Title VII sex discrimination in the public sector in the 1990s: The counrts' view

Public Personnel Management

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 249-368

  Greenlaw, Paul S ^a   Kohl, John P ^b   Lee Jr , Robert D ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032093164     PISSN: 00910260     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009102609802700210     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. 1 Employer defenses against charge of discrimination include "bona fide occupational qualifications" (or "BFOQs"), and "business necessity." These will be discussed later in the article.
2. 2 Mack A. Player, Elain W. Shoben, and Risa L. Lieberwitz, Employment Discrimination Law: Cases and Materials, 2d ed. (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company, 1995), p. 24.
3. 3 For discussion of these issues, see Paul S. Greenlaw and John P. Kohl, "Proving Title VII Sexual Harassment: The Courts' View," Labor Law Journal, March, 1992, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 164-171; and Robert D. Lee, Jr, and Paul S. Geenlaw, "The Legal Evolution of Sexual Harassment," Public Administration Review, July/August 1995, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 357.
4. 3 For discussion of these issues, see Paul S. Greenlaw and John P. Kohl, "Proving Title VII Sexual Harassment: The Courts' View," Labor Law Journal, March, 1992, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 164-171; and Robert D. Lee, Jr, and Paul S. Geenlaw, "The Legal Evolution of Sexual Harassment," Public Administration Review, July/August 1995, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 357.
5. 4 Sinha v. State University of New York at Farmingdale, 764 F. Supp. 765 (E.D.N.Y. 1991), 767.
6. 5 Cases used in this article were identified by the authors' search of Lexis/Nexis. After identifying recent cases dealing with sex discrimination, a second screening was done nate non-Title VII cases.
7. 6 McDonnel Douglas v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973).
8. 7 29 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1607.
9. 8 Griggs V. Duke Power Company, 401 U.S. 424 (1971).
10. 9 Murphy v. Derwinski, 990 F.2d 540 (10th Cir. 1993).
11. 10 Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust, 487 U.S. 977 (1988).
12. 11 Ramsey v. Derwinski, 787 F. Supp. 8 (D.D.C. 1992).
13. 12 Bruno v. City of Crown Point, Indiana, 950 F.2d, 355 (7th Cir. 1991).
14. 13 Ibid., at 363.
15. 14 Ibid., p. 363.
16. 15 Barbano v. Madison County, 922 F.2d 139 (2nd Cir. 1990).
17. 16 Ibid., at 140.
18. 17 Quirin v. City of Pittsburgs, 801 F. Supp. 1486 (W.D.Pa. 1992).
19. 18 Ibin., at 1490.
20. 19 Veterans preference has long been ruled constitutional. See Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney, 422 U.S. 256 (1979).
21. 20 AFSCME v. County of Nassau, 799 F. Supp. 1370 (E.D.N.Y. 1992).
22. 21 International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324 (1977).
23. 22 California State Employees' Association v. State of California, 724 F. Supp. 717 (N.D.Cal. 1989).
24. 23 Ibid., at 717.
25. 24 Penk v. Oregon State Board of Higher Education, 816 F. 2d 458 (9th Cir. 1987), at 458.
26. 25 Mitchell v. Jefferson County Board of Education, 936 F.2d 539 (11th Cir. 1991).
27. 26 Ibid., 545.
28. 27 United States v. Burke, 504 U.S. 299 (1992).
29. 28 Woolf v. Bowls, 57 F.3d 407 (1995).
30. 29 Reger v. Epsy, 836 F. Supp., 869 (N.D.Ga. 1993).
31. 30 Jennings v. NYS Office of Mental Health, 977 F.2d 731 (2nd Cir. 1992).
32. 31 Ibid., 732.
33. 32 Timm v. Gunter, 917 F. 2d 1093 (8th Cir. 1990).
34. 33 Sims v. Montgomery County Com'n, 766 F. Supp. 1052 (M.D. Ala. 1990).
35. 34 Ibid, 1066.
36. 35 Garrett v. Lujan, 799 F. Supp. 198 (D.D.C. 1992).
37. 36 Ibid., 200.
38. 37 McDonnell Douglas v. Green, op. cit., at 802, n. 13.
39. 38 Garrett v. Lujan, op. cit., at 200. See also Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989), at 277.
40. 39 Edwards v. U.S. Postal Service, 909 F. 2d 320 (8th Cir. 1990).
41. 40 Ibid, at 322.
42. 41 Limes-Miller v. City of Chicago, 773 F. Supp. 7130 (N.D.Ill. 1991).
43. 42 Ibid., at 1132.
44. 43 Ibid., at 1146.
45. 44 See Bruno v. City of Crown Point, Indiana, op. cit.
46. 45 Savko v. Port Authority of Allegheny County, 800 F. Supp. 275 (W.D. Pa. 1992).
47. 46 Baltzer v. City of Sun Prairie Police Department, 725 F. Supp. 1008 (W.D.Wis. 1989)
48. 47 Trout v. Garrett, 780 F. Supp. 1396 (D.D.C.1991).
49. 48 Ibid., at 1404.
50. 49 Bouman v. Block, 940 F. 2d 1211 (9th Cir. 1991).
51. 50 Ibid, at 1225.
52. 51 Ibid.
53. 52 Ibid. 53 Ibid., at 1226.
54. 54 Dragon v. State of R.I. Department of MHRH, 936 F.2d 32 (1st Cir. 1991).
55. 55 Ibid. at 37.
56. 56 Ibid., at 33.
57. 57 For a discussion of the relationship of Title VII and EPA cases, see Paul S. Greenlaw and John P. Kohl, "Thirty Years of Civil Rights: The EPA/Title VII Sex-Based Wage Discrimination Controversy," Labor Law Journal, April 1994, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 240-247.
58. 58 Reidt v. County of Trempealeau, 975 F. 2d 1336 (7th Cir. 1992).
59. 59 Ibid., at 1340, n. 3. See also as a classic case, Dothard v. Rawlinson, 433 U.S. 321 (1977).
60. 60 Reidt v. County of Trempealeau, op. cit., at 1341.
61. 61 Daines v. City of Mankato, 754 F. Supp. 681 (D.Minn. 1990).
62. 62 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 materially affected the Price-Waterhouse analysis.
63. 63 Ibid., at 696.
64. 64 Wilson v. Bailey, 934 F. 2d 301 (11th Cir. 1991).
65. 65 Ibid., at 301.
66. 66 See McDonnel Douglas v. Green, op. cit., at 802.
67. 67 Following Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248 (1981).
68. 68 Cesaro v. Lakeview Community School District, 953 F. 2d 252 (6th Cir. 1992).
69. 69 Ibid., at 254.
70. 70 Veatch v. Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 730 F. Supp. 8019 (N.D.Ill. 1990).
71. 71 Ibid. 72 Reed v. Shepard, 939 F. 2d 484 (7th Cir. 1991).
72. 73 Allen v. Denver Public School Board, 928 F. 2d 978 (10th Cir. 1991).
73. 74 King v. Lujan, 985 F. Supp. 206 (D.D.C. 1992).
74. 75 Allen v. Denver Public School Board, op. cit., at 985.
75. 76 King v. Lujan, op. cit., at 208.
76. 77 Sorenson v. City of Aurora, 984 F. 2d 349 (10th Cir. 1993).
77. 78 Ibid., at 352.