메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 40, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 311-323

Principles of educational multimedia user interface design

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION; COMPUTER SCIENCE; DECISION MAKING; EDUCATION; GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES; LEARNING SYSTEMS; MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION; OPTIMIZATION; PSYCHOLOGY COMPUTING; SYSTEMS ANALYSIS;

EID: 0032102499     PISSN: 00187208     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1518/001872098779480505     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (113)

References (180)
  • 1
    • 0019555138 scopus 로고
    • Encoding specificity in the recall of pictures and words in children and adults
    • Ackerman, B. P. (1981). Encoding specificity in the recall of pictures and words in children and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 31, 193-211.
    • (1981) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , vol.31 , pp. 193-211
    • Ackerman, B.P.1
  • 2
    • 3543009837 scopus 로고
    • Improving the retention of aurally presented information
    • M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Chichester, England: Wiley
    • Aldrich, F. K., & Parkin, A. J. (1988). Improving the retention of aurally presented information. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory (pp. 490-493). Chichester, England: Wiley.
    • (1988) Practical Aspects of Memory , pp. 490-493
    • Aldrich, F.K.1    Parkin, A.J.2
  • 3
    • 3543024753 scopus 로고
    • Media stimulus and types of learning
    • H. Hitchens (Ed.), Washington, DC: Association for Educational Communications and Technology
    • Allen, W. H. (1974). Media stimulus and types of learning. In H. Hitchens (Ed.), Audiovisual instruction (pp. 7-12). Washington, DC: Association for Educational Communications and Technology.
    • (1974) Audiovisual Instruction , pp. 7-12
    • Allen, W.H.1
  • 7
    • 84955743846 scopus 로고
    • An elaborative processing explanation of depth of processing
    • L. S. Cermak & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Anderson, J. R., & Reder, L. M. (1979). An elaborative processing explanation of depth of processing. In L. S. Cermak & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory (pp. 385-403). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1979) Levels of Processing in Human Memory , pp. 385-403
    • Anderson, J.R.1    Reder, L.M.2
  • 8
    • 77957041790 scopus 로고
    • On asking people questions about what they are reading
    • G. H. Bower (Ed.), New York: Academic
    • Anderson, R. C., & Biddle, W. B. (1975). On asking people questions about what they are reading. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 9, pp. 89-132). New York: Academic.
    • (1975) Psychology of Learning and Motivation , vol.9 , pp. 89-132
    • Anderson, R.C.1    Biddle, W.B.2
  • 9
    • 0002242956 scopus 로고
    • On the knowledge underlying multimedia presentations
    • M. T. Maybury (Ed.), Menlo Park, CA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence
    • Arens, Y., Hovy, E. H., & Vossers, M. (1993). On the knowledge underlying multimedia presentations. In M. T. Maybury (Ed.), Intelligent multimedia interfaces (pp. 280-306). Menlo Park, CA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence.
    • (1993) Intelligent Multimedia Interfaces , pp. 280-306
    • Arens, Y.1    Hovy, E.H.2    Vossers, M.3
  • 14
    • 0002429180 scopus 로고
    • The effects of effort toward comprehension on recall
    • Auble, P. M., & Franks, J. J. (1978). The effects of effort toward comprehension on recall. Memory & Cognition, 6, 20-25.
    • (1978) Memory & Cognition , vol.6 , pp. 20-25
    • Auble, P.M.1    Franks, J.J.2
  • 15
    • 0000759671 scopus 로고
    • Color, graphics, and animation in a computer-assisted learning tutorial lesson
    • Baek, Y. K., & Layne, B. H. (1988). Color, graphics, and animation in a computer-assisted learning tutorial lesson. Journal of Computer-Based Instruction, 15, 131-135.
    • (1988) Journal of Computer-Based Instruction , vol.15 , pp. 131-135
    • Baek, Y.K.1    Layne, B.H.2
  • 16
    • 0001586675 scopus 로고
    • Structurally equivalent stories in movie and text and the effect of the medium on recall
    • Baggett, P. (1979). Structurally equivalent stories in movie and text and the effect of the medium on recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 333-356.
    • (1979) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.18 , pp. 333-356
    • Baggett, P.1
  • 17
    • 0000908283 scopus 로고
    • Role of temporal overlap of visual and auditory material in forming dual media associations
    • Baggett, P. (1984). Role of temporal overlap of visual and auditory material in forming dual media associations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 408-417.
    • (1984) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.76 , pp. 408-417
    • Baggett, P.1
  • 18
    • 51249182999 scopus 로고
    • Encoding and retaining information in the visuals and verbals of an educational movie
    • Baggett, P., & Ehrenfeucht, A. (1983). Encoding and retaining information in the visuals and verbals of an educational movie. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 31, 23-32.
