; Fay, (n. 69); Walter B. Simmons to New York District, 1 May 1952; Philip A. Jackson to Chief, New York District, 13 May 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
214. Norma Lee Browning, "Public aroused by expose of quack doctor," Chicago Tribune, 21 August 1949; Browning, "Beware the scientific medical quacks!" Reader's Digest, April 1950, 56: 65-69; Fay, (n. 69); Walter B. Simmons to New York District, 1 May 1952; Philip A. Jackson to Chief, New York District, 13 May 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
215. Norma Lee Browning, "Public aroused by expose of quack doctor," Chicago Tribune, 21 August 1949; Browning, "Beware the scientific medical quacks!" Reader's Digest, April 1950, 56: 65-69; Fay, (n. 69); Walter B. Simmons to New York District, 1 May 1952; Philip A. Jackson to Chief, New York District, 13 May 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
216. Norma Lee Browning, "Public aroused by expose of quack doctor," Chicago Tribune, 21 August 1949; Browning, "Beware the scientific medical quacks!" Reader's Digest, April 1950, 56: 65-69; Fay, (n. 69); Walter B. Simmons to New York District, 1 May 1952; Philip A. Jackson to Chief, New York District, 13 May 1952, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 13, Accession 63A292, box 428.
217. Koch and Koch v. Federal Trade Commission, (n. 123).
218. R. C. Brandenburg to Kenneth Milstead, 6 October 1954, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 15, Accession 63A292, box 429.
219. William Goodrich to Attorney General, 2 September 1951, and Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 6 November 1951, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 12, Accession 63A292, box 428; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 15 May 1953, vol. 14, box 428; Assistant General Counsel to Attorney General [January 1954]; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 5 February 1954; Walter B. Simmons to William Goodrich, 9 February 1954; Kenneth Milstead to Chief, Cincinnati District, 24 June 1954, vol. 15, box 429.
220. William Goodrich to Attorney General, 2 September 1951, and Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 6 November 1951, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 12, Accession 63A292, box 428; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 15 May 1953, vol. 14, box 428; Assistant General Counsel to Attorney General [January 1954]; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 5 February 1954; Walter B. Simmons to William Goodrich, 9 February 1954; Kenneth Milstead to Chief, Cincinnati District, 24 June 1954, vol. 15, box 429.
221. William Goodrich to Attorney General, 2 September 1951, and Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 6 November 1951, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 12, Accession 63A292, box 428; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 15 May 1953, vol. 14, box 428; Assistant General Counsel to Attorney General [January 1954]; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 5 February 1954; Walter B. Simmons to William Goodrich, 9 February 1954; Kenneth Milstead to Chief, Cincinnati District, 24 June 1954, vol. 15, box 429.
222. William Goodrich to Attorney General, 2 September 1951, and Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 6 November 1951, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 12, Accession 63A292, box 428; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 15 May 1953, vol. 14, box 428; Assistant General Counsel to Attorney General [January 1954]; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 5 February 1954; Walter B. Simmons to William Goodrich, 9 February 1954; Kenneth Milstead to Chief, Cincinnati District, 24 June 1954, vol. 15, box 429.
223. William Goodrich to Attorney General, 2 September 1951, and Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 6 November 1951, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 12, Accession 63A292, box 428; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 15 May 1953, vol. 14, box 428; Assistant General Counsel to Attorney General [January 1954]; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 5 February 1954; Walter B. Simmons to William Goodrich, 9 February 1954; Kenneth Milstead to Chief, Cincinnati District, 24 June 1954, vol. 15, box 429.
224. William Goodrich to Attorney General, 2 September 1951, and Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 6 November 1951, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 12, Accession 63A292, box 428; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 15 May 1953, vol. 14, box 428; Assistant General Counsel to Attorney General [January 1954]; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 5 February 1954; Walter B. Simmons to William Goodrich, 9 February 1954; Kenneth Milstead to Chief, Cincinnati District, 24 June 1954, vol. 15, box 429.
225. William Goodrich to Attorney General, 2 September 1951, and Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 6 November 1951, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 12, Accession 63A292, box 428; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 15 May 1953, vol. 14, box 428; Assistant General Counsel to Attorney General [January 1954]; Walter B. Simmons to Kenneth Milstead, 5 February 1954; Walter B. Simmons to William Goodrich, 9 February 1954; Kenneth Milstead to Chief, Cincinnati District, 24 June 1954, vol. 15, box 429.
226. Young, (n. 13) Medical Messiahs, pp. 360-89.
227. E. Jervis Bloomfield to FDA, 21 May 1959; FDA to E. Jervis Bloomfield, 2 June 1959; Kenneth Milstead to Chief, Atlanta District, 27 July 1959; Division of Regulatory Management to M. R. Stephens, 1 February 1959; Ralph Weilerstein to Division of Regulatory Management, 11 March 1960, AF 14626, vol. 16, Accession 59A-2998, box 292. [Volume 16 has been more recently misfiled.]