    • (1983) Educational Communication and Technology Journal , vol.31 , pp. 23-32
    • Baggett, P.1    Ehrenfeucht, A.2
  • 20
    • 51249166000 scopus 로고
    • Comparative teaching effectiveness of radio and television
    • Barrow, L. C., & Westley, B. H. (1959). Comparative teaching effectiveness of radio and television. Audio Visual Communication Review, 7, 14-23.
    • (1959) Audio Visual Communication Review , vol.7 , pp. 14-23
    • Barrow, L.C.1    Westley, B.H.2
  • 21
    • 0018977326 scopus 로고
    • Comprehending spatial information: The relative efficiency of different methods of presenting information about bus routes
    • Bartram, D. J. (1980). Comprehending spatial information: The relative efficiency of different methods of presenting information about bus routes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 103-110.
    • (1980) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.65 , pp. 103-110
    • Bartram, D.J.1
  • 22
    • 84970515195 scopus 로고
    • Extrinsic reward and intrinsic motivation: A review with implications for the classroom
    • Bates, J. A. (1979). Extrinsic reward and intrinsic motivation: A review with implications for the classroom. Review of Educational Research, 49, 557-576.
    • (1979) Review of Educational Research , vol.49 , pp. 557-576
    • Bates, J.A.1
  • 23
    • 3543035467 scopus 로고
    • August. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism, Seattle, WA. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 159 722)
    • Baxter, W. S., Quarles, R., & Kosak, H. (1978, August). The effects of photographs and their size on reading and recall of news stories. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism, Seattle, WA. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 159 722)
    • (1978) The Effects of Photographs and Their Size on Reading and Recall of News Stories
    • Baxter, W.S.1    Quarles, R.2    Kosak, H.3
  • 24
    • 0001361203 scopus 로고
    • Specific impact of radio and television on children's story comprehension
    • Beagles-Roos, J., & Gat, I. (1983). Specific impact of radio and television on children's story comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 128-137.
    • (1983) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.75 , pp. 128-137
    • Beagles-Roos, J.1    Gat, I.2
  • 27
    • 0017375376 scopus 로고
    • Motion in instructional media: Some subject-display mode interactions
    • Blake, T. (1977). Motion in instructional media: Some subject-display mode interactions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 975-985.
    • (1977) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.44 , pp. 975-985
    • Blake, T.1
  • 29
    • 1542438875 scopus 로고
    • Levels of processing of normal and ambiguous sentences in different contexts
    • Bock, M. (1978). Levels of processing of normal and ambiguous sentences in different contexts. Psychological Research, 40, 37-51.
    • (1978) Psychological Research , vol.40 , pp. 37-51
    • Bock, M.1
  • 30
    • 0008388845 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of evaluations of interactive video
    • Bosco, J. (1986). An analysis of evaluations of interactive video. Educational Technology, 25, 7-16.
    • (1986) Educational Technology , vol.25 , pp. 7-16
    • Bosco, J.1
  • 31
    • 0040540310 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of associative learning strategies
    • Bower, G. H., & Winzenz, D. (1970). Comparison of associative learning strategies. Psychonomic Science, 20, 119-120.
    • (1970) Psychonomic Science , vol.20 , pp. 119-120
    • Bower, G.H.1    Winzenz, D.2
  • 33
    • 0346124629 scopus 로고
    • Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall
    • Bransford, J. D., & Johnson, M. K. (1972). Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 717-726.
    • (1972) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.11 , pp. 717-726
    • Bransford, J.D.1    Johnson, M.K.2
  • 34
    • 0002706783 scopus 로고
    • The consequences of generation
    • Burns, D. J. (1992). The consequences of generation. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 615-633.
    • (1992) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.31 , pp. 615-633
    • Burns, D.J.1
  • 36
    • 0014210773 scopus 로고
    • Visual and auditory information processing in children and adults
    • Carterette, E. C., & Jones, M. H. (1967). Visual and auditory information processing in children and adults. Science, 156, 986-988.
    • (1967) Science , vol.156 , pp. 986-988
    • Carterette, E.C.1    Jones, M.H.2
  • 37
    • 51249164782 scopus 로고
    • The effects of colored embellishments of a visual array on a simultaneously presented audio array
    • Chan, A., Travers, R. M. W., & Van Mondfrans, A. P. (1965). The effects of colored embellishments of a visual array on a simultaneously presented audio array. Audio Visual Communication Review, 13, 159-164.
    • (1965) Audio Visual Communication Review , vol.13 , pp. 159-164
    • Chan, A.1    Travers, R.M.W.2    Van Mondfrans, A.P.3
  • 39
    • 84972597345 scopus 로고
    • Reconsidering research on learning from media
    • Clark, R. E. (1983). Reconsidering research on learning from media. Review of Educational Research, 53. 445-459.
    • (1983) Review of Educational Research , vol.53 , pp. 445-459
    • Clark, R.E.1
  • 40
    • 51249173559 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for confounding in computer-based instruction studies: Analyzing the meta-analyses
    • Clark, R. E. (1985). Evidence for confounding in computer-based instruction studies: Analyzing the meta-analyses. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 33, 249-263.
    • (1985) Educational Communication and Technology Journal , vol.33 , pp. 249-263
    • Clark, R.E.1
  • 42
    • 0001455639 scopus 로고
    • Enemies of exploration: Self-initiated versus other-initiated learning
    • Condry, J. (1977). Enemies of exploration: Self-initiated versus other-initiated learning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 459-477.
    • (1977) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.35 , pp. 459-477
    • Condry, J.1
  • 44
    • 34248944813 scopus 로고
    • Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory
    • Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.
    • (1975) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.104 , pp. 268-294
    • Craik, F.I.M.1    Tulving, E.2
  • 48
    • 0011647423 scopus 로고
    • Influence of spatial organization on prose learning
    • Dean, R. S., & Kulhavy, R. W. (1981). Influence of spatial organization on prose learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 57-64.
    • (1981) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.73 , pp. 57-64
    • Dean, R.S.1    Kulhavy, R.W.2
  • 50
    • 0001099259 scopus 로고
    • Memory for objects in real scenes: The development of recognition and recall
    • Dirks, J., & Neisser, U. (1977). Memory for objects in real scenes: The development of recognition and recall. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 23, 315-328.
    • (1977) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , vol.23 , pp. 315-328
    • Dirks, J.1    Neisser, U.2
  • 51
    • 0010942097 scopus 로고
    • Adapting visual illustrations for effective learning
    • Dwyer, F. M. (1967a). Adapting visual illustrations for effective learning. Harvard Educational Review, 37, 250-263.
    • (1967) Harvard Educational Review , vol.37 , pp. 250-263
    • Dwyer, F.M.1
  • 52
    • 5944222263 scopus 로고
    • The relative effectiveness of varied visual illustrations in complementing programmed instruction
    • Dwyer, F. M. (1967b). The relative effectiveness of varied visual illustrations in complementing programmed instruction. Journal of Experimental Education, 36, 34-42.
    • (1967) Journal of Experimental Education , vol.36 , pp. 34-42
    • Dwyer, F.M.1
  • 54
    • 3543037232 scopus 로고
    • Effects of achievement-oriented and affiliative motives on private and public performance
    • J. W. Atkinson & J. O. Raynor (Eds.), Washington, DC: V. H. Winston
    • Entin, E. E. (1974). Effects of achievement-oriented and affiliative motives on private and public performance. In J. W. Atkinson & J. O. Raynor (Eds.), Motivation and achievement (pp. 219-236). Washington, DC: V. H. Winston.
    • (1974) Motivation and Achievement , pp. 219-236
    • Entin, E.E.1
  • 55
    • 84925914489 scopus 로고
    • Emotionality of pictures and the retention of related and unrelated phrases
    • Evans, T. & Denny, M. R. (1978). Emotionality of pictures and the retention of related and unrelated phrases. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 11, 149-152.
    • (1978) Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , vol.11 , pp. 149-152
    • Evans, T.1    Denny, M.R.2
  • 56
    • 0040457727 scopus 로고
    • Coordinating text and graphics in explanation generation
    • Menlo Park, CA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence
    • Feiner, S. K., & McKeown, K. R. (1990). Coordinating text and graphics in explanation generation. In AAAI-90: Proceedings, Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 442-449). Menlo Park, CA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence.
    • (1990) AAAI-90: Proceedings, Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence , pp. 442-449
    • Feiner, S.K.1    McKeown, K.R.2
  • 57
    • 0002103128 scopus 로고
    • Automating the generation of coordinated multimedia explanations
    • Feiner, S. K., & McKeown, K. R. (1991). Automating the generation of coordinated multimedia explanations. Computer, 24(10), 33-41.
    • (1991) Computer , vol.24 , Issue.10 , pp. 33-41
    • Feiner, S.K.1    McKeown, K.R.2
  • 58
  • 60
    • 0037776843 scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness and cost of interactive videodisc instruction
    • Fletcher, D. (1989). The effectiveness and cost of interactive videodisc instruction. Machine-Mediated Learning, 3, 361-385.
    • (1989) Machine-Mediated Learning , vol.3 , pp. 361-385
    • Fletcher, D.1
  • 63
    • 0039902141 scopus 로고
    • Prose processing
    • G. H. Bower (Ed.), New York: Academic
    • Frase, L. T. (1975). Prose processing. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 9, pp. 1-47). New York: Academic.
    • (1975) The Psychology of Learning and Motivation , vol.9 , pp. 1-47
    • Frase, L.T.1
  • 64
    • 0015415161 scopus 로고
    • Encoding and retrieval in visual memory tasks
    • Frost, N. (1972). Encoding and retrieval in visual memory tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 95, 317-326.