228. E. Jervis Bloomfield to FDA, 21 May 1959; FDA to E. Jervis Bloomfield, 2 June 1959; Kenneth Milstead to Chief, Atlanta District, 27 July 1959; Division of Regulatory Management to M. R. Stephens, 1 February 1959; Ralph Weilerstein to Division of Regulatory Management, 11 March 1960, AF 14626, vol. 16, Accession 59A-2998, box 292. [Volume 16 has been more recently misfiled.]
229. E. Jervis Bloomfield to FDA, 21 May 1959; FDA to E. Jervis Bloomfield, 2 June 1959; Kenneth Milstead to Chief, Atlanta District, 27 July 1959; Division of Regulatory Management to M. R. Stephens, 1 February 1959; Ralph Weilerstein to Division of Regulatory Management, 11 March 1960, AF 14626, vol. 16, Accession 59A-2998, box 292. [Volume 16 has been more recently misfiled.]
230. E. Jervis Bloomfield to FDA, 21 May 1959; FDA to E. Jervis Bloomfield, 2 June 1959; Kenneth Milstead to Chief, Atlanta District, 27 July 1959; Division of Regulatory Management to M. R. Stephens, 1 February 1959; Ralph Weilerstein to Division of Regulatory Management, 11 March 1960, AF 14626, vol. 16, Accession 59A-2998, box 292. [Volume 16 has been more recently misfiled.]
231. E. Jervis Bloomfield to FDA, 21 May 1959; FDA to E. Jervis Bloomfield, 2 June 1959; Kenneth Milstead to Chief, Atlanta District, 27 July 1959; Division of Regulatory Management to M. R. Stephens, 1 February 1959; Ralph Weilerstein to Division of Regulatory Management, 11 March 1960, AF 14626, vol. 16, Accession 59A-2998, box 292. [Volume 16 has been more recently misfiled.]
232. Lincoln Star-Journal, 11 August 1969; Ca, July-August 1970, 20, 248-50; Carl A. Larrick to Kansas City District, 29 August and 5 and 18 September 1969, and Charles W. Sedgewick to Kansas City District, 22 April 1970, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 17, Accession 59A-2988, box 292.
233. Lincoln Star-Journal, 11 August 1969; Ca, July-August 1970, 20, 248-50; Carl A. Larrick to Kansas City District, 29 August and 5 and 18 September 1969, and Charles W. Sedgewick to Kansas City District, 22 April 1970, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 17, Accession 59A-2988, box 292.
234. Lincoln Star-Journal, 11 August 1969; Ca, July-August 1970, 20, 248-50; Carl A. Larrick to Kansas City District, 29 August and 5 and 18 September 1969, and Charles W. Sedgewick to Kansas City District, 22 April 1970, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 17, Accession 59A-2988, box 292.
235. Lincoln Star-Journal, 11 August 1969; Ca, July-August 1970, 20, 248-50; Carl A. Larrick to Kansas City District, 29 August and 5 and 18 September 1969, and Charles W. Sedgewick to Kansas City District, 22 April 1970, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 17, Accession 59A-2988, box 292.
236. R. C. Vandenburg to Kansas City District, 7 February 1969, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 17, Accession 59A2988, box 292.
237. Compton, (n. 120) Extensive Index, p. 74.
238. Dieter Koch-Weser to FDA Commissioner, 8 November 1963, FDA Records. AF 14626, vol. 17, Accession 59A2998, box 292.
239. John C. Ray to William Goodrich, 21 December 1967; R. C. Brandenburg to John C. Ray, 7 February 1968, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 17, Accession 59A998, box 292.
240. John C. Ray to William Goodrich, 21 December 1967; R. C. Brandenburg to John C. Ray, 7 February 1968, FDA Records, AF 14626, vol. 17, Accession 59A998, box 292.
241. Young, (n. 13) Medical Messiahs, pp. 401-2, 420; "Unproven methods of cancer treatment: Report on the current status of Krebiozen," Ca, 1963, 13, 76-78; Patricia Spain Ward, "'Who will bell the cat?' Andrew C. Ivy and Krebiozen," Bull. Hist. Med., 1984, 58, 28-52.
242. Young, (n. 13) Medical Messiahs, pp. 401-2, 420; "Unproven methods of cancer treatment: Report on the current status of Krebiozen," Ca, 1963, 13, 76-78; Patricia Spain Ward, "'Who will bell the cat?' Andrew C. Ivy and Krebiozen," Bull. Hist. Med., 1984, 58, 28-52.
243. Young, (n. 13) Medical Messiahs, pp. 401-2, 420; "Unproven methods of cancer treatment: Report on the current status of Krebiozen," Ca, 1963, 13, 76-78; Patricia Spain Ward, "'Who will bell the cat?' Andrew C. Ivy and Krebiozen," Bull. Hist. Med., 1984, 58, 28-52.
244. James Harvey Young, American Health Quackery: Collected Essays (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), pp. 105-55.
245. Morris Fishbein, "History of cancer quackery," Perspect. Biol. Med., 1965, 8, 140.