    • (1972) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.95 , pp. 317-326
    • Frost, N.1
  • 66
    • 0001447823 scopus 로고
    • The effect of monetary incentive in paired-associate learning using a differential method
    • Harley, W. F., Jr. (1965). The effect of monetary incentive in paired-associate learning using a differential method. Psychonomic Science, 2, 377-378.
    • (1965) Psychonomic Science , vol.2 , pp. 377-378
    • Harley Jr., W.F.1
  • 67
    • 51249168124 scopus 로고
    • Single and multiple channel communication: A review of research and a proposed model
    • Hartman, F. R. (1961). Single and multiple channel communication: A review of research and a proposed model. Audio Visual Communication Review, 9, 235-262.
    • (1961) Audio Visual Communication Review , vol.9 , pp. 235-262
    • Hartman, F.R.1
  • 69
    • 3543015807 scopus 로고
    • A developmental investigation of recognition memory
    • Hoffman, C. D., & Dick, S. A. (1976). A developmental investigation of recognition memory. Child Development, 47, 794-799.
    • (1976) Child Development , vol.47 , pp. 794-799
    • Hoffman, C.D.1    Dick, S.A.2
  • 70
    • 84986376805 scopus 로고
    • Children's responses to conflicting auditory and visual features of a televised narrative
    • Hoffner, C., Cantor, J., & Thorson, E. (1989). Children's responses to conflicting auditory and visual features of a televised narrative. Human Communications Research, 16, 256-278.
    • (1989) Human Communications Research , vol.16 , pp. 256-278
    • Hoffner, C.1    Cantor, J.2    Thorson, E.3
  • 71
    • 0001833329 scopus 로고
    • The role of nonsemantic information in memory: Orthographic distinctiveness effects on retention
    • Hunt, R. R., & Elliot, J. M. (1980). The role of nonsemantic information in memory: Orthographic distinctiveness effects on retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 49-74.
    • (1980) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.109 , pp. 49-74
    • Hunt, R.R.1    Elliot, J.M.2
  • 72
    • 0000677215 scopus 로고
    • The differential effects of incidental tasks on the organization of recall of a list of highly associated words
    • Hyde, T. S., & Jenkins, J. J. (1969). The differential effects of incidental tasks on the organization of recall of a list of highly associated words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 82, 472-481.
    • (1969) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 472-481
    • Hyde, T.S.1    Jenkins, J.J.2
  • 73
    • 0000056454 scopus 로고
    • On interpreting the effects of repetition: Solving a problem versus remembering a solution
    • Jacoby, L. L. (1978). On interpreting the effects of repetition: Solving a problem versus remembering a solution. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 649-667.
    • (1978) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.17 , pp. 649-667
    • Jacoby, L.L.1
  • 75
    • 84955742003 scopus 로고
    • Four points to remember: A tetrahedral model of memory experiments
    • L. S. Cermak & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Jenkins, J. J. (1979). Four points to remember: A tetrahedral model of memory experiments. In L. S. Cermak & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Levels of processing and human memory (pp. 429-446). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1979) Levels of Processing and Human Memory , pp. 429-446
    • Jenkins, J.J.1
  • 79
    • 84955667962 scopus 로고
    • A pattern analyzing basis of recognition
    • L. S. Cermak & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Kolers, P. A. (1979). A pattern analyzing basis of recognition. In L. S. Cermak & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory (pp. 363-384). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1979) Levels of Processing in Human Memory , pp. 363-384
    • Kolers, P.A.1
  • 86
    • 0000511919 scopus 로고
    • Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic rewards: A test of the overjustification hypothesis
    • Lepper, M. R., Greene, W., & Nisbett, R. E. (1973). Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic rewards: A test of the overjustification hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 129-137.
    • (1973) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.28 , pp. 129-137
    • Lepper, M.R.1    Greene, W.2    Nisbett, R.E.3
  • 90
    • 0013828836 scopus 로고
    • Words versus objects: Comparison of free verbal recall
    • Lieberman, L. R., & Culpepper, J. T. (1965). Words versus objects: Comparison of free verbal recall. Psychological Reports, 17, 983-988.
    • (1965) Psychological Reports , vol.17 , pp. 983-988
    • Lieberman, L.R.1    Culpepper, J.T.2
  • 91
    • 0001252654 scopus 로고
    • Eye fixations and recognition memory for pictures
    • Loftus, G. R. (1972). Eye fixations and recognition memory for pictures. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 525-551.
    • (1972) Cognitive Psychology , vol.3 , pp. 525-551
    • Loftus, G.R.1
  • 92
    • 3543004364 scopus 로고
    • The effect of presentation method on short-term recall of CCC trigrams
    • Marcer, D. (1967). The effect of presentation method on short-term recall of CCC trigrams. Psychonomic Science, 8, 335-336.
    • (1967) Psychonomic Science , vol.8 , pp. 335-336
    • Marcer, D.1
  • 93
    • 84925888315 scopus 로고
    • Effects of humor on persuasion
    • Markiewicz, D. (1974). Effects of humor on persuasion. Sociometry, 37, 407-422.
    • (1974) Sociometry , vol.37 , pp. 407-422
    • Markiewicz, D.1
  • 95
    • 0008755878 scopus 로고
    • Systematic thinking fostered by illustrations in scientific text
    • Mayer, R. E. (1989b). Systematic thinking fostered by illustrations in scientific text. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 240-246.
    • (1989) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.81 , pp. 240-246
    • Mayer, R.E.1
  • 96
    • 0347987823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions?
    • Mayer, R. E. (1997). Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions? Educational Psychologist, 32(1), 1-19.
    • (1997) Educational Psychologist , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-19
    • Mayer, R.E.1
  • 97
    • 33845297553 scopus 로고
    • Animations need narrations: An experimental test of a dual-coding hypothesis
    • Mayer, R. E., & Anderson, R. B. (1991). Animations need narrations: An experimental test of a dual-coding hypothesis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 484-490.
    • (1991) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.83 , pp. 484-490
    • Mayer, R.E.1    Anderson, R.B.2
  • 98
    • 58149205843 scopus 로고
    • The instructive animation: Helping students build connections between words and pictures in multimedia learning
    • Mayer, R. E., & Anderson, R. B. (1992). The instructive animation: Helping students build connections between words and pictures in multimedia learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 444-452.
    • (1992) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 444-452
    • Mayer, R.E.1    Anderson, R.B.2
  • 100
    • 34247361585 scopus 로고
    • A generative theory of textbook design: Using annotated illustrations to foster meaningful learning of science text
    • Mayer, R. E., Steinhoff, K., Bower, G., & Mars, R. (1995). A generative theory of textbook design: Using annotated illustrations to foster meaningful learning of science text. Educational Technology Research and Development, 43, 31-43.
    • (1995) Educational Technology Research and Development , vol.43 , pp. 31-43
    • Mayer, R.E.1    Steinhoff, K.2    Bower, G.3    Mars, R.4
  • 103
    • 1542676219 scopus 로고
    • Confessions of a textbook writer
    • McConnell, J. V. (1978). Confessions of a textbook writer. American Psychologist, 33, 159-169.
    • (1978) American Psychologist , vol.33 , pp. 159-169
    • McConnell, J.V.1
  • 104
    • 51249190815 scopus 로고
    • The relative efficiency of bimodal presentation as an aid to learning
    • Menne, J. M., & Menne, J. W. (1972). The relative efficiency of bimodal presentation as an aid to learning. Audio Visual Communication Review, 20, 170-180.
    • (1972) Audio Visual Communication Review , vol.20 , pp. 170-180
    • Menne, J.M.1    Menne, J.W.2
  • 106
    • 0014286101 scopus 로고
    • Modality effects in short-term memory: Storage or retrieval?
    • Murdock, B. B., Jr. (1968). Modality effects in short-term memory: Storage or retrieval? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 79-86.
    • (1968) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 79-86
    • Murdock Jr., B.B.1
  • 107
    • 3542996524 scopus 로고
    • (GIT-GVU-95-29). Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology, Graphics, Visualization and Usability Center.
    • Najjar, L. J. (1995a). Dual coding as a possible explanation for the effects of multimedia on learning (GIT-GVU-95-29). Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology, Graphics, Visualization and Usability Center. Also available at http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/reports.
    • (1995) Dual Coding as a Possible Explanation for the Effects of Multimedia on Learning
    • Najjar, L.J.1
  • 109
    • 3543016378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GIT-GVU-96-05. Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology, Graphics, Visualization and Usability Center
    • Najjar, L. J. (1996a). The effects of multimedia and elaborative encoding on learning (GIT-GVU-96-05). Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology, Graphics, Visualization and Usability Center. Also available at http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/reports.
    • (1996) The Effects of Multimedia and Elaborative Encoding on Learning
    • Najjar, L.J.1
  • 112
    • 84955722440 scopus 로고
    • Remembering pictures and words: Appearance, significance, and name
    • L. S. Cermak & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Nelson, D. L. (1979). Remembering pictures and words: Appearance, significance, and name. In L. S. Cermak & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory (pp. 45-76). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1979) Levels of Processing in Human Memory , pp. 45-76
    • Nelson, D.L.1
  • 114
    • 51249183716 scopus 로고
    • Pictures, audio, and print: Symbolic representation and effect on learning
    • Nugent, G. C. (1982). Pictures, audio, and print: Symbolic representation and effect on learning. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 30, 163-174.
    • (1982) Educational Communication and Technology Journal , vol.30 , pp. 163-174
    • Nugent, G.C.1
  • 115
  • 117
    • 0003288024 scopus 로고
    • Coding distinctions and repetition effects in memory
    • G. H. Bower (Ed.), New York: Academic
    • Paivio, A. (1975). Coding distinctions and repetition effects in memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 9, pp. 179-214). New York: Academic.
    • (1975) The Psychology of Learning and Motivation , vol.9 , pp. 179-214
    • Paivio, A.1
  • 119
    • 0000966775 scopus 로고
    • Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status
    • Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 45, 255-287.
    • (1991) Canadian Journal of Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 255-287
    • Paivio, A.1
  • 121
    • 0002289845 scopus 로고
    • Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding?
    • Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5, 176-206.
    • (1973) Cognitive Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 176-206
    • Paivio, A.1    Csapo, K.2
  • 122
    • 80054092539 scopus 로고
    • Why are pictures easier to recall than words?
    • Paivio, A., Rogers, T. B., & Smythe, P. C. (1968). Why are pictures easier to recall than words? Psychonomic Science, 11, 137-138.
    • (1968) Psychonomic Science , vol.11 , pp. 137-138
    • Paivio, A.1    Rogers, T.B.2    Smythe, P.C.3
  • 124
  • 125
    • 0014055504 scopus 로고
    • Effect of curiosity on incidental learning
    • Paradowski, W. (1967). Effect of curiosity on incidental learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 58, 50-55.
    • (1967) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.58 , pp. 50-55
    • Paradowski, W.1
  • 126
    • 34250079311 scopus 로고
    • Instructional conditions for using dynamic visual displays: A review
    • Park, O., & Hopkins, R. (1993). Instructional conditions for using dynamic visual displays: A review. Instructional Science, 21, 427-449.
    • (1993) Instructional Science , vol.21 , pp. 427-449
    • Park, O.1    Hopkins, R.2
  • 127
    • 0001777285 scopus 로고
    • Levels of processing, context, and facilitation of pronunciation
    • Parkin, A. J. (1984). Levels of processing, context, and facilitation of pronunciation. Acta Psychologia, 55, 19-29.
    • (1984) Acta Psychologia , vol.55 , pp. 19-29
    • Parkin, A.J.1
  • 128
    • 0016358546 scopus 로고
    • Retention of pictorial and verbal content of a text with illustrations
    • Peeck, J. (1974). Retention of pictorial and verbal content of a text with illustrations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66, 880-888.
    • (1974) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.66 , pp. 880-888
    • Peeck, J.1
  • 129
    • 3543033054 scopus 로고
    • March
    • Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL
    • Peeck, J. (1985, March). Effects of mismatched pictures on retention of illustrated prose. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
    • (1985) Effects of Mismatched Pictures on Retention of Illustrated Prose
    • Peeck, J.1
  • 130
    • 0016442392 scopus 로고
    • Modality effects in short-term verbal memory
    • Penney, C. G. (1975). Modality effects in short-term verbal memory. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 68-84.
    • (1975) Psychological Bulletin , vol.82 , pp. 68-84
    • Penney, C.G.1
  • 131
    • 84935558356 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between reading and cognitive processing of television and radio
    • Pezdek, K., Lehrer, A., & Simon, S. (1984). The relationship between reading and cognitive processing of television and radio. Child Development, 55, 2072-2082.
    • (1984) Child Development , vol.55 , pp. 2072-2082
    • Pezdek, K.1    Lehrer, A.2    Simon, S.3
  • 133
    • 3543026541 scopus 로고
    • One picture equals 1,000 words?
    • Rankin, E. F., & Culhane, J. W. (1970). One picture equals 1,000 words? Reading Improvement, 7(2), 37-40.
    • (1970) Reading Improvement , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 37-40
    • Rankin, E.F.1    Culhane, J.W.2
  • 134
    • 0011656955 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between achievement-related motives, future orientation, and academic performance
    • J. W. Atkinson & J. O. Raynor (Eds.), Washington, DC: Winston
    • Raynor, J. O. (1974). Relationships between achievement-related motives, future orientation, and academic performance. In J. W. Atkinson & J. O. Raynor (Eds.), Motivation and achievement (pp. 173-187). Washington, DC: Winston.
    • (1974) Motivation and Achievement , pp. 173-187
    • Raynor, J.O.1
  • 135
    • 0017758197 scopus 로고
    • Remember Dick and Jane? Memory for elementary school readers
    • Read, J. D., & Barnsley, R. H. (1977). Remember Dick and Jane? Memory for elementary school readers. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 9, 361-370.
    • (1977) Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science , vol.9 , pp. 361-370
    • Read, J.D.1    Barnsley, R.H.2
  • 136
    • 0000617210 scopus 로고
    • The role of elaborations in memory for prose
    • Reder, L. M. (1979). The role of elaborations in memory for prose. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 221-234.
    • (1979) Cognitive Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 221-234
    • Reder, L.M.1
  • 137
    • 0000214468 scopus 로고
    • Effect of computer graphics on improving estimates to algebra word problems
    • Reed, S. (1985). Effect of computer graphics on improving estimates to algebra word problems. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 285-298.
    • (1985) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 285-298
    • Reed, S.1
  • 139
    • 0000052256 scopus 로고
    • The effects of computer animated elaboration strategies and practice on factual and application learning in an elementary science lesson
    • Rieber, L. P. (1989). The effects of computer animated elaboration strategies and practice on factual and application learning in an elementary science lesson. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 5, 431-444.
    • (1989) Journal of Educational Computing Research , vol.5 , pp. 431-444
    • Rieber, L.P.1
  • 141
    • 58149204957 scopus 로고
    • Using computer animated graphics in science instruction with children
    • Rieber, L. P. (1990b). Using computer animated graphics in science instruction with children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 135-140.
    • (1990) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 135-140
    • Rieber, L.P.1
  • 142
    • 0001247543 scopus 로고
    • Effect of graphic analogies of concepts in chemistry on learning and attitude
    • Rigney, J. W., & Lutz, K. A. (1976). Effect of graphic analogies of concepts in chemistry on learning and attitude. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 305-311.
    • (1976) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.68 , pp. 305-311
    • Rigney, J.W.1    Lutz, K.A.2
  • 143
    • 0041364347 scopus 로고
    • Film-mediated learning with varying representations of the task: Viewing angle, portrayal of demonstration, motion, and student participation
    • A. A. Lumsdaine (Ed.), Washington, DC: National Research Council
    • Roshal, S. M. (1961). Film-mediated learning with varying representations of the task: Viewing angle, portrayal of demonstration, motion, and student participation. In A. A. Lumsdaine (Ed.), Student response in programmed instruction (pp. 155-175). Washington, DC: National Research Council.
    • (1961) Student Response in Programmed Instruction , pp. 155-175
    • Roshal, S.M.1
  • 144
    • 0000520555 scopus 로고
    • Increasing the meaningfulness of quantitative material by adapting context to student background
    • Ross, S. M. (1983). Increasing the meaningfulness of quantitative material by adapting context to student background. Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 519-529.
    • (1983) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.75 , pp. 519-529
    • Ross, S.M.1
  • 145
    • 0001117611 scopus 로고
    • Learning from written instructive materials: An exploration of the control of inspection behavior by test-like events
    • Rothkopf, E. Z. (1966). Learning from written instructive materials: An exploration of the control of inspection behavior by test-like events. American Educational Research Journal, 3, 241-249.
    • (1966) American Educational Research Journal , vol.3 , pp. 241-249
    • Rothkopf, E.Z.1
  • 148
    • 0000078870 scopus 로고
    • Television is "easy" and print is "tough": The differential investment of mental effort in learning as a function of perceptions and attributions
    • Salomon, G. (1984). Television is "easy" and print is "tough": The differential investment of mental effort in learning as a function of perceptions and attributions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 647-658.
    • (1984) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.76 , pp. 647-658
    • Salomon, G.1
  • 149
    • 0014182925 scopus 로고
    • Attentional processes in reading: The effect of pictures in the acquisition of reading responses
    • Samuels, S. J. (1967). Attentional processes in reading: The effect of pictures in the acquisition of reading responses. Journal of Educational Psychology, 58, 337-342.
    • (1967) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.58 , pp. 337-342
    • Samuels, S.J.1
  • 150
    • 51249189591 scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of relevant pictures in multiple-channel communications
    • Severin, W. J. (1967). The effectiveness of relevant pictures in multiple-channel communications. Audio Visual Communication Review, 15, 386-401.
    • (1967) Audio Visual Communication Review , vol.15 , pp. 386-401
    • Severin, W.J.1
  • 153
    • 84965533432 scopus 로고
    • Contextual information and prose comprehension
    • Sherman, J. L. (1976). Contextual information and prose comprehension. Journal of Reading Behavior, 8, 369-379.
    • (1976) Journal of Reading Behavior , vol.8 , pp. 369-379
    • Sherman, J.L.1
  • 154
    • 0005900270 scopus 로고
    • Modality differences in short-term serial memory as a function of presentation rate
    • Sherman, M. R. & Turvey, M. T. (1969). Modality differences in short-term serial memory as a function of presentation rate. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 80, 335-338.
    • (1969) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.80 , pp. 335-338
    • Sherman, M.R.1    Turvey, M.T.2
  • 158
  • 160
    • 34248909646 scopus 로고
    • Depth of processing re-examined: The effects of precision of encoding and test appropriateness
    • Stein, B. S. (1978). Depth of processing re-examined: The effects of precision of encoding and test appropriateness. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 165-174.
    • (1978) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.17 , pp. 165-174
    • Stein, B.S.1
  • 161
    • 0000495090 scopus 로고
    • Constraints on effective elaboration: Effects of precision and subject generation
    • Stein, B. S., & Bransford, J. D. (1979). Constraints on effective elaboration: Effects of precision and subject generation. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 769-777.
    • (1979) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.18 , pp. 769-777
    • Stein, B.S.1    Bransford, J.D.2
  • 164
    • 3543014600 scopus 로고
    • Effects of instructions and age on retention of filmed content
    • Stevenson, H. W., & Siegel, A. (1969). Effects of instructions and age on retention of filmed content. Journal of Educational Psychology, 60, 71-74.
    • (1969) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.60 , pp. 71-74
    • Stevenson, H.W.1    Siegel, A.2
  • 165
    • 0346153424 scopus 로고
    • Immediate and long-term recognition and generalization of advertised products as a function of age and presentation mode
    • Stoneman, Z., & Brody, G. H. (1983). Immediate and long-term recognition and generalization of advertised products as a function of age and presentation mode. Developmental Psychology, 19, 56-61.
    • (1983) Developmental Psychology , vol.19 , pp. 56-61
    • Stoneman, Z.1    Brody, G.H.2
  • 166
    • 51249180248 scopus 로고
    • Pictorial support and specific instructions as design variables for children's concept and rule learning
    • Tennyson, R. D. (1978). Pictorial support and specific instructions as design variables for children's concept and rule learning. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 26, 291-299.
    • (1978) Educational Communication and Technology Journal , vol.26 , pp. 291-299
    • Tennyson, R.D.1
  • 169
    • 0015705636 scopus 로고
    • Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory
    • Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-373.
    • (1973) Psychological Review , vol.80 , pp. 352-373
    • Tulving, E.1    Thomson, D.M.2
  • 170
    • 0001616208 scopus 로고
    • Learning of redundant material presented through two sensory modalities
    • Van Mondfrans, A. P., & Travers, R. M. W. (1964). Learning of redundant material presented through two sensory modalities. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 19, 743-751.
    • (1964) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.19 , pp. 743-751
    • Van Mondfrans, A.P.1    Travers, R.M.W.2
  • 172
    • 0020757004 scopus 로고
    • Encoding processes and the recall of text
    • Walker, N., Jones, J. P., & Mar, H. H. (1983). Encoding processes and the recall of text. Memory and Cognition, 11, 275-282.
    • (1983) Memory and Cognition , vol.11 , pp. 275-282
    • Walker, N.1    Jones, J.P.2    Mar, H.H.3
  • 173
    • 0009422651 scopus 로고
    • Children's reactions to commercials
    • Ward, S. (1972). Children's reactions to commercials. Journal of Advertising Research, 12, 37-45.
    • (1972) Journal of Advertising Research , vol.12 , pp. 37-45
    • Ward, S.1
  • 175
    • 3543007393 scopus 로고
    • August Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA
    • Wardle, K. F. (1977, August). Textbook illustrations: Do they aid reading comprehension? Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.
    • (1977) Textbook Illustrations: Do They Aid Reading Comprehension?
    • Wardle, K.F.1
  • 176
    • 0242511363 scopus 로고
    • When is recall spectacularly higher than recognition?
    • Watkins, M. J. (1974). When is recall spectacularly higher than recognition? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 161-163.
    • (1974) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.102 , pp. 161-163
    • Watkins, M.J.1
  • 178
    • 0038875539 scopus 로고
    • Effects of three types of inserted questions on learning from prose
    • Watts, G. H., & Anderson, R. C. (1971). Effects of three types of inserted questions on learning from prose. Journal of Educational Psychology, 62, 387-394.
    • (1971) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.62 , pp. 387-394
    • Watts, G.H.1    Anderson, R.C.2
  • 179
    • 3543022334 scopus 로고
    • The effect of live, TV, and audio story narration on primary grade children's listening comprehension
    • Wetstone, H. S., & Friedlander, B. Z. (1974). The effect of live, TV, and audio story narration on primary grade children's listening comprehension. Journal of Educational Research, 68, 32-35.
    • (1974) Journal of Educational Research , vol.68 , pp. 32-35
    • Wetstone, H.S.1    Friedlander, B.Z.2
  • 180
    • 0007287038 scopus 로고
    • Perception principles
    • M. Fleming & W. H. Levie (Eds.), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications
    • Winn, W. (1993). Perception principles. In M. Fleming & W. H. Levie (Eds.), Instructional message design: Principles from the behavioral and cognitive sciences (pp. 55-126). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
    • (1993) Instructional Message Design: Principles from the Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences , pp. 55-126
    • Winn, W.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